Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics

Chapter 3 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS

Pressure, Manometer, and Barometer 3-1C The pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure is called the gage pressure, and the pressure relative to an absolute vacuum is called absolute pressure. 3-2C The atmospheric air pressure which is the external pressure exerted on the skin decreases with increasing elevation. Therefore, the pressure is lower at higher elevations. As a result, the difference between the blood pressure in the veins and the air pressure outside increases. This pressure imbalance may cause some thin-walled veins such as the ones in the nose to burst, causing bleeding. The shortness of breath is caused by the lower air density at higher elevations, and thus lower amount of oxygen per unit volume. 3-3C No, the absolute pressure in a liquid of constant density does not double when the depth is doubled. It is the gage pressure that doubles when the depth is doubled. 3-4C If the lengths of the sides of the tiny cube suspended in water by a string are very small, the magnitudes of the pressures on all sides of the cube will be the same. 3-5C Pascals principle states that the pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount. This is a consequence of the pressure in a fluid remaining constant in the horizontal direction. An example of Pascals principle is the operation of the hydraulic car jack. 3-6C The density of air at sea level is higher than the density of air on top of a high mountain. Therefore, the volume flow rates of the two fans running at identical speeds will be the same, but the mass flow rate of the fan at sea level will be higher. 3-7 The pressure in a vacuum chamber is measured by a vacuum gage. The absolute pressure in the chamber is to be determined. Analysis The absolute pressure in the chamber is determined from
Pabs = Patm Pvac = 92 24 = 68 kPa
Pabs
24 kPa

Patm = 92 kPa

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3-1

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-8E The pressure in a tank is measured with a manometer by measuring the differential height of the manometer fluid. The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined for the cases of the manometer arm with the higher and lower fluid level being attached to the tank . Assumptions The fluid in the manometer is incompressible. Properties The specific gravity of the fluid is given to be SG = 1.25. The density of water at 32F is 62.4 lbm/ft3. Analysis The density of the fluid is obtained by multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water,

= SG H 2O = (1.25)(62.4 lbm/ft 3 ) = 78.0 lbm/ft 3

The pressure difference corresponding to a differential height of 28 in between the two arms of the manometer is
1lbf P = gh = (78 lbm/ft 3 )(32.174 ft/s 2 )(28/12 ft) 32.174 lbm ft/s 2 Then the absolute pressures in the tank for the two cases become: 1ft 2 144 in 2 = 1.26 psia

(a) The fluid level in the arm attached to the tank is higher (vacuum):
Pabs = Patm Pvac = 12.7 1.26 = 11.44 psia
Air

(b) The fluid level in the arm attached to the tank is lower:
Pabs = Pgage + Patm = 12.7 + 1.26 = 13.96 psia

28 in
SG= 1.25

Discussion Note that we can determine whether the pressure in a tank is above or below atmospheric pressure by simply observing the side of the manometer arm with the higher fluid level.

Patm = 1.26 psia

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3-2

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-9 The pressure in a pressurized water tank is measured by a multi-fluid manometer. The gage pressure of air in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions The air pressure in the tank is uniform (i.e., its variation with elevation is negligible due to its low density), and thus we can determine the pressure at the air-water interface. Properties The densities of mercury, water, and oil are given to be 13,600, 1000, and 850 kg/m3, respectively. Analysis Starting with the pressure at point 1 at the air-water interface, and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach point 2, and setting the result equal to Patm since the tube is open to the atmosphere gives
P1 + water gh1 + oil gh2 mercury gh3 = Patm
Air 1

Solving for P1,

P1 = Patm water gh1 oil gh2 + mercury gh3

or,

P1 Patm = g ( mercury h3 water h1 oil h2 )

Water
3

h1 h3 h2

Noting that P1,gage = P1 - Patm and substituting,

P1, gage = (9.81 m/s )[(13,600 kg/m )(0.46 m) (1000 kg/m )(0.2 m) 1N - (850 kg/m 3 )(0.3 m)] 1 kg m/s 2 = 56.9 kPa 1 kPa 1000 N/m 2
2 3

Discussion Note that jumping horizontally from one tube to the next and realizing that pressure remains the same in the same fluid simplifies the analysis greatly.

3-10 The barometric reading at a location is given in height of mercury column. The atmospheric pressure is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be 13,600 kg/m3. Analysis The atmospheric pressure is determined directly from
Patm = gh 1N = (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.750 m) 1 kg m/s 2 = 100.1 kPa 1 kPa 1000 N/m 2

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3-3

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-11 The gage pressure in a liquid at a certain depth is given. The gage pressure in the same liquid at a different depth is to be determined. Assumptions The variation of the density of the liquid with depth is negligible. Analysis The gage pressure at two different depths of a liquid can be expressed as
P1 = gh1

and

P2 = gh2

Taking their ratio,

P2 gh2 h2 = = P1 gh1 h1

h1 1 h2 2

Solving for P2 and substituting gives

P2 =

h2 12 m P1 = (28 kPa) = 112 kPa h1 3m

Discussion Note that the gage pressure in a given fluid is proportional to depth.

3-12 The absolute pressure in water at a specified depth is given. The local atmospheric pressure and the absolute pressure at the same depth in a different liquid are to be determined. Assumptions The liquid and water are incompressible. Properties The specific gravity of the fluid is given to be SG = 0.85. We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3. Then density of the liquid is obtained by multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water,

= SG H 2O = (0.85)(1000 kg/m 3 ) = 850 kg/m 3

Analysis (a) Knowing the absolute pressure, the atmospheric pressure can be determined from Patm

Patm = P gh

1 kPa = (145 kPa) (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(5 m) 1000 N/m 2 = 96.0 kPa

h P

(b) The absolute pressure at a depth of 5 m in the other liquid is

P = Patm + gh

1kPa = (96.0 kPa) + (850 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(5 m) 1000 N/m 2 = 137.7 kPa

Discussion Note that at a given depth, the pressure in the lighter fluid is lower, as expected.

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3-4

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-13E It is to be shown that 1 kgf/cm = 14.223 psi . Analysis Noting that 1 kgf = 9.80665 N, 1 N = 0.22481 lbf, and 1 in = 2.54 cm, we have
2

0.22481 lbf 1 kgf = 9.80665 N = (9.80665 N ) 1N

and

= 2.20463 lbf
2

2.54 cm 2 1 kgf/cm 2 = 2.20463 lbf/cm 2 = (2.20463 lbf/cm 2 ) 1 in = 14.223 lbf/in = 14.223 psi

3-14E The weight and the foot imprint area of a person are given. The pressures this man exerts on the ground when he stands on one and on both feet are to be determined. Assumptions The weight of the person is distributed uniformly on foot imprint area. Analysis The weight of the man is given to be 200 lbf. Noting that pressure is force per unit area, the pressure this man exerts on the ground is (a) On one foot: (a) On both feet:
W 200 lbf = = 5.56 lbf/in 2 = 5.56 psi A 36 in 2 200 lbf W P= = = 2.78 lbf/in 2 = 2.78 psi 2 A 2 36 in 2 P=

Discussion Note that the pressure exerted on the ground (and on the feet) is reduced by half when the person stands on both feet.

3-15 The mass of a woman is given. The minimum imprint area per shoe needed to enable her to walk on the snow without sinking is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The weight of the person is distributed uniformly on the imprint area of the shoes. 2 One foot carries the entire weight of a person during walking, and the shoe is sized for walking conditions (rather than standing). 3 The weight of the shoes is negligible. Analysis The mass of the woman is given to be 70 kg. For a pressure of 0.5 kPa on the snow, the imprint area of one shoe must be
A= W mg (70 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1N = = 1 kg m/s 2 P P 0.5 kPa 1 kPa = 1.37 m 2 1000 N/m 2

Discussion This is a very large area for a shoe, and such shoes would be impractical to use. Therefore, some sinking of the snow should be allowed to have shoes of reasonable size.

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3-5

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-16 The vacuum pressure reading of a tank is given. The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be = 13,590 kg/m3. Analysis The atmospheric (or barometric) pressure can be expressed as

Patm = g h

1N = (13,590 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 )(0.755 m) 1 kg m/s 2 = 100.6 kPa

1 kPa 1000 N/m 2

Then the absolute pressure in the tank becomes

Pabs = Patm Pvac = 100.6 30 = 70.6 kPa
Pabs
30kPa

Patm = 755mmHg

3-17E A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 50 psi. The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be = 848.4 lbm/ft3. Analysis The atmospheric (or barometric) pressure can be expressed as
Patm = g h 1lbf = (848.4lbm/ft 3 )(32.174ft/s 2 )(29.1/12ft) 32.174lbm ft/s 2 = 14.29psia 1ft 2 144in 2
Pabs
50 psia

Then the absolute pressure in the tank is

Pabs = Pgage + Patm = 50 + 14.29 = 64.29 psia

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3-6

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-18 A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 500 kPa. The 500 kPa absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. P
abs

Analysis The absolute pressure in the tank is determined from

Pabs = Pgage + Patm = 500 + 94 = 594 kPa
Patm = 94 kPa

3-19 A mountain hiker records the barometric reading before and after a hiking trip. The vertical distance climbed is to be determined. Assumptions The variation of air density and the gravitational acceleration with altitude is negligible. Properties The density of air is given to be = 1.20 kg/m3. Analysis Taking an air column between the top and the bottom of the mountain and writing a force balance per unit base area, we obtain
Wair / A = Pbottom Ptop ( gh) air = Pbottom Ptop 1N (1.20 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(h) 1 kg m/s 2 1 bar 100,000 N/m 2 = (0.930 0.780) bar
h=? 780 mbar

930 mbar

It yields

h = 1274 m

which is also the distance climbed.

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3-7

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-20 A barometer is used to measure the height of a building by recording reading at the bottom and at the top of the building. The height of the building is to be determined. Assumptions The variation of air density with altitude is negligible. Properties The density of air is given to be = 1.18 kg/m3. The density of mercury is 13,600 kg/m3. Analysis Atmospheric pressures at the top and at the bottom of the building are
730 mmHg

Ptop = ( g h) top

1N = (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 )(0.730 m) 1 kg m/s 2 = 97.36 kPa

1 kPa 1000 N/m 2

Pbottom = ( g h) bottom

755 mmHg

1N = (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 )(0.755 m) 1kg m/s 2 = 100.70 kPa

1 kPa 1000 N/m 2

Taking an air column between the top and the bottom of the building and writing a force balance per unit base area, we obtain
Wair / A = Pbottom Ptop ( gh) air = Pbottom Ptop 1N (1.18 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 )(h) 1 kg m/s 2 1 kPa 1000 N/m 2 = (100.70 97.36) kPa

It yields

h = 288.6 m

which is also the height of the building.

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3-8

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-21 Problem 3-20 is reconsidered. The entire EES solution is to be printed out, including the numerical results with proper units.". P_bottom=755"[mmHg]" P_top=730"[mmHg]" g=9.807 "[m/s^2]" "local acceleration of gravity at sea level" rho=1.18"[kg/m^3]" DELTAP_abs=(P_bottom-P_top)*CONVERT('mmHg','kPa')"[kPa]" "Delta P reading from the barometers, converted from mmHg to kPa." DELTAP_h =rho*g*h/1000 "[kPa]" "Equ. 1-16. Delta P due to the air fluid column height, h, between the top and bottom of the building." "Instead of dividing by 1000 Pa/kPa we could have multiplied rho*g*h by the EES function, CONVERT('Pa','kPa')" DELTAP_abs=DELTAP_h SOLUTION Variables in Main DELTAP_abs=3.333 [kPa] DELTAP_h=3.333 [kPa] g=9.807 [m/s^2] h=288 [m] P_bottom=755 [mmHg] P_top=730 [mmHg] rho=1.18 [kg/m^3]

3-22 A diver is moving at a specified depth from the water surface. The pressure exerted on the surface of the diver by water is to be determined. Assumptions The variation of the density of water with depth is negligible. Properties The specific gravity of sea water is given to be SG = 1.03. We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3. Analysis The density of the sea water is obtained by multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water which is taken to be 1000 kg/m3: Patm Sea h P

= SG H 2O = (1.03)(1000 kg/m 3 ) = 1030kg / m 3

The pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free surface of the sea is the absolute pressure at that location:
P = Patm + gh 1kPa = (101kPa) + (1030kg/m 3 )(9.807m/s 2 )(30m) 1000 N/m 2 = 404.0 kPa

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3-9

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-23E A submarine is cruising at a specified depth from the water surface. The pressure exerted on the surface of the submarine by water is to be determined. Assumptions The variation of the density of water with depth is negligible. Properties The specific gravity of sea water is given to be SG = 1.03. The density of water at 32F is 62.4 lbm/ft3. Analysis The density of the seawater is obtained by multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water, Patm = SG H 2O = (1.03)(62.4 lbm/ft 3 ) = 64.27 lbm/ft 3 Sea The pressure exerted on the surface of the submarine cruising 300 ft below h the free surface of the sea is the absolute pressure at that location:
P = Patm + gh 1lbf = (14.7 psia) + (64.27 lbm/ft 3 )(32.174 ft/s 2 )(300 ft) 32.174 lbm ft/s 2 = 148.6 psia 1ft 2 144 in 2

3-24 A gas contained in a vertical piston-cylinder device is pressurized by a spring and by the weight of the piston. The pressure of the gas is to be determined. Analysis Drawing the free body diagram of the piston and balancing the vertical forces yield
PA = Patm A + W + Fspring

Thus,
P = Patm +

Fspring Patm

mg + Fspring

A (4 kg)(9.807 m/s 2 ) + 60 N 1 kPa = (95 kPa) + 1000 N/m 2 35 10 4 m 2 = 123.4 kPa

P W = mg

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3-10

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-25 Problem 3-24 is reconsidered. The effect of the spring force in the range of 0 to 500 N on the pressure inside the cylinder is to be investigated. The pressure against the spring force is to be plotted, and results are to be discussed. g=9.807"[m/s^2]" P_atm= 95"[kPa]" m_piston=4"[kg]" {F_spring=60"[N]"} A=35*CONVERT('cm^2','m^2')"[m^2]" W_piston=m_piston*g"[N]" F_atm=P_atm*A*CONVERT('kPa','N/m^2')"[N]" "From the free body diagram of the piston, the balancing vertical forces yield:" F_gas= F_atm+F_spring+W_piston"[N]" P_gas=F_gas/A*CONVERT('N/m^2','kPa')"[kPa]" Fspring [N] 0 55.56 111.1 166.7 222.2 277.8 333.3 388.9 444.4 500 Pgas [kPa] 106.2 122.1 138 153.8 169.7 185.6 201.4 217.3 233.2 249.1

260 240 220

P gas [kPa]

200 180 160 140 120 100 0 100 200 300 400 500

spring

[N]

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3-11

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-26 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas to measure its pressure. For a specified reading of gage pressure, the difference between the fluid levels of the two arms of the manometer is to be determined for mercury and water. Properties The densities of water and mercury are given to be water = 1000 kg/m3 and be Hg = 13,600 kg/m3. Analysis The gage pressure is related to the vertical distance h between the two fluid levels by
Pgage = g h h = Pgage

g
1000 kg/m s 2 1 kN 1000 kg/m s 2 1 kN = 0.60 m = 8.16 m
AIR

(a) For mercury,

h= Pgage

80 kPa

Hg g
Pgage

1 kN/m 2 (13600 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 ) 1 kPa

80 kPa

(b) For water,

h=

H 2O g

1 kN/m 2 (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.807m/s 2 ) 1 kPa

80 kPa

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3-12

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-27 Problem 3-26 is reconsidered. The effect of the manometer fluid density in the range of 800 to 13,000 kg/m3 on the differential fluid height of the manometer is to be investigated. Differential fluid height against the density is to be plotted, and the results are to be discussed. Function fluid_density(Fluid$) If fluid$='Mercury' then fluid_density=13600 else fluid_density=1000 end {Input from the diagram window. If the diagram window is hidden, then all of the input must come from the equations window. Also note that brackets can also denote comments - but these comments do not appear in the formatted equations window.} {Fluid$='Mercury' P_atm = 101.325 "kpa" DELTAP=80 "kPa Note how DELTAP is displayed on the Formatted Equations Window."} g=9.807 "m/s2, local acceleration of gravity at sea level" rho=Fluid_density(Fluid$) "Get the fluid density, either Hg or H2O, from the function" "To plot fluid height against density place {} around the above equation. Then set up the parametric table and solve." DELTAP = RHO*g*h/1000 "Instead of dividing by 1000 Pa/kPa we could have multiplied by the EES function, CONVERT('Pa','kPa')" h_mm=h*convert('m','mm') "The fluid height in mm is found using the built-in CONVERT function." P_abs= P_atm + DELTAP "To make the graph, hide the diagram window and remove the {}brackets from Fluid$ and from P_atm. Select New Parametric Table from the Tables menu. Choose P_abs, DELTAP and h to be in the table. Choose Alter Values from the Tables menu. Set values of h to range from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.2. Choose Solve Table (or press F3) from the Calculate menu. Choose New Plot Window from the Plot menu. Choose to plot P_abs vs h and then choose Overlay Plot from the Plot menu and plot DELTAP on the same scale." hmm [mm] 10197 3784 2323 1676 1311 1076 913.1 792.8 700.5 627.5 [kg/m3] 800 2156 3511 4867 6222 7578 8933 10289 11644 13000

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3-13

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics

Tank Fluid Gage and Absolute Pressures vs Manom eter Fluid Height
240 220 200
Manometer Fluid: Mercury

Pressure, kPa

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.00 0.20

Absolute Pressure

Gage Pressure

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

M anom eter Fluid Height, m

M anom eter Fluid Height vs Manom eter Fluid Density

11000

8800

6600

h mm [m m ]

4400

2200

0 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 12000 14000

[kg/m ^3]

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3-14

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-28 The air pressure in a tank is measured by an oil manometer. For a given oil-level difference between the two columns, the absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. Properties The density of oil is given to be = 850 kg/m3. Analysis The absolute pressure in the tank is determined from
P = Patm + gh 1 kPa = (98 kPa) + (850 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.45m) 1000 N/m 2 = 101.8 kPa
AIR

0.45 m

Patm = 98 kPa

3-29 The air pressure in a duct is measured by a mercury manometer. For a given mercury-level difference between the two columns, the absolute pressure in the duct is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be = 13,600 kg/m3. Analysis (a) The pressure in the duct is above atmospheric pressure since the fluid column on the duct side is at a lower level.
AIR

15 mm

(b) The absolute pressure in the duct is determined from

P = Patm + gh 1N = (100 kPa) + (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.015 m) 1 kg m/s 2 = 102.0 kPa 1 kPa 1000 N/m 2

3-30 The air pressure in a duct is measured by a mercury manometer. For a given mercury-level difference between the two columns, the absolute pressure in the duct is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be = 13,600 kg/m3. Analysis (a) The pressure in the duct is above atmospheric pressure since the fluid column on the duct side is at a lower level. (b) The absolute pressure in the duct is determined from
P = Patm + gh 1N = (100 kPa) + (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.030 m) 1 kg m/s 2 = 104.0 kPa 1 kPa 1000 N/m 2
AIR P

30 mm

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3-15

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-31E The systolic and diastolic pressures of a healthy person are given in mmHg. These pressures are to be expressed in kPa, psi, and meter water column. Assumptions Both mercury and water are incompressible substances. Properties We take the densities of water and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3 and 13,600 kg/m3, respectively. Analysis Using the relation P = gh for gage pressure, the high and low pressures are expressed as
1N Phigh = ghhigh = (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.12 m) 1 kg m/s 2 1N Plow = ghlow = (13,600 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.08 m) 1 kg m/s 2 1 kPa 1 000 N/m 2 = 16.0 kPa

1 kPa 1000 N/m 2

= 10.7 kPa

Noting that 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,

1 psi Phigh = (16.0 kPa) 6.895 kPa = 2.32 psi and 1 psi Plow = (10.7 k Pa) 6.895 kPa = 1.55 psi

For a given pressure, the relation P = gh can be expressed for mercury and water as P = water gh water and P = mercury ghmercury . Setting these two relations equal to each other and solving for water height gives

P = water ghwater = mercury ghmercury

Therefore,
hwater, high = hwater, low =

hwater =

mercury water

hmercury

mercury water mercury water

hmercury, high = hmercury, low =

13,600 kg/m 3 1000 kg/m 3

3

(0.12 m) = 1.63 m
h

13,600 kg/m 3

1000 kg/m Discussion Note that measuring blood pressure with a water monometer would involve differential fluid heights higher than the person, and thus it is impractical. This problem shows why mercury is a suitable fluid for blood pressure measurement devices.

(0.08 m) = 1.09 m

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3-16

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-32 A vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of a person. The height that the blood will rise in the tube is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The density of blood is constant. 2 The gage pressure of blood is 120 mmHg. Properties The density of blood is given to be = 1050 kg/m3. Analysis For a given gage pressure, the relation P = gh can be expressed for mercury and blood as P = blood ghblood and P = mercury ghmercury . Setting these two relations equal to each other we get
P = blood ghblood = mercury ghmercury

Solving for blood height and substituting gives

hblood =

mercury blood

hmercury =

13,600 kg/m 3 1050 kg/m 3

Blood

(0.12 m) = 1.55 m

Discussion Note that the blood can rise about one and a half meters in a tube connected to the vein. This explains why IV tubes must be placed high to force a fluid into the vein of a patient.

3-33 A man is standing in water vertically while being completely submerged. The difference between the pressures acting on the head and on the toes is to be determined. Assumptions Water is an incompressible substance, and thus the density does not change with depth. Properties We take the density of water to be =1000 kg/m3. Analysis The pressures at the head and toes of the person can be expressed as
Phead = Patm + ghhead

and

Ptoe = Patm + gh toe

hhead

where h is the vertical distance of the location in water from the free surface. The pressure difference between the toes and the head is determined by subtracting the first relation above from the second,
Ptoe Phead = gh toe ghhead = g (h toe hhead )
htoe

Substituting,
1kPa 1N = 17.7 kPa Ptoe Phead = (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(1.80 m - 0) 1kg m/s 2 1000 N/m 2 Discussion This problem can also be solved by noting that the atmospheric pressure (1 atm = 101.325 kPa) is equivalent to 10.3-m of water height, and finding the pressure that corresponds to a water height of 1.8 m.

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3-17

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-34 Water is poured into the U-tube from one arm and oil from the other arm. The water column height in one arm and the ratio of the heights of the two fluids in the other arm are given. The height of each fluid in that arm is to be determined. Assumptions Both water and oil are incompressible substances. Properties The density of oil is given to be = 790 kg/m3. We take the density of water to be =1000 kg/m3. Analysis The height of water column in the left arm of the manometer is given to be hw1 = 0.70 m. We let the height of water and oil in the right arm to be hw2 and ha, respectively. Then, ha = 6hw2. Noting that both arms are open to the atmosphere, the pressure at the bottom of the U-tube can be expressed as
Pbottom = Patm + w gh w1

and

Pbottom = Patm + w gh w2 + a gha

Setting them equal to each other and simplifying,

w gh w1 = w gh w2 + a gha

w h w1 = w h w2 + a ha
h w2 = 0.122 m ha = 0.732 m

h w1 = h w2 + ( a / w )ha

Noting that ha = 6hw2, the water and oil column heights in the second arm are determined to be
0.7 m = h w2 + (790/1000)6h w2 0.7 m = 0.122 m + (790/1000)ha

Water

oil

Discussion Note that the fluid height in the arm that contains oil is higher. This is expected since oil is lighter than water. hw1

ha hw2

3-35 The hydraulic lift in a car repair shop is to lift cars. The fluid gage pressure that must be maintained in the reservoir is to be determined. Assumptions The weight of the piston of the lift is negligible. Analysis Pressure is force per unit area, and thus the gage pressure required is simply the ratio of the weight of the car to the area of the lift,
Pgage = mg (2000 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) W 1 kN = = 2 2 1000 kg m/s 2 A D / 4 (0.30 m) / 4 = 278 kN/m 2 = 278 kPa

W = mg Patm

Discussion Note that the pressure level in the reservoir can be reduced by using a piston with a larger area. P

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3-18

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-36 Fresh and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected to each other by a double Utube manometer. The pressure difference between the two pipelines is to be determined. Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible. 2 The effect of air column on pressure is negligible. Properties The densities of seawater and mercury are given to be sea = 1035 kg/m3 and Hg = 13,600 kg/m3. We take the density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. Analysis Starting with the pressure in the fresh water pipe (point 1) and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the sea water pipe (point 2), and setting the result equal to P2 gives
P1 + w gh w Hg ghHg air ghair + sea ghsea = P2

Rearranging and neglecting the effect of air column on pressure,

P1 P2 = w gh w + Hg ghHg sea ghsea = g ( Hg hHg w hw sea hsea )

Substituting,
P1 P2 = (9.81 m/s 2 )[(13600 kg/m 3 )(0.1 m) 1 kN (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.6 m) (1035 kg/m 3 )(0.4 m)] 1000 kg m/s 2 = 3.39 kN/m 2 = 3.39 kPa

Therefore, the pressure in the fresh water pipe is 3.39 kPa higher than the pressure in the sea water pipe. Discussion A 0.70-m high air column with a density of 1.2 kg/m3 corresponds to a pressure difference of 0.008 kPa. Therefore, its effect on the pressure difference between the two pipes is negligible.

Air

hsea

Fresh Water

hair hw hHg
Mercury

Sea Water

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3-19

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-37 Fresh and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected to each other by a double Utube manometer. The pressure difference between the two pipelines is to be determined. Assumptions All the liquids are incompressible. Properties The densities of seawater and mercury are given to be sea = 1035 kg/m3 and Hg = 13,600 kg/m3. We take the density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. The specific gravity of oil is given to be 0.72, and thus its density is 720 kg/m3. Analysis Starting with the pressure in the fresh water pipe (point 1) and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the sea water pipe (point 2), and setting the result equal to P2 gives
P1 + w gh w Hg ghHg oil ghoil + sea ghsea = P2

Rearranging,
P1 P2 = w gh w + Hg ghHg + oil ghoil sea ghsea = g ( Hg hHg + oil hoil w hw sea hsea )

Substituting,
P1 P2 = (9.81 m/s 2 )[(13600 kg/m 3 )(0.1 m) + (720 kg/m 3 )(0.7 m) (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.6 m) 1 kN (1035 kg/m 3 )(0.4 m)] 1000 kg m/s 2 = 8.34 kN/m 2 = 8.34 kPa

Therefore, the pressure in the fresh water pipe is 8.34 kPa higher than the pressure in the sea water pipe.

Oil

hsea

Fresh Water

hoil hw hHg
Mercury

Sea Water

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3-20

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-38E The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by a double U-tube manometer with one of the arms open to the atmosphere. The absolute pressure in the pipeline is to be determined. Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible. 2 The effect of air column on pressure is negligible. 3 The pressure throughout the natural gas (including the tube) is uniform since its density is low. Properties We take the density of water to be w = 62.4 lbm/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is given to be 13.6, and thus its density is Hg = 13.662.4 = 848.6 lbm/ft3. Analysis Starting with the pressure at point 1 in the natural gas pipeline, and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the free surface of oil where the oil tube is exposed to the atmosphere, and setting the result equal to Patm gives
P1 Hg ghHg water ghwater = Patm

Solving for P1,

P1 = Patm + Hg ghHg + water gh1

Substituting,

1 lbf P = 14.2 psia + (32.2 ft/s 2 )[(848.6 lbm/ft 3 )(6/12 ft) + (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(27/12 ft)] 32.2 lbm ft/s 2 = 18.1 psia

1 ft 2 144 in 2

Discussion Note that jumping horizontally from one tube to the next and realizing that pressure remains the same in the same fluid simplifies the analysis greatly. Also, it can be shown that the 15-in high air column with a density of 0.075 lbm/ft3 corresponds to a pressure difference of 0.00065 psi. Therefore, its effect on the pressure difference between the two pipes is negligible.

Air 10in Water

hw hHg
Natural gas

Mercury

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3-21

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-39E The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by a double U-tube manometer with one of the arms open to the atmosphere. The absolute pressure in the pipeline is to be determined. Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible. 2 The pressure throughout the natural gas (including the tube) is uniform since its density is low. Properties We take the density of water to be w = 62.4 lbm/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is given to be 13.6, and thus its density is Hg = 13.662.4 = 848.6 lbm/ft3. The specific gravity of oil is given to be 0.69, and thus its density is oil = 0.6962.4 = 43.1 lbm/ft3. Analysis Starting with the pressure at point 1 in the natural gas pipeline, and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the free surface of oil where the oil tube is exposed to the atmosphere, and setting the result equal to Patm gives
P1 Hg ghHg + oil ghoil water gh water = Patm

Solving for P1,

P1 = Patm + Hg ghHg + water gh1 oil ghoil

Substituting,
P1 = 14.2 psia + (32.2 ft/s 2 )[(848.6 lbm/ft 3 )(6/12 ft) + (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(27/12 ft) 1lbf (43.1lbm/ft 3 )(15/12 ft)] 32.2 lbm ft/s 2 1ft 2 144 in 2

= 17.7 psia

Discussion Note that jumping horizontally from one tube to the next and realizing that pressure remains the same in the same fluid simplifies the analysis greatly.

Oil Water

hw hHg
Natural gas

hoil

Mercury

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3-22

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-40 The gage pressure of air in a pressurized water tank is measured simultaneously by both a pressure gage and a manometer. The differential height h of the mercury column is to be determined. Assumptions The air pressure in the tank is uniform (i.e., its variation with elevation is negligible due to its low density), and thus the pressure at the air-water interface is the same as the indicated gage pressure. Properties We take the density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. The specific gravities of oil and mercury are given to be 0.72 and 13.6, respectively. Analysis Starting with the pressure of air in the tank (point 1), and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the free surface of oil where the oil tube is exposed to the atmosphere, and setting the result equal to Patm gives
P1 + w gh w Hg ghHg oil ghoil = Patm
65 kPa

Rearranging,
P1 Patm = oil ghoil + Hg ghHg w gh w
AIR

or,
P1,gage

hoil
Water

w g
Substituting,

= s,oil hoil + s, Hg hHg h w

hw
= 0.72 (0.75 m) + 13.6 hHg 0.3 m

hHg

1000 kg m/s 2 65 kPa 3 2 2 (1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s ) 1 kPa. m

Solving for hHg gives cm.

hHg = 0.47 m. Therefore, the differential height of the mercury column must be 47

Discussion Double instrumentation like this allows one to verify the measurement of one of the instruments by the measurement of another instrument.

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3-23

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-41 The gage pressure of air in a pressurized water tank is measured simultaneously by both a pressure gage and a manometer. The differential height h of the mercury column is to be determined. Assumptions The air pressure in the tank is uniform (i.e., its variation with elevation is negligible due to its low density), and thus the pressure at the air-water interface is the same as the indicated gage pressure. Properties We take the density of water to be are given to be 0.72 and 13.6, respectively.
w

=1000 kg/m3. The specific gravities of oil and mercury

Analysis Starting with the pressure of air in the tank (point 1), and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the free surface of oil where the oil tube is exposed to the atmosphere, and setting the result equal to Patm gives
P1 + w gh w Hg ghHg oil ghoil = Patm
45 kPa

Rearranging,
P1 Patm = oil ghoil + Hg ghHg w gh w
AIR

or,
P1,gage

hoil
= SG oil hoil + SG Hg hHg h w
Water

w g
Substituting,

hw
45 kPa

hHg

1000 kg m/s 2 ] (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1 kPa. m 2

= 0.72 (0.75 m) + 13.6 hHg 0.3 m

Solving for hHg gives cm.

hHg = 0.32 m. Therefore, the differential height of the mercury column must be 32

Discussion Double instrumentation like this allows one to verify the measurement of one of the instruments by the measurement of another instrument.

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3-24

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-42 The top part of a water tank is divided into two compartments, and a fluid with an unknown density is poured into one side. The levels of the water and the liquid are measured. The density of the fluid is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Both water and the added liquid are incompressible substances. 2 The added liquid does not mix with water. Properties We take the density of water to be =1000 kg/m3. Analysis Both fluids are open to the atmosphere. Noting that the pressure of both water and the added fluid is the same at the contact surface, the pressure at this surface can be expressed as
Pcontact = Patm + f ghf = Patm + w gh w
Fluid Water hw

Simplifying and solving for f gives

f ghf = w ghw

h 45 cm f = w w = (1000 kg/m 3 ) = 562.5 kg/m 3 hf hf 80 cm

Discussion Note that the added fluid is lighter than water as expected (a heavier fluid would sink in water). 3-43 A load on a hydraulic lift is to be raised by pouring oil from a thin tube. The height of oil in the tube required in order to raise that weight is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The cylinders of the lift are vertical. 2 There are no leaks. 3 Atmospheric pressure act on both sides, and thus it can be disregarded. Properties The density of oil is given to be =780 kg/m3. Analysis Noting that pressure is force per unit area, the gage pressure in the fluid under the load is simply the ratio of the weight to the area of the lift,
Pgage = (500 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) mg 1 kN W = = 2 1000 kg m/s 2 A D 2 / 4 (1.20 m) / 4 = 4.34 kN/m 2 = 4.34 kPa

The required oil height that will cause 4.34 kPa of pressure rise is
Pgage = gh h= Pgage

1000 kg m/s 2 (780 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1kN/m 2 4.34 kN/m 2

= 0.567 m

Therefore, a 500 kg load can be raised by this hydraulic lift by simply raising the oil level in the tube by 56.7 cm. Discussion Note that large weights can be raised by little effort in hydraulic lift by making use of Pascals principle.
LOAD 500 kg h

1.2 m

1 cm

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3-25

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-44E Two oil tanks are connected to each other through a mercury manometer. For a given differential height, the pressure difference between the two tanks is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Both the oil and mercury are incompressible fluids. 2 The oils in both tanks have the same density. Properties The densities of oil and mercury are given to be oil = 45 lbm/ft3 and Hg = 848 lbm/ft3. Analysis Starting with the pressure at the bottom of tank 1 (where pressure is P1) and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the bottom of tank 2 (where pressure is P2) gives
P1 + oil g (h1 + h2 ) Hg gh2 oil gh1 = P2

where h1 = 10 in and h2 = 32 in. Rearranging and simplifying,

P1 P2 = Hg gh2 oil gh2 = ( Hg oil ) gh2

Substituting,

1lbf P = P1 P2 = (848 - 45 lbm/ft 3 )(32.2 ft/s 2 )(32/12 ft) 32.2 lbm ft/s 2

1ft 2 144 in 2

= 14.9 psia

Therefore, the pressure in the left oil tank is 14.9 psia higher than the pressure in the right oil tank. Discussion Note that large pressure differences can be measured conveniently by mercury manometers. If a water manometer were used in this case, the differential height would be over 30 ft.

10 in 32 in

Mercury

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3-26

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-45 The standard atmospheric pressure is expressed in terms of mercury, water, and glycerin columns. Assumptions The densities of fluids are constant. Properties The specific gravities are given to be SG = 13.6 for mercury, SG = 1.0 for water, and SG = 1.26 for glycerin. The standard density of water is 1000 kg/m3, and the standard atmospheric pressure is 101,325 Pa. Analysis The atmospheric pressure is expressed in terms of a fluid column height as
Patm = gh = SG w gh Patm SG w g

h=

Substituting, (a) Mercury:

h= 1 kg m/s 2 Patm 101,325 N/m 2 = SG w g 13.6(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1 N/m 2 1 kg m/s 2 Patm 101,325 N/m 2 = SG w g 1(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1 N/m 2 = 0.759 m

(b) Water:

h=

= 10.3 m = 8.20 m

(c) Glycerin:

h=

1 kg m/s 2 Patm 101,325 N/m 2 = SG w g 1.26(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1 N/m 2

Discussion Using water or glycerin to measure atmospheric pressure requires very long vertical tubes (over 10 m for water), which is not practical. This explains why mercury is used instead of water or a light fluid..

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3-27

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-46 A glass filled with water and covered with a thin paper is inverted. The pressure at the bottom of the glass is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance. 2 The weight of the paper is negligible. 3 The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Pbottom Properties We take the density of water to be =1000 kg/m3. Analysis The paper is in equilibrium, and thus the net force acting on the paper must be zero. A vertical force balance on the paper involves the pressure forces on both sides, and yields
P1 Aglass = Patm Aglass

P1 = Patm

That is, the pressures on both sides of the paper must be the same. The pressure at the bottom of the glass is determined from the hydrostatic pressure relation to be
Patm = Pbottom + ghglass

P1

Pbottom = Patm ghglass

Substituting,
1kPa 1N Patm = 99.0 kPa Pbottom = (100 kPa) (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.1 m) 1kg m/s 2 1000 N/m 2 Discussion Note that there is a vacuum of 1 kPa at the bottom of the glass, and thus there is an upward pressure force acting on the water body, which balanced by the weight of water. As a result, the net downward force on water is zero, and thus water does not flow down.

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3-28

3-47 Two chambers with the same fluid at their base are separated by a piston. The gage pressure in each air chamber is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance. 2 The variation of pressure with elevation in each air chamber is negligible because of the low density of air. Properties We take the density of water to be =1000 kg/m3. Analysis The piston is in equilibrium, and thus the net force acting on the piston must be zero. A vertical force balance on the piston involves the pressure force exerted by water on the piston face, the atmospheric pressure force, and the piston weight, and yields
PC Apiston = Patm Apiston + W piston

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics Piston A air air B D 50 cm 30 cm E C 30 cm 25 cm

PC = Patm +

W piston Apiston

water 90 cm

The pressure at the bottom of each air chamber is determined from the hydrostatic pressure relation to be
Pair A = PE = PC + g CE = Patm + W piston Apiston W piston Apiston + g CE

Pair

A, gage

W piston Apiston W piston Apiston

+ g CE

Pair B = PD = PC g CD = Patm +

g CD

Pair B, gage =

g CD

Substituting,
Pair Pair
A, gage

B, gage

1N = 2806 N/m 2 = 2.806 kPa + (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.25 m) 2 1kg m/s (0.3 m) / 4 1N 25 N = 2099 N/m 2 = 2.099 kPa = (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.25 m) 2 1kg m/s 2 (0.3 m) / 4 = 25 N
2

Discussion Note that there is a vacuum of about 2 kPa in tank B which pulls the water up.

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3-29

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-48 A double-fluid manometer attached to an air pipe is considered. The specific gravity of one fluid is known, and the specific gravity of the other fluid is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Densities of liquids are constant. 2 The air pressure in the tank is uniform (i.e., its variation with elevation is negligible due to its low density), and thus the pressure at the air-water interface is the same as the indicated gage pressure. Properties The specific gravity of one fluid is given to be 13.55. We take the standard density of water to be 1000 kg/m3. Analysis Starting with the pressure of air in the tank, and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the free surface where the oil tube is exposed to the atmosphere, and setting the result equal to Patm give
Pair + 1 gh1 2 gh2 = Patm

Pair Patm = SG 2 w gh2 SG1 w gh1

Rearranging and solving for SG2,

SG 2 = SG1 1000 kg m/s 2 h1 Pair Patm 0.22 m 76 100 kPa + = 13.55 + w gh2 0.40 m (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1 kPa. m 2 h2 = 5.0

Discussion Note that the right fluid column is higher than the left, and this would imply above atmospheric pressure in the pipe for a single-fluid manometer. Air P = 76 kPa 40 cm 22 cm Fluid 2 SG2

Fluid 1 SG1

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3-30

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-49 The pressure difference between two pipes is measured by a double-fluid manometer. For given fluid heights and specific gravities, the pressure difference between the pipes is to be calculated. Assumptions All the liquids are incompressible. Properties The specific gravities are given to be 13.5 for mercury, 1.26 for glycerin, and 0.88 for oil. We take the standard density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. Analysis Starting with the pressure in the water pipe (point A) and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the oil pipe (point B), and setting the result equal to PB give
PA + w gh w + Hg ghHg gly ghgly + pil ghoil = PB

Rearranging and using the definition of specific gravity,

PB PA = SG w w gh w + SG Hg w ghHg SG gly w ghgly + SG oil w ghoil = g w ( SG w hw + SG Hg hHg SG gly hgly + SG oil hoil )

Substituting,
1 kN PB PA = (9.81 m/s 2 )(1000 kg/m 3 )[1(0.6 m) + 13.5(0.2 m) 1.26(0.45 m) + 0.88(0.1 m)] 1000 kg m/s 2 = 27.7 kN/m 2 = 27.7 kPa

Therefore, the pressure in the oil pipe is 27.7 kPa higher than the pressure in the water pipe. Discussion Using a manometer between two pipes is not recommended unless the pressures in the two pipes are relatively constant. Otherwise, an over-rise of pressure in one pipe can push the manometer fluid into the other pipe, creating a short circuit. A Water, SG=1.0 Glycerin, SG=1.26 60 cm 10 cm 15 cm Oil SG=0.88 B

20 cm Mercury, SG=13.5 6

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3-31

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-50 The fluid levels in a multi-fluid U-tube manometer change as a result of a pressure drop in the trapped air space. For a given pressure drop and brine level change, the area ratio is to be determined. Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible. 2 Pressure in the brine pipe remains constant. 3 The variation of pressure in the trapped air space is negligible. Properties The specific gravities are given to be 13.56 for mercury and 1.1 for brine. We take the standard density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. Analysis It is clear from the problem statement and the figure that the brine pressure is much higher than the air pressure, and when the air pressure drops by 0.7 kPa, the pressure difference between the brine and the air space increases also by the same amount. Starting with the air pressure (point A) and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the brine pipe (point B), and setting the result equal to PB before and after the pressure change of air give Before: After:
PA1 + w gh w + Hg ghHg, 1 br gh br,1 = PB PA2 + w gh w + Hg ghHg, 2 br gh br,2 = PB PA1 PA2 = SG Hg hHg SG br h br = 0 wg

Subtracting,
PA2 PA1 + Hg ghHg br gh br = 0

(1)

where hHg and h br are the changes in the differential mercury and brine column heights, respectively, due to the drop in air pressure. Both of these are positive quantities since as the mercury-brine interface drops, the differential fluid heights for both mercury and brine increase. Noting also that the volume of mercury is constant, we have A1 hHg,left = A2 hHg, right and
PA2 PA1 = 0.7 kPa = 700 N/m 2 = 700 kg/m s 2 h br = 0.005 m hHg = hHg,right + hHg,left = hbr + hbr A2 /A 1 = hbr (1 + A2 /A 1 )

Substituting,
700 kg/m s 2 (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) = [13.56 0.005(1 + A2 /A1 ) - .1.1 0.005] m

It gives A2/A1 = 0.134 A Air B Brine pipe SG=1.1 Mercury SG=13.56 hb = 5 mm Area, A2

Water Area, A1

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3-32

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-51 Two water tanks are connected to each other through a mercury manometer with inclined tubes. For a given pressure difference between the two tanks, the parameters a and are to be determined. Assumptions Both water and mercury are incompressible. Properties The specific gravity of mercury is given to be 13.6. We take the standard density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. Analysis Starting with the pressure in the tank A and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach tank B, and setting the result equal to PB give
PA + w ga + Hg g 2a w ga = PB

2 Hg ga = PB PA

Rearranging and substituting the known values,

a= 1000 kg m/s 2 PB PA 20 kN/m 2 = 3 2 2 Hg g 1 kN 2(13.6)(1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s ) = 0.0750 m = 7.50 cm

From geometric considerations,

26.8 sin = 2a

(cm)

Therefore,
sin = 2a 2 7.50 = = 0.560 26.8 26.8

= 34.0

Discussion Note that vertical distances are used in manometer analysis.

Water A

a 26.8 cm 2a a Water B

Mercury

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3-33

Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3-52 A multi-fluid container is connected to a U-tube. For the given specific gravities and fluid column heights, the gage pressure at A and the height of a mercury column that would create the same pressure at A are to be determined. Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible. 2 The multi-fluid container is open to the atmosphere. Properties The specific gravities are given to be 1.26 for glycerin and 0.90 for oil. We take the standard density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3, and the specific gravity of mercury to be 13.6. Analysis Starting with the atmospheric pressure on the top surface of the container and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach point A, and setting the result equal to PA give
Patm + oil ghoil + w gh w gly ghgly = PA

70 cm

Oil SG=0.90 Water Glycerin SG=1.26

Rearranging and using the definition of specific gravity,

PA Patm = SG oil w ghoil + SG w w gh w SG gly w ghgly

30 cm 20 cm

90 cm

or
PA, gage = g w ( SG oil hoil + SG w h w SG gly hgly )

Substituting,
1 kN PA, gage = (9.81 m/s 2 )(1000 kg/m 3 )[0.90(0.70 m) + 1(0.3 m) 1.26(0.70 m)] 1000 kg m/s 2 = 0.471 kN/m 2 = 0.471 kPa The equivalent mercury column height is h Hg = PA, gage

15 cm

Hg g

1000 kg m/s 2 1 kN (13.6)(1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s )

0.471 kN/m 2
3

= 0.00353 m = 0.353 cm

Discussion Note that the high density of mercury makes it a very suitable fluid for measuring high pressures in manometers.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

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