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While (1) : Privileged Instructions Can Be Executed Only in Kernel Mode

The document discusses kernel mode and how it is implemented using CPU hardware. Kernel mode allows the operating system to have privileged access to hardware and perform sensitive operations like system calls, CPU scheduling, and protecting memory. The CPU has a mode bit to distinguish kernel mode from user mode. Interrupts and exceptions cause the CPU to switch to kernel mode so the operating system can service the request. There are three classes of interrupts: hardware failures, external events from devices, and exceptions from instruction execution. Each process has a process control block that stores its state, memory, and other information to manage its execution.

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Ciluveru Chandana Kishori
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104 views7 pages

While (1) : Privileged Instructions Can Be Executed Only in Kernel Mode

The document discusses kernel mode and how it is implemented using CPU hardware. Kernel mode allows the operating system to have privileged access to hardware and perform sensitive operations like system calls, CPU scheduling, and protecting memory. The CPU has a mode bit to distinguish kernel mode from user mode. Interrupts and exceptions cause the CPU to switch to kernel mode so the operating system can service the request. There are three classes of interrupts: hardware failures, external events from devices, and exceptions from instruction execution. Each process has a process control block that stores its state, memory, and other information to manage its execution.

Uploaded by

Ciluveru Chandana Kishori
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

1 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems


Why Kernel Mode?
Services that need to be provided at kernel
level
System calls: file open, close, read and write
Control the CPU so that users wont stuck by
running
while ( 1 ) ;
Protection:
Keep user programs from crashing OS
Keep user programs from crashing each other
How ?
2 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
How to Provide Kernel Mode?
CPU mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the
current CPU mode: 0 (=kernel) or 1 (=user).
When an interrupt occurs, CPU hardware switches to the
kernel mode.
Switching to user mode (from kernel mode) done by setting
CPU mode bit (by an instruction).
kernel user
Exception/Interrupt/Fault
Set user mode
Privileged instructions can be executed only in kernel mode.
2
3 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Three Interrupt Classes
Interrupts caused by hardware failures
Power outage
Memory parity error
Interrupts caused by external events:
Reset
I/O devices
Interrupts caused by executed
instructions
Exceptions
System calls
4 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Interrupts by External Events
Reset
IRQ 0
Timer
IRQ 1
3
5 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Exceptions: caused by errors during instruction execution:
Address Error: a reference to a nonexistent or illegal memory
address;
Reserved Instruction: An instruction with undefined opcode field or
a privileged instruction in User mode;
Integer Overflow: An integer instruction results in a 2s complement
overflow;
Floating Point Error: e.g. divide by zero, overflow, and underflow;
Special instructions:
MIPS processors: Syscall instruction executed
Intel processors: INT n instruction executed
Interrupts Caused by Instruction Execution
6 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Hardware Handling of Interrupts
Save the addresses of the interrupted
instruction
Transfer control to the appropriate
interrupt service routine (software)
Sets CPU to kernel mode
May do some security checks here
4
7 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
System Call Steps
Example:
read (fd, buffer,nbytes)
8 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Users, Programs, Processes
Users have accounts on the system
Users launch programs
Many users may launch same program
One user may launch many instances of
the same program
Processes: an executing program
Question: Real life analogy?
5
9 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Windows Task Manager
10 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
Unix Processes: ps
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11 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
So What Is A Process?
Its one executing instance of a
"program
Its separated from other instances
It can start ("launch) other
processes
It can be launched by other processes
12 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
The Process Model
Multiprogramming of four programs
Conceptual model of 4 independent, sequential
processes
Only one program active at any instant
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13 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
PCB contains information
associated with a given process:
Process state
Process identification (Pid)
Program counter
CPU registers
CPU scheduling information
Memory-management
information
Accounting information
I/O status information
Pid of parent process
Process Control Block (PCB), Why?
14 CSE660: Introduction to Operating Systems
As a process executes, it changes its state:
new: The process is being created.
running: Instructions are being executed.
waiting (blocked): The process is waiting for some event to
occur.
ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a CPU.
terminated: The process has finished execution.
Process States

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