International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow

Emerald Article: Lattice Boltzmann method simulation gas slip flow in long
microtubes
Haibo Huang, T.S. Lee, C. Shu
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To cite this document: Haibo Huang, T.S. Lee, C. Shu, (2007),"Lattice Boltzmann method simulation gas slip flow in long
microtubes", International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 17 Iss: 6 pp. 587 - 607
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Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 17 Iss: 6 pp. 587 - 607
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Haibo Huang, T.S. Lee, C. Shu, (2007),"Lattice Boltzmann method simulation gas slip flow in long microtubes", International
Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 17 Iss: 6 pp. 587 - 607
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Lattice Boltzmann method
simulation gas slip ow
in long microtubes
Haibo Huang, T.S. Lee and C. Shu
Fluid Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Abstract
Purpose This paper aims to examine how using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) aids the study of
the isothermal-gas ow with slight rarefaction in long microtubes.
Design/methodology/approach A revised axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann model is proposed to
simulate the ow in microtubes. The wall boundary condition combining the bounce-back and
specular-reection schemes is used to capture the slip velocity on the wall. Appropriate relation
between the Knudsen number and relax-time constant is dened.
Findings The computed-slip velocity, average velocity and non-linear pressure distribution along
the microtube are in excellent agreement with analytical solution of the weakly compressible
Navier-Stokes equations. The calculated-friction factors are also consistent with available experimental
data. For simulations of slip owin microtube, LBMis more accurate and efcient than DSMC method.
Research limitations/implications The laminar ow in circular microtube is assumed to be
axisymmetric. The present LBM is only applied to the simulation of slip ows (0.01 , Kn
0
, 0.1) in
microtube.
Practical implications Lattice-BGKmethod is a very useful tool to investigate the micro slip ows.
Originality/value A revised axisymmetric D2Q9 lattice Boltzmann model is proposed to simulate
the slip ow in axisymmetric microtubes.
Keywords Flow, Numerical analysis, Laminar ow, Fluid mechanics, Approximation theory
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) devices with dimensions ranging from
100 to 1 m have found many applications in engineering and scientic researches
(Gad-el-Hak, 1999). The fast development of these devices motivated the study of the
uid ow in MEMS (Arkilic et al., 1997). MEMS are often operated in gaseous
environments where the molecular mean free path of the gas molecules could be the
same order as the typical geometric dimension of the device. Hence, the dynamics
associated with MEMS can exhibit rareed phenomena and compressibility effects
(Arkilic et al., 1997). Usually, the Knudsen number Kn are used to identify the effects. Kn
is the ratio of the mean free path l to the characteristic length L. Generally speaking, the
continuumassumption for Navier-Stokes (NS) equations may break down if Kn . 0.01.
For a owcase 0.01 , Kn , 0.1, a slipvelocitywouldappear in the wall boundary. The
value of 0.1 , Kn , 10 are associated with a transition ow regime. In the slip-ow
regime, by introducing a slip velocity at the solid boundary the NS solver can still be
used. In the transition regime, the conventional owsolver based on the NS equations is
no longer applicable because the rarefaction effect is critical (Lim et al., 2002).
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/0961-5539.htm
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
587
Received 8 November 2005
Revised 20 February 2006
Accepted 8 March 2006
International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
Vol. 17 No. 6, 2007
pp. 587-607
qEmerald Group Publishing Limited
0961-5539
DOI 10.1108/09615530710761225
Many analytical studies of rareed ow in microchannel have been carried out since
the 1970s. An important analytical and experimental study of gaseous ow in
two-dimensional (2D) microchannels was carried out by Arkilic et al. (1997). Through a
formal perturbation expansion of the NS equations under an assumption of 2D
isothermal ow, the study demonstrates the relative signicance of the contribution of
compressibility and rareed effects and good agreements between the analytical and
experimental studies were observed.
There are also some analytical studies about rareed ow in circular microtubes.
Analytical studies of Prudhomme et al. (1986) and Van den Berg et al. (1993)
demonstrated non-constant pressure gradients but their analysis did not incorporate
rareed behavior and the analysis is only one-dimensional (1D) perturbation solution
of the NS equations. Based on assumption of isothermal ow, Weng et al. (1999)
obtained the analytical solution for rareed gas ow in long-circular microtubes. Some
experiments were also carried out to measure the friction constant C f
*
Re in
microtubes, which is not equal to 64 as the theoretical prediction for fully developed
incompressible ow (Choi et al., 1991; Yu et al., 1995).
In addition to the above analytical and experimental investigations, there are many
numerical studies on rareed gas behavior in microchannel. Through introducing a
slip velocity at the solid boundary, Beskok and Karniadakis (1993) presented numerical
solutions of the NS and energy equations for ows with slight rarefaction. For
simulations microow, the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) (Bird, 1994)
are more popular because the approach is valid for the full range of ow regimes
(continuum through free molecular). However, very large-computational effort is
required in the DSMC simulations since the total number of simulated particles is
directly related to the number of molecules.
Besides, numerical solution of NS equation and DSMC, the lattice Boltzmann
method (LBM), which based on meso-scale level and has no continuum assumption,
was also applied to simulate the microows (Lim et al., 2002; Nie et al., 2002).
For LBMsimulation micro ow, the boundary condition and correlating relax time t
with Kn are important. Nie et al. (2002) simulated a 2D-microchannel ow with
bounce-back boundary treatment. However, in the study, a parameter to dene Kn was
obtained empirically. Lim et al. (2002) simulated microchannel ow and obtained good
results with specular and extrapolation boundary treatments. They linked the t with
the molecular free-mean path l by an assumption of l tdx. Succi (2002) and Tang
et al. (2004) showed that a slip velocity on the wall can be captured by using a
combination of the bounce-back and specular-reection conditions. Although the value
of the slip velocity may be highly dependent on the choice of the bounce-back
probability b, the boundary condition is easy to implement. For simplicity, in our
study, this boundary condition is applied to capture the correct velocity slip at the wall.
Previous LBM study of microow is only concentrated in microchannel. Here, we
would like to propose a revised axisymmetric LBMfor axisymmetric ows in microtubes.
It is sure that 3D LBM can directly handle the axisymmetric ow problems (Huang
et al., 2006). However, for an axisymmetric ow problem, directly 3D simulation is not
so efcient. To simulate the problem more efciently, Halliday et al. (2001) proposed an
axisymmetric D2Q9 model for the axisymmetric ow problems and it seems very
successful for simulation steady ow in straight tube. The main idea of the model is
inserting several spatial and velocity dependent source terms into the microscopic
HFF
17,6
588
evaluation equation for the lattice uids momentum distribution. However, it is found
that some terms relative to the radial velocity are missing in the axisymmetric D2Q9
model of Halliday et al. (2001) and later-developed model (Lee et al., 2005). Although the
terms may not affect simulations of the ows in straight circular pipe, they would lead
to large error for simulation the constricted or expanded pipe ows.
The main aim of the present paper is to derive a correct D2Q9 axisymmetric model
to numerically investigate the ow in microtubes. We also would like to compare the
accuracy and efciency between the LBMand the DSMC when simulate the slip owin
microtubes.
The structure of this paper is as follows. Firstly, a revised axisymmetric LBM is
proposed and the implementation of the LBMand boundary condition is discussed. Then
the LBM is applied to simulate the slip ow in microtubes for cases Kn 0.1, 0.05, 0.025
with different inlet/outlet pressure ratio. The slip velocity, bulk velocity and pressure
distribution along the tube are compared with analytical solution (Weng et al., 1999) in
detail. The friction factors are compared with the available experimental data. Finally, the
efciency and accuracy comparisons between DSMC and LBM are carried out.
2. LBM model and boundary condition
2.1 LBM model
In this part, an axisymmetric D2Q9 model is proposed to simulate the axisymmetric
ows in a long microtube. The derivation of our model is illustrated in Appendix 1.
Here, we consider the problems of the laminar internal ow of a weakly
compressible, isothermal ow in circular pipe with an axis in x direction. The geometry
is shown in Figure 1. For the axisymmetric ow, the azimuthal velocity u
w
and w
coordinate derivatives vanish from the continuity and NS equations. The full 2D
time-invariant constant viscosity NS equations for a compressible uid, ignoring body
force, are (in the pseudo-Cartesian coordinates (x, r)):
r u
u
x
v
u
r
_ _
2
p
x
m

2
u
x
2

1
r
u
r

2
u
r
2

1
3

x
u
x

v
r

v
r
_ _ _ _
1
r u
v
x
v
v
r
_ _
2
p
r
m

2
v
x
2

1
r
v
r

2
v
r
2
2
v
r
2

1
3

r
u
x

v
r

v
r
_ _ _ _
2
The continuity equation is given by:
ru
x

rv
r

rv
r
0 3
Figure 1.
Geometry of circular tube
and LBM D2Q9 model
x
r
1
2
3
4
8
5 6
7
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
589
The equation of state for an ideal gas is given by:
p rRT 4
In above equations, u and v are the stream-wise and wall-normal components of velocity
u, mis the molecular viscosity, r is the density, p is the pressure and R is the specic gas
constant. In equations (1) and (2), we have assumed a Stokes continuum hypothesis for
the second coefcient of viscosity (Landau and Lifschitz, 1987).
Our present axisymmetric D2Q9 model is proposed to simulate the microtube ows
described by above equations. Among different lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE)
models in application, the lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK) model is the simplest
one because it only has one scalar relaxation parameter and a simple equilibrium
momentum distribution function. Here, our axisymmetric LBM is derived from LBGK
D2Q9 model. In our axisymmetric D2Q9 model, the nine discrete velocities of our model
are dened as following:
e
i

0; 0 i 0
cosi 21p=2; sini 21p=2c i 1; 2; 3; 4

2
p
cosi 25p=2 p=4; sini 25p=2 p=4c i 5; 6; 7; 8
_

_
5
where c d
x
/d
t
, and in our studies c 1. d
x
and d
t
are the lattice spacing and time step
size, respectively.
In our model, f
i
(x, r, t) is the distribution function for particles with velocity e
i
at
position (x, r) and time t. The macroscopic density r and momentum ru are dened as:

8
i0
f
i
r;

8
i0
f
i
e
ia
ru
a
6
The equilibriumdistributionf
i
eq
of D2Q9 model (Qianet al., 1992) is denedbyequation(7):
f
eq
i
x; r; t v
i
r 1
e
i
u
c
2
s

e
i
u
2
2c
4
s
2
u
2
2c
2
s
_ _
i 0; 1; 2; . . . ; 8 7
where, c
s
c=

3
p
; v
0
4=9; v
i
1=9; i 1; 2; 3; 4; v
i
1=36; i 5; 6; 7; 8.
The two main steps of lattice BGK model are collision and streaming. In the
collision step, a group of calculations (8) and (9) are implemented:
f
ne
i
f
i
x; r; t 2f
eq
i
x; r; t 8
f

i
x; r; t f
eq
i
x; r; t 1 2
1
t
_ _
f
ne
i
d
t
h
1
i
d
2
t
h
2
i
9
In above equations, f
ne
i
is the non-equilibrium part of distribution function. f

i
is the
post-collision distribution function. h
1
i
and h
2
i
are the source terms added into
the collision step, which can be calculated through below equations (10) and (11),
respectively. The brief derivation of the equations is illustrated in Appendix 1:
h
1
i

2v
i
ru
r
r
10
HFF
17,6
590
h
2
i

v
i
2r

r
r
3

x
ru
x
u
r

r
ru
r
u
r
_ _

3v
i
rn
r
e
ix

r
u
x
e
ir

r
u
r
2
3v
i
rn
r
2
u
r
e
ir
23v
i
r
u
x
u
r
r
e
ix

u
r
u
r
r
e
ir
_ _
21 2tv
i
1
r

x
ru
r
e
ix
2
ru
r
r
2
e
ir

r
ru
r
r
e
ir
_ _
11
In above formulas, the relax time constant t and the uid kinetic viscosity n satises
the below equation:
n c
2
s
d
t
t 20:5 12
For the microow simulation, the t should be related to the Knudsen number.
In the streaming step, the newdistribution function value obtained fromequation (9)
would propagate to neighbour eight lattices. That procedure can be represented by the
following equation (13):
f
i
x e
ix
; dt; r e
ir
; dt; t dt f

i
x; r; t 13
For the velocity derivations in equation (11), the terms
r
u
x

x
u
r
,
x
u
x
and
r
u
r
can
all be obtained through equation (14) with a x,b r; a b x; a b r,
respectively:
rn
b
u
a

a
u
b
2 1 2
1
2t
_ _

8
i0
f
1
i
e
ia
e
ib
2 1 2
1
2t
_ _

8
i0
f
ne
i
e
ia
e
ib
o1
2

14
For the term
r
u
x
in equation (11), it is equal to (
r
u
x

x
u
r
) 2
x
u
r
. Since,
(
r
u
x

x
u
r
) can be easily obtained by equation (14), only value of
x
u
r
is left unknown
to determine
r
u
x
. Here, we recourse to nite difference method to obtain
x
u
r
at lattice
node (i, j), which can be calculated by equation (15):

x
u
r

i; j

u
r

i1; j
2u
r

i21; j
2d
x
15
The values of
r
u
x

x
u
r
,
x
u
x
,
r
u
r
,
r
u
x
and
x
u
r
for the lattice nodes which just
on the wall boundary can also be calculated from equations (14) and (15). Obtaining
these values for lattice nodes on the periodic boundary is also easy. However, to
obtain these values for the nodes on the inlet/outlet pressure-specied boundary, these
values are extrapolated from those of the inner nodes.
2.2 Knudsen number and boundary condition
Correlating the parameter t with Kn is important for LBM application in simulation
micro-ows. (Nie et al., 2002; Tang et al., 2004) Here, an expression (Tang et al., 2004)
between Kn and t which based on the gas kinematics is used in our simulation but we
derived it in a simpler way in the following.
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
591
Form the kinetic theory of gases, the density can be determined by:
r
mp
k
B
T
16
where m represents the molecular mass and k
B
is the Boltzmann constant. On the other
hand, in LBM, the density and pressure have the relationship (Qian et al., 1992):
r
p
c
2
s
17
Hence, in LBM, we have:
k
B
T
m
c
2
s
18
For an ideal gas modeled as rigid spheres, the mean free path l is related to the
viscosity n as:
n 0:5n
m
l 19
where the mean velocity of the molecular v
m

8K
B
T=pm
_
. Hence, form
equations (12) and (19), we get:
Kn
l
D

2n
v
m
D

p
6
_
t 20:5
N
D
or t
KnN
D

p=6
_ 0:5 20
where N
D
is the lattice number in the tube diameter, Kn is local Knudsen number.
Since, the mean free path is inversely proportional to the pressure, the local Kn can be
calculated by:
Kn
Kn
o
p
o
px; r
21
where Kn
o
and p
o
are the Kn and the pressure at the outlet. So, in equation (20),
t is variable along the microtube and the corresponding n can be obtained from
equation (12).
Another important issue about using LBM to simulate the micro ows is wall
boundary condition. For wall boundary condition, bounce-back scheme is usually used
to realize non-slip boundary condition when simulate continuum ow. On the other
hand, specular reection scheme (Lim et al., 2002) can be applied to free-slip boundary
condition where no momentum is to be exchanged with the wall along the tangential
component. For real gas ow in microtubes, a combination of the two schemes is
considered here. To describe boundary condition treatment, a wall V is completely
specied. For a point xx [ V, n is the inward unit normal vector of the wall. After
streaming step implemented, the unknown distribution functions of f
i
x; t; e
i
n . 0,
can be evaluated by Succi (2002) and Tang et al. (2004):
f
i
x; t bf
j
x; t 1 2bf
k
x; t 22
where f
j
(x,t) is the distribution function in e
j
direction, where e
i
2e
j
2e
i
, and f
k
x; t
is the distribution function in e
k
direction, where e
i
2e
k
2n. b is the bounce-back
probability chosen as 0.7.
HFF
17,6
592
For the inlet/outlet boundary conditions, the pressure is specied and the
corresponding velocity value in these boundaries is extrapolated from the next inner
nodes (Fang et al., 2002). Hence, the equilibrium part of distribution function can be
determined and the non-equilibrium part of distribution function can be obtained
through extrapolation (Fang et al., 2002). So, the collision step for boundary nodes can
be implemented normally as inner nodes.
The axisymmetric boundary condition is also applied in most simulations here. In
most simulations, the computational domain is an axisymmetric plane above the axis.
To implement this boundary condition, an extra row of grids below the axis is added.
The variables in the grid of this row can be evaluated from that of its symmetric node.
For example, if j 2 and j 1 represents the row index of the axis and the extra row,
velocities in the extra grids can be obtained by u
x

i;1
u
x

i;3
; u
r

i;1
2u
r

i;3
, and
the corresponding source terms in equations (10) and (11) can be evaluated as
h
i;1
h
i;3
. In this way, the collision and streaming steps for lattices in the extra row
can be implemented as that of inner lattices.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Distributions of pressure and velocity
In our simulation, the radius is represented by 11 lattice nodes (ten lattice space) and
the length of the tube is 20 times of the diameter except for specially noted cases. In all
of cases, the Mach number in tube is very low. Even for case of Pr 3.0, maximum
Mach number in tube is M 0.15/c
s
! 1, which satisfy the requirement of our
axisymmetric D2Q9 model. The stream-wise momentum accommodation coefcient
s 1 has been used for almost all engineering calculations (Weng et al., 1999).
Therefore, we take s 1 throughout the paper.
Figures 2 and 3 show the axial and radial-velocity distribution along the tube
(Pr 2, Kn
o
0.1), respectively. The u, v velocity contour are also shown in Figures 2
and 3, respectively. From the Figure 2, we can see that the axial-velocity prole is
parabolic type and the slip velocity at the wall and the central velocity increase toward
the exit. Owing to the pressure decreasing, the density of gas also decreases along the
tube. To satisfy mass conservation, the average velocity must increase toward the exit.
In Figure 3, the magnitude of the radial velocity is much smaller than that of axial
velocity. These results are consistent with previous studies on microchannel (Arkilic
et al., 1997; Lim et al., 2002).
The pressure distribution along the tube predicted from the rst slip boundary
condition is illustrated in equation (23), which is originally given by Weng et al. (1999).
The derivation of present expression is illustrated in Appendix 2:
~
p~ x 28Kn
o

8Kn
o

2
1 16Kn
o
~ x Pr
2
16Kn
o
Pr 1 2 ~ x
_
23
In equation (23),
~
p is the pressure normalized by outlet pressure, ~ x x=L, L is the tube
length. Pr is the ratio of the inlet and outlet pressure.
The pressure drop along the tube which deviate from linear pressure drop for
different Pr with the same outlet Knudsen number Kn
o
0.1 are shown in Figure 4.
When Pr increase, the compressibility effect within the tube is also increase, results in
a larger deviation from the linear pressure distribution. In Figure 4, our results agree
well with equation (23).
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
593
The pressure drops along the tube for different outlet Kn
o
are shown in Figure 5.
Compared with the analytical solution equation (23), the results of LBM is quite good.
Figure 5 shows that the larger Kn
o
, the smaller the deviation from the linear-pressure
distribution. It seems that the rarefaction effect (indicate by Kn
o
) can decrease the
curvature in the pressure distribution which caused by the compressibility effect.
Maybe that means the compressibility effect and the rarefaction effect on the pressure
distribution are contradictory.
The Knudsen numbers along the stream-wise direction are shown in Figure 6. Kn is
a function of the local pressure. With the decreasing pressure along the tube, the
Knudsen number increases and reaches its maximum value at the outlet. For different
outlet Kn
o
, the slope of Kn curve along the tube is different. For smaller Kn
o
, the slope
of Kn curve is smaller although Pr is same.
In Figure 7, the variation of slip velocity along the microtube wall is shown. Firstly,
we obtained the analytical solution of slip velocity from results of Weng et al. (1999)
(Appendix 2). Equation (B2) is can be normalized by the central velocity at outlet U
oc
:
Ux; r
U
oc

d
~
p=d~ x
d
~
p=d~ x
o
0:25 Kn 2r
2
=D
2

0:25 Kn
o

24
where d
~
p=d~ x is the non-dimensional pressure gradient and the d
~
p=d~ x
o
means the
pressure gradient at exit, which can be referred to equation (B7) in Appendix 2.
Figure 2.
Axial-velocity
distributions in the tube
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
x
/
L
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 r/D
u
HFF
17,6
594
Figure 3.
Radial-velocity
distributions along the
tube
1E-05
0
1E-05
2E-05
3E-05
4E-05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
x
/L
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
r/D
v
Figure 4.
Pressure distribution
along the tube for different
Pr (Kn
o
0.1)
analytical solution
Pr=3
Pr=2.5
Pr=2
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x/L
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(
p
-
p
i
n
c
o
m
p
)
/
p
o
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
595
Hence, the analytical solution for slip velocity on the wall and average velocity in
microtube are equations (25) and (26), respectively:
U
slip
x
U
oc

d
~
p=d~ x
d
~
p=d~ x
o
Kn
0:25 Kn
o

25
Figure 5.
Pressure distribution
along the tube for different
Knudsen number (Pr 2)
analytical solution
Kn
o
=0.025
Kn
o
=0.025
Kn
o
=0.05
Kn
o
=0.05
Kn
o
=0.1
Kn
o
=0.1
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x/L
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(
p
-
p
i
n
c
o
m
p
)
/
p
o
Figure 6.
Local Kn distribution
along the tube for different
Kn
o
(Pr 2)
analytical Kn=Kn
o
p
o
/p
Kn
o
=0.025
Kn
o
=0.05
Kn
o
=0.1
numerical
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x/L
K
n
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
HFF
17,6
596
U
av
x
U
oc

d
~
p=d~ x
d
~
p=d~ x
o
1=8 Kn
1=4 Kn
o

26
From equation (25), we can see that since the local Knudsen number increases and the
slope of pressure drop also increases along the tube, the slip velocity on the wall would
increase along the microtube. Figure 8 shows the average velocity variations along the
stream-wise direction. The average velocity increases as the ow proceeds down the
tube since density decrease along the microtube. In Figures 7 and 8, both the slip
Figure 8.
Average axial velocity U
av
along the tube for different
Kn
o
(Pr 2)
Kn=0.025
analytical solution
Kn=0.05
Kn=0.1
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
x/L
0.0 0.1 0.2
U
a
v
/
U
o
c
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Figure 7.
Slip velocity in wall along
the tube for different Kn
o
(Pr 2)
Kn
o
=0.025
Kn
o
=0.025
analytical solution
Kn
o
=0.05
Kn
o
=0.1
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
U
s
/
U
o
c
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x/L
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
597
velocity on wall and local bulk velocity along the microtube agree well with the
analytical solution equations.
3.2 Mass ow rate and normalized friction constant
The effect of rarefaction on mass ow rate is investigated by comparison of the LBE
result with analytical predictions. The non-dimensional mass ow rate
~
Q can be
expressed as a function of pressure ratio (Appendix 2):
~
Q
_ q
_ q
continuum
1
16Kn
o
Pr 1
27
In Figure 9, the non-dimensional mass ow rate computed by the LBE method for
Kn
o
0.1 is compared with the rst order analytical prediction equation (27). For all
cases, slip effects become less pronounced with increasing pressure ratio. The LBE
results agree well with analytical results and the deviation is less than 4 percent.
Then in Figure 10, the friction factors predicted by present LBM simulations are
compared with experimental results of Kimet al. (2000). The theoretical friction constant
(C
0
f
*
Re 64) for fully developed incompressible ow is used to normalize friction
constant C f
*
Re. The microtubes used in the experiment are also shown in Figure 10.
Here, our numerical data were taken from results of cases Kn
o
0.013 with different
inlet/outlet pressure ration. In these cases, for Kn l/D 0.013, the corresponding
simulated diameters D of microtubes for Nitrogen, Argon and Helium are listed in
Table I. The diameters of our simulation are all close to that of corresponding
experimental facility. Hence, our numerical results are valid to compare with the
experimental data. In Figure 10, the normalized friction constant C
*
obtained by LBM
ranges from 0.80 to 0.86, which agree well with the experiment data.
Besides, experiment of Kim et al. (2000) and Choi et al. (1991) also found that for
nitrogen ow in microtube with diameters smaller than 10 mm, C f
*
Re 53.
Another experiment conducted by Yu et al. (1995) concluded that C f
*
Re 50.13
Figure 9.
Mass ow rate normalized
to non-slip mass ow rate
as a function of Pr at
Kn
o
0.1
analytical solution
LBM
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Q
~
Pr
HFF
17,6
598
for laminar nitrogen ow in microtubes with diameter 19 mm. In Figure 10, it was
observed that our numerical data are also in consistent with their experimental results
(Choi et al., 1991; Yu et al., 1995).
3.3 Comparison with DSMC
To demonstrate the efciency of the LBM, we compared the accuracy and efciency of
the LBM and DSMC. It is well known that DSMC is the most popular model for
simulation of micro ows. DSMC is a particle-based method proposed by Bird (1994).
Unlike the molecular dynamics (MD) method which takes each individual molecule into
consideration, DSMC method assumes that a group of molecules have the same
properties such as velocity and temperature which can be obtained by statistical
analysis. In this way, the computational effort can be greatly reduced compared with
the MD method (Bird, 1976; Bird, 1994). Here, the developed DSMC code (Mao et al.,
2003) was used to simulate the slip ow in microtubes.
In the DSMC simulation, the working gas is nitrogen. The physical geometry is
200 mm long and radius of the tube is 2.5 mm. The computational region is an
axisymmetric plane divided into 400 30 sampling cells and each cell contains four
subcells. The total number of simulated particles is about 4.8 10
5
. That means
nearly 40 particles in a sampling cell (Mao et al., 2003). In this part, the case of
Kn
o
0.0134 and Pr 2.5 was simulated.
Gas (10
5
Pa) Nitrogen Argon Helium
Mean free path (nm) 67 72 196
Diameter of tube (mm) 5.2 5.5 15.0
Table I.
Simulated diameter of
microtubes for different
gas ow (Kn
o
0.013)
Figure 10.
Normalized friction
constant C
*
of gas ow in
microtube as a function of
Re (Kn
o
0.013)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.1 1
experiment N2 5mm (Kim et al. 2000)
experiment Ar 5mm (Kim et al. 2000)
experiment He 15mm (Kim et al. 2000)
numerical LBM
10 100
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
n
s
t
.

C
*
Re
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
599
In the LBM simulation, the uniform square lattices 801 21 is used to simulate the
same microtube ow. For this case, if the computational domain is an axisymmetric
plane and the axisymmetric boundary condition is applied, the calculation is unstable.
However, when the computational domain is a whole plane passing through the axis,
the calculation is stable with the slip wall boundary condition. Hence, here the
computational domain is a whole plane passing through the axis and the diameter is
represented by 21 lattice nodes.
The present DSMC and LBM calculations were performed on a single-CPU of the
computer Compaq ES40 supercomputer. To make the efciency comparison, the same
convergence criterion was set as:
i

kux
i
; t 2ux
i
; t 21k
kux
i
; tk
, 10
26
28
The velocity eld error is measured by u which is dened as:
u
i

ur
i
2u
a
r
i

2
i

u
2
a
r
i

29
where u
a
(r
i
) is the analytical solution obtained by Weng et al. (1999) and r
i
is the mesh
point at intersection x/L 0.375 where the microow is supposed to be in fully
developed region.
The efciency and accuracy comparison is listed in Table II. The mesh or cell number
is comparable for LBM and DSMC simulations. However, since DSMC still has to
simulate 4.8 10
5
particles, it used much larger memory than LBM in the simulation.
To obtain the well-converged results, DSMC takes more CPU time than LBM.
The velocity proles at intersection x/L 0.375 obtained by analytical solution
(Weng et al., 1999), LBM and DSMC are shown in Figure 11. The velocity U is
normalized by outlet U
oc
r is normalized by the diameter. Compared with the analytical
solution, the result of LBM seems more accurate than that of DSMC.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a revised axisymmetric D2Q9 model was applied to investigate gaseous
slip ow with slight rarefaction through long microtubes. With limit of small Mach
number, this axisymmetric LBGK model successfully recovered the weakly
compressible NS equation in the cylindrical coordinates through Chapman Enskog
expansion (refer to the Appendix 1). For the additional source term in our model, most
velocity gradient terms can be obtained from high order momentum of distribution
function, which is consistent with the philosophy of the LBM. For the slip wall boundary
condition, the wall boundary condition combined the bounce-back and
specular-reection scheme was applied for microtube ows with Kn
o
in range (0.01, 0.1).
Method CPU time (s) Mesh or cells Memory (M) u
LBM 4.52 10
2
1.6 10
4
9.2 4.31 10
24
DSMC 3.22 10
4
1.2 10
4
31.4 3.3 10
23
Table II.
Efciency and accuracy
comparison (LBM and
DSMC) (Kn
o
0.0134,
Pr 2.5)
HFF
17,6
600
The distributions of pressure, the slip velocity and the average velocity along the
microtube all agree well with the analytical results. The friction factors are compared
with experimental results and good agreements are also observed. The axisymmetric
LBGK model was successfully applied to simulate the laminar ow in microtubes.
Through comparison, it was found that our LBM is more accurate and efcient than
DSMC when simulate the slip owin microtube. Although present LBMis only applied
to the slip owsimulation (0.01 , Kn
0
, 0.1) in microtube, the LBMmay be extended
to study the transition ow or higher Knudsen number cases in the future.
References
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J. MEMS, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 167-78.
Beskok, A. and Karniadakis, G. (1993), Simulation of heat and momentum transfer in
micro-geometries, AIAA Paper 93-3269.
Bird, G.A. (1976), Molecular Gas Dynamics, Clarendon, Oxford.
Bird, G.A. (1994), Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Dynamics,
Clarendon, Oxford.
Choi, S.B., Barron, R. and Warrington, R. (1991), Fluid Flow and heat transfer in microtubes,
Micromechanical Sensors, Actuator and Systems, ASME DSC, Vol. 32, pp. 123-34.
Fang, H.P., Wang, Z.W., Lin, Z.F. and Liu, M.R. (2002), Lattice Boltzmann method for simulating
the viscous ow in large distensible blood vessels, Physical Review E, Vol. 65, 051925.
Gad-el-Hak, M. (1999), The uid mechanics of microdevices-the Freeman scholar lecture,
J. Fluids Eng., Vol. 121 No. 1, pp. 5-33.
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equation hydrodynamics, Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 64, 011208.
He, X. and Luo, L. (1997), Lattice Boltzmann model for the incompressible Navier-Stokes
equation, J. Stat. Phys., Vol. 88 Nos 3/4, pp. 927-43.
Figure 11.
Velocity proles at
x/L 0.375 obtained by
analytical solution, LBM
and DSMC
0.6
Weng et al.
LBM
DSMC 0.5
0.4
0.3 U
0.2
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2
r/D
0.3 0.4 0.5
0.1
0.0
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
601
Huang, H., Lee, T.S. and Shu, C. (2006), Lattice-BGK simulation of steady ow through vascular
tubes with double constrictions, Int. J. Num. Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 16 No. 2,
pp. 185-203.
Kim, M.S., Araki, T., Inaoka, K. and Suzuki, K. (2000), Gas ow characteristic in microtubes,
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Landau, L.D. and Lifschitz, E.M. (1987), Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed., Pergamon, Oxford.
Lee, T.S., Huang, H. and Shu, C. (2005), An axisymmetric incompressible Lattice-BGK model for
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pp. 99-116.
Lim, C.Y., Shu, C., Niu, X.D. and Chew, Y.T. (2002), Application of lattice Boltzmann method to
simulate microchannel ows, Phys. Fluids, Vol. 14 No. 7, pp. 2299-308.
Mao, X.H., Shu, C. and Chew, Y.T. (2003), Numerical and theoretical study of a micro tube ow,
Int. J. Nonlinear Sciences and Numer. Simulation, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 187-200.
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MEMS, J. Stat. Phys., Vol. 107, pp. 279-89.
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Appl. Sci. Res., Vol. 43, pp. 67-74.
Qian, Y.H., dHumieres, D. and Lallemand, P. (1992), Lattice BGK models for Navier-Stokes
equation, Europhys. Lett., Vol. 17, pp. 479-84.
Succi, S. (2002), Mesoscopic modeling of slip motion at uid-solid interfaces with heterogeneous
catalysis, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 89 No. 6, 064502.
Tang, G.H., Tao, W.Q. and He, Y.L. (2004), Lattice Boltzmann method for simulating gas ow in
microchannels, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 335-47.
Van den Berg, H., Tenseldam, C. and VanderGulik, P. (1993), Compressible laminar ow in a
capillary, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 246, pp. 1-20.
Weng, C.I., Li, W.L. and Hwang, C.C. (1999), Gaseous ow in microtubes at arbitrary Knudsen
numbers, Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, pp. 373-9.
Yu, D., Warrington, R., Barron, R. and Ameel, T. (1995), An experimental and theoretical
investigation of uid ow and heat transfer in Microtubes, ASME/JSME Thermal
Engineering Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 523-30.
Appendix 1. Brief derivation of the axisymmetric model
Here, we would show how continuity equation (A1) and momentum equation (A2) in the
pseudo-Cartesian coordinates (x, r) can be recovered from our axisymmetric D2Q9 model:
r
t

ru
b
x
b
2
ru
r
r
A1
ru
a
t

ru
b
u
a
x
b

ru
a
u
r
r

p
x
a
2m

2
u
a
x
2
b
2m
a
7 u
m
r
u
a
r
2
u
r
r
d
ar
_ _
A2
where 7 u
b
u
b
u
r
=r. Here, we adopt the Einstein convention that the same index appears
twice in any term, summation over the range of that index is implied. u
a
, u
b
is the velocity u
x
or
u
r
. a, b is x or r, x
a
, x
b
means x or r.
It is noticed that the small discrepancy between equations (1), (2) and equation (A2) is
the coefcient before term 7 u, in equation (1) that is 1/3, here in equation (A2) is unit.
HFF
17,6
602
Since, we consider a slight rarefaction in long microtubes, which means the weakly compressible
ow, this term 7 u should be very small. The coefcient difference can be neglected. Our
numerical results also veried this opinion.
To recover above equations, the Chapman-Enskog expansion is applied. The evaluation
equation to describe 2D ow in (x, r) pseudo-Cartesian coordinates is illustrated as equation (A3):
f
i
x e
ix
d
t
; r e
ir
d
t
; t d
t
2f
i
x; r; t
1
t
f
eq
i
x; r; t 2f
i
x; r; t
_
h
i
x; r; t A3
equation (A3) is similar to the evaluation equation in 2D (x, y) Cartesian coordinates except that a
source term h
i
(x, r, t) was incorporated into the microscopic evaluation equation (Halliday et al.,
2001).
Here, we introduce the following expansions (He and Luo, 1997):
f
i
x e
ix
d
t
; r e
ir
d
t
; t d
t

1
n0
1
n
n!
D
n
f
i
x; r; t A4
f
i
f
0
i
1f
1
i
1
2
f
2
i

t
1
1t
1
2

2t

b
1
1b
h
i
1h
1
i
1
2
h
2
i

_

_
A5
where, 1 dt and D ;
t
e
ib

b
. In equation (A5), there is no equilibrium h
i
term.
Retaining terms up to O(1
2
) in equations (A4) and (A5) and substituting into equation (A3)
results in equations in the consecutive order of the parameter 1:
O1
0
:
f
0
i
2f
eq
i
_ _
t
0 A6
O1
1
:
1t
e
ib

1b
f
0
i

f
1
i
t 2h
1
i
0 A7
O1
2
:
2t
f
0
i
1 2
1
2t
_ _

1t
e
ib

1b
f
1
i

1
2

1t
e
ib

1b
h
1
i

1
t
f
2
i
2h
2
i
0 A8
The distribution function f
i
is constrained by equation (6) and the following equation (A9):

8
i0
f
m
i
0;

8
i0
e
i
f
m
i
0 for m . 0 A9
Note that E
2n1
0 for n 0,1,. . . where E
(n)
are the tensors dened as E
n


a
e
a1
e
a2
. . .e
an
and:

4
i1
e
ia
e
ib
2d
ab
A10

8
i5
e
ia
e
ib
4d
ab
A11
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
603

4
i1
e
ia
e
ib
e
ig
e
iz
2d
abgz
A12

8
i5
e
ia
e
ib
e
ig
e
iz
4D
abgz
28d
abgz
A13
where d
ab
and d
abgz
are the Kronecker tensors, and:
D
abgz
d
ab
d
gz
d
ag
d
bz
d
az
d
bg
A14
With above properties of the tensor E
(n)
, we have:

8
i0
e
ia
e
ib
f
0
i
r
0
u
a
u
b
pd
ab
A15

8
i0
e
ia
e
ib
e
ik
f
0
i
r
0
c
2
s
d
jk
d
ba
d
ja
d
bk
d
jb
d
ak
u
j
A16
Mass conservation and h
1
i
Summing on i in equation (A7), we obtain at O(1):

1t
r
b
ru
b

i

h
1
i
A17
which motivates the following selection of h
1
i
when comparing with the target dynamics
(of equations (A1) and (A2)). To recover the continuity equation (A1), because

i
v
i
1, the
following selection of h
1
i
is reasonable (Halliday et al., 2001):
h
1
i

2v
i
ru
r
r
A18
Then, we proceed to O(1
2
) now. Summing on i in equation (A8) gives:

2t
r
i

1
2

1t
e
ib

1b
_ _
h
1
i
2
i

h
2
i
0 A19
With our target dynamic in view, we obtain the equation (A20):
i

1
2

1t
e
ib

1b
_ _
h
1
i
2
i

h
2
i
0 A20
equation (A20) can also be rewritten as equation (A21):
i

h
2
i

1
2
i

1t
e
ib

1b
h
1
i

1
2

1t
i

2v
i
ru
r
r
_
_
_
_
2
1
2

1t
ru
r
r
_ _
A21
HFF
17,6
604
Momentum conservation and h
2
i
Multiplying equation (A7) with e
ia
and summing over i, gives:

1t
ru
a

1b
P
0
ab

i

h
1
i
e
ia
0 A22
where, P
0
ab

8
i0
e
ia
e
ib
f
0
i
is the zeroth-order of momentum ux tensor. With P
0
ab
given by
equation (A15), using equation (A22) with a r, and substituting into (A21), we have a
condition on h
2
i
:

h
2
i

1
2r

b
c
2
s
rd
rb
ru
b
u
r
_ _
A23
The error in previous model of Halliday et al. (2001) partly lies in their opinion about equation
(A22). It seems that Halliday et al. simply regarded terms
1t
ru
a

1b
ru
a
u
b
as the terms
D
t
ru
a

t
ru
a

b
ru
b
u
a
ru
a
u
r
=r. Unfortunately, that is not true.
Multiplying equation (A8) with e
ia
and summing over i gives:

2t
ru
a
1 2
1
2t
_ _

1b
P
1
ab
2
1
2

1t
i

e
ia
h
1
i

1b
i

e
ia
e
ib
h
1
i
_
_
_
_

h
2
i
e
ia
A24
where, P
1
ab

i

e
ia
e
ib
f
1
i
is the rst-order momentum ux tensor. With the aid of equations (A7)
and (A16), we have:
P
1
ab

i

e
ia
e
ib
f
1
i
2t
i

e
ia
e
ib
D
1t
f
0
i
t
i

e
ia
e
ib
h
1
i
2t
i

1t
P
0
ab

k
i

e
ia
e
ib
e
ik
f
0
i
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
t
i

e
ia
e
ib
h
1
i
2t
i

1t
P
0
ab
c
2
s
d
ab

j
ru
j

b
ru
a

a
ru
b

_
_
_
_
t
i

e
ia
e
ib
h
1
i
< 2tc
2
s
2d
ab
r
j
u
j

u
r
r
_ _
rd
ab

j
u
j

b
u
a

a
u
b

_ _
2tc
2
s
d
ab
ru
r
r
O1
2

2tc
2
s
r
b
u
a

a
u
b

_
O1
2

A25
Substituting equation (A25) into equation (A24) and using equations (A22) and (A24), we get:
ru
a
t

ru
b
u
a
x
b

p
x
a
2m

2
u
a
x
2
b
2m
a
7 u 1 2tc
2
s

a
ru
r
r
_ _

h
2
i
e
ia
A26
Compare momentum equation (A26) with equation (A2), to recover the NS momentum equations,
equation (A27) should be satised:
1 2tc
2
s

a
ru
r
r
_ _

h
2
i
e
ia

rn
r

r
u
a
2
1
r
u
r
d
ra
_ _
2
ru
a
u
r
r
A27
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
605
Solving equation system (A23) and (A27), we can obtain the expression of h
2
i
:
h
2
i

v
i
2r

b
c
2
s
rd
rb
ru
b
u
r
_ _ _
3v
i
rn
r

r
u
b
2
1
r
u
r
d
rb
_ _
e
ib
2
ru
b
u
r
r
e
ib
_ _
21 2tv
i

b
ru
r
r
_ _
e
ib
A28
The expression of h
1
i
(equation (A18)), h
2
i
(equation (A28)) are successfully derived and the
continuity equation (A1) and NS equation (A2) can be fully recovered. In the model of Halliday
et al. (2001), the mainly missing terms are relative to u
r
. Although these terms may only slightly
affect results of straight pipe ow, without these terms, the ows in constricted pipes cannot be
simulated correctly.
Appendix 2
The stream-wise velocity prole (rst-order slip-ow model) in a long microtube with rarefaction
effect is given by Weng et al.(1999):
U x; r
_ _
2
r
2
0
4m
p
x
1 2
r
r
0
_ _
2

2l
r
0
_ _
A29
where l is the molecular mean free path, r
0
is the radius of the microtube. Since, r
0
D=2 and
local Kn l=D, using equations (21) and (A29), we have:
Ux; r 2
D
2
16m
dp
dx
1 24
r
D
_ _
2

4Kn
o
~
p
_ _
A30
where
~
p p x; r
_ _
=p
o
.
The pressure distribution in a long microtube is given by Weng et al. (1999) as:
S 2
8

p
p
64
p
S
2
in

16

p
p S
in
S
2
out
2S
2
in
_ _

16

p
p S
out
2S
in

_ _
~ x
_ _1
2
A31
where:
S Kn
o

p
p _ _
21
~
p; S
in
Kn
o

p
p _ _
21
Pr; S
out
Kn
o

p
p _ _
21
; Pr p
in
=p
o
;
and ~ x x=L. L is the tube length. Hence, equation (A31) can also be rewritten as:
~
p~ x 28Kn
o

8Kn
o

2
1 16Kn
o
~ x Pr
2
16Kn
o
Pr
_ _
1 2 ~ x
_
A32
From equation (A32) we can see that gas owing in a long microtube with a signicant pressure
drop will also exhibit compressibility effects.
The mass-owrate is computed by multiplying equation (A29) by the density and integrating
across the tube. The dimensional mass-ow rate is given by Weng et al. (1999):
_ q 2
prr
4
0
2m
p
x
1
4
2Kn
_ _
A33
Hence, the dimensional mass ow rate at outlet of microtube is:
_ q 2
pr
o
D
4
p
o
16mL

~
p
~ x
_ _
o
1
8
Kn
o
_ _
A34
HFF
17,6
606
The non-dimensional pressure gradient along the tube can be calculated from equation (A32) as:
d
~
p
d~ x

1 2Pr
2
16Kn
o
1 2Pr
2

8Kn
o

2
1 16Kn
o
~ x Pr
2
16Kn
o
Pr
_ _
1 2 ~ x
_ A35
Hence, equation (A34) can also be written as:
_ q
pD
4
p
2
o
256mLRT
Pr
2
21 16Kn
o
Pr 21
_
A36
In addition, the mass-ow rate for the continuum gas (without the rarefaction effect) is:
_ q
continuum
2
pD
4
256mRT
p
2

x

pD
4
p
2
o
256mRT
Pr
2
21
L
A37
Corresponding author
Haibo Huang can be contacted at: [email protected]
Simulation gas
slip ow in long
microtubes
607
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