(d) COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION D1.

A normally consolidated clay has the following void ratio e versus effective stress relationship obtained in an oedometer test. (a) Plot the e - curve. (b) Plot the e - log relationship and calculate the compression index. Effective Stress (kN/m2) Void ratio, e : : 50 0.97 100 0.91 150 0.85 200 0.81 300 0.75

D2. A 6-m deep layer of sand overlies a 4m thick clay layer. The clay layer is underlain by sandy gravel. The water table is at the ground surface and the saturated unit weight for both the sand and the clay is 19 kN/m3. A 3-m thick layer of fill (unit weight 20 kN/m3) is to be placed rapidly on the surface over an extensive area. Assume that the data given in Problem 1 corresponds to that of a representative sample from the clay, whose coefficient of consolidation is 2.4 m2/year. (a) Calculate the total and effective vertical stresses and the pore water pressure at the centre of the clay layer before the fill is placed, immediately after the fill is placed, and after the clay has consolidated under the vertical stress increment due to the fill. (b) Without subdividing the clay layer, calculate the final consolidation settlement due to the placement of the fill using (i) H e = ; H 0 1 + e0 (ii) coefficient of volume compressibility; (iii) compression index. (c) What is the degree of consolidation Uz at the centre of the clay layer when the pore water pressure at that depth is equal to 125 kN/m2? What is the effective stress at that depth at that time? (d) How long will it take to reach 50 % average degree of consolidation U? (e) What is the settlement at the end of 20 months? (f) What time is required for 40 mm settlement?

(e) SHEAR STRENGTH (For this section, take g = 9.81 m/s2) E1. Samples of compacted clean dry sand were tested in a 63 mm dia. shear box, and the following results obtained. Normal load (kgf) : 16 32 48 Peak shear load (N) : 133.4 287.4 417.7 Ultimate shear load (N) : 85.7 190.1 268.1 Determine the angle of shearing resistance of the sand (a) in the dense, and (b) in the loose state. E2. In a mixed series of unconsolidated - undrained and consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore pressure measurement on the unsaturated, stiff, fissured Ankara Clay (average degree of saturation = 97 %), the following results have been obtained at failure. Test no. Pore pressure (kPa) Cell pressure (kPa) Deviator stress (1 3) (kPa) 1 -17 53 234 2 75 220 210 3 -17 81 374 4 -14 178 378 5 -2 158 450 6 -5 201 462

Determine the shear strength parameters in terms of effective stress (a) by drawing the average tangent to the Mohr circles; (b) by calculation from the modified shear strength envelope. State which method is preferable for such variable test results, and why. E3. (a) By considering the torque on the curved (cylindrical) surface, and integrating the torque on ring-shaped elements on the two circular ends (neglecting the presence of the vane rod) of the sheared cylinder of soil, derive the following equation for the torque T required to shear a soft, saturated clay of shear strength cu, using a vane with rectangular blades of height h and diameter of circumscribing circle d.

d 2h d 3 T = cu + 2 6
(b) A vane 75 mm in diameter and 150 mm long was used to measure the undrained shear strength of a soft clay. A torque of 50 Nm was required to shear the soil. The vane was then rotated rapidly to remould the soil completely. The ultimate torque recorded was 19 Nm. Determine the undrained shear strength of the clay in the natural and remoulded states, and hence find the sensitivity of the clay. (c) If a 36 mm dia. undistributed specimen of the same clay as in Part (b) were tested in an unconfined compression test, what would be the axial load at failure, if the initial height is 72 mm and the specimen fails at an axial strain of 18 % ? E4. If a cylindrical specimen of saturated clay of initial height h0 and initial cross-sectional area A0 is subjected to an axial load under undrained conditions(either in the unconfined compression or in the triaxial compression test), it will undergo an axial shortening h and its average cross-sectional area will increase to A, but its volume will remain unchanged. By equating the initial volume of the specimen to its intermediate volume, prove the relationship
5

A = Ao
where a = axial strain.

1 1 a

E5. In an unconfined compression test on a saturated clay, the maximum proving ring dial reading recorded was 240x10-3 mm, when the axial shortening of the specimen, having an initial height of 70 mm and an initial diameter of 36 mm, was 12 mm. If the calibration factor of the proving ring was 3.2 N/10-3 mm, calculate the unconfined compressive strength and the undrained shear strength of the clay. E6. The total vertical stress at a point P in a nearly saturated clay is 400 kPa and the pore pressure at P is 50 kPa. The pore pressure coefficients A and B of the clay have been measured as 0.4 and 0.8 respectively. Assuming the principal stress directions to remain horizontal and vertical, calculate the available shear strength on a horizontal plane at P when the load due to a structure results in an increase in total vertical stress at P of 80 kPa and an increase in total horizontal stress at P of 60 kPa. The shear strength parameters of the clay in terms of effective stress are c = 8 kPa; = 24o . (f) LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE F1. The depth of soil behind a retaining wall is 8 m, and the soil properties are given in the figure below. A surcharge of 20 kN/m2 is applied on the horizontal ground surface. Using the Rankine theory, plot the active pressure distribution behind the wall, and determine the total active thrust per m length of the wall.

F2. A 7-m deep trench to be dug in a uniform, silty sand is supported by steelsheet piling driven on either side of the trench, and supported by struts as shown. Such a system is normally in equilibrium if the total compression in the struts balances the active earth thrust, but if the compression in the struts continues to be increased, the sides may fail in passive resistance. The water table lies 3 m below the ground surface. The bulk unit weight of the soil is 16 kN/m3 above and 18 kN/m3 below the water table; the effective angle of friction = 35o and cohesion c = 12 kPa. Plot the passive pressure distribution, and calculate the resultant compressive force in the struts per m length of the trench, for the sides to fail in passive resistance.
6

F3. Determine the total active thrust on the retaining wall shown in the figure below according to the Coulomb theory for the given trial failure plane. The unit weight of the soil is 20 kN/m3; the appropriate shear strength parameters are cu = 10 kN/m2 and u = 25o; the angle of friction between the soil and the wall is 20o, and the wall adhesion is the same as cu.

(Take unit weight of water as 9.8 kN/m3) G1. A landslide has occurred along a slip surface parallel to the ground surface which was inclined at 15o to the horizontal. The slip surface is at a vertical depth of 4 m, and the length of the slip measured along the slope is 200 m. Water in the soil may be assumed to extend to the ground surface and to be flowing parallel to it. The bulk unit weight of the soil is 18.5 kN/m3 . (a) Working from first principles, calculate the value of if c is assumed as zero. (b) What would have been the factor of safety if the soil had, in addition, c = 5 kPa? G2. A 30-degree slope is to be cut in sand having an angle of friction of 33o and a unit weight of 17.5 kN/m3. There is no water table in the sand, but at a depth of 16 m below the horizontal ground surface there is a soft clay layer with an undrained shear strength of 14 kPa. The toe of the slope will lie 12 m below the ground surface. (a) Calculate the factor of safety of the slope against the possibility of a translational slide along the top of the clay.
7

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(D1)
Normally Consolidated Clay

Effective Stress (kPa) Void Ratio

50 100 150 200 300 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.81 0.75

a)

e vs
1 0.95 0.9 Void Ratio, e 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Effective Stress, (kPa)

b)
1 0.95 0.9 Void Ratio, e 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 10 100 Effective Stress, (kPa) 1000

log( 1/ 0)

e vs log
0 1

log( )

By using two effective stress values, that are on the linear portion of the curve, for example 200 and 300 kPa:

C =

e0-e1 log 1 - log 0

. log(

. )

= 0.341

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(D2)
3m thick layer of fill (= 20 kN/m )
3

6m

Sand
sat= 19 kN/m3

4m

Clay
sat= 19 kN/m
3

2m

Sandy Gravel

Increase in stress due to rapidly placed fill = =3x20=60 kPa

u=60 kPa in clay

a) At the center of the clay layer;

(i) Before the fill is placed:
= 6 19 + 2 19 = 152 = 8 10 = 80 = = 152 80 = 72

(ii) Immediately after the fill is placed:

= 152 + 3 20 = 212 = + = 80 + 60 = 140 = = 212 140 = 72 (unchanged) =initial pore water pressure =initial excess pore water pressure For the "immediately after" case, the change in total stress should be applied to previous pore pressure values of clay (before the fill is applied). For example, before the fill is applied, the hydrostatic pore pressure at the center of the clay was 80 kPa, we apply the total stress change of 60 kPa to this value.

(iii) Long after the fill is placed:

= 152 + 3 20 = 212 = = 80 = = 212 80 = 132

= 72 + 60 = 132

b) (i) at the center of the clay layer;

= 72 = 132

= 0.944 = 0.872

By using interpolation or from e vs log graph

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

Ho = 4 m
=

1+

1+ 0.944 0.872 = 0.148 1 + 0.944 = 148

=4

= consolidation settlement

(ii)

mv for the pressure range of o=72 kPa and 1=132 kPa; = = 1 1+

1 0.944 0.872 = 6.17*10 1 + 0.944 132 72 = 148

= (6.17 10 ) 4 (132 72) = 0.148

(iii)
= ( 1+

0.341 (132 72) 4 = 0.185 1 + 0.944

= 185

The result is different because pressure range of o=72 kPa and 1=132 kPa is not on the straight line portion of e vs log graph for which compression index (Cc) is used.

c)
= + = 125 = 80 = 125 80 = 45 =initial pore water pressure =excess pore water pressure at any time during consolidation process =initial excess pore water pressure= = 60 kPa
= =

( =

""

= 0.25 = 25% (Degree of consolidation at the center of the clay layer at that time)

= 212 125 = 87

(at the center of the clay layer)

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

d)

For

= 50%

= 0.197 (From Degree of Consolidation Handout)

d= max length of drainage path. For 2-way drainage path, d=4/2=2 m =2.4 m2/year =

= 0.328

= 4

3m thick layer of fill (= 20 kN/m )

6m

Sand
sat= 19 kN/m3

Permeable Layer
2m

4m

Clay
sat= 19 kN/m
3

Sandy Gravel

Permeable Layer

e)
=

= 1.0

93% (From Degree of Consolidation Handout) = = 0.148 = = 0.93 = 0.93 0.148 = 0.138

= 20 months = 20/12 year 100% , 93% ,

= 138

f)
= For = = 27% =
" "

=0.27 = 27%

0.06 (From Degree of Consolidation Handout) = 1.2

0.06 2 = 0.1 2.4

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(E1)
Area of Shear Box, Normal Stress, Shear Stress,
Normal Load, P (kgf) (given)

Compacted Clean Dry Sand = = =

.

=
.

= 3.117 10 m2 = 3.147 = 0.3208

Peak Shear Stress, p (kPa) Ultimate Shear Load, Ultimate Shear Stress, Sult (N) ult (kPa) (given)

= =

= 3147 = 320.8

Normal Stress, (kPa)

Peak Shear Load, Sp (N) (given)

16 32 48

50.4 100.7 151.1

133.4 287.4 417.7

42.8 92.2 134

85.7 190.1 268.1

27.5 61.0 86.0

versus
160 140 120 151,1; 134,0

y = 0.8926x 100,7; 92,2 151,1; 86,0 y = 0,578x 50,4; 42,8 100,7; 61,0

Shear Stress, (kPa)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 50,4; 27,5

80

100

120

140

160

Normal Stress, (kPa)

Peak State Linear (Peak State) Ultimate State Linear (Ultimate State)

Since this is a clean sand, the c=0. The shear strength envelope of the sand for the peak and ultimate states are drawn by using excel. Equation of the peak state (dense) is y=0.8926x. Equation of the ultimate state (loose) is y=0.5780x.
Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

From those equations the angle of shearing resistance for two states are calculated below.
dense = arctan (0.8926) = 41.8 loose = arctan (0.5780) = 30.0

Note: If you would like to measure the friction angle directly from the Normal stress and Shear Stress plot, using a protractor, the horizontal and vertical axes should be drawn with the same scale (e.g. the distance between [0-20] kPa in x-axis should be the same distance in y-axis for [0-20] kPa.)

In dense sand, the resisting shear increases with shear displacement until it reaches a failure stress f. This f is called the peak shear strength. After failure stress is attained, the resisting shear stress gradually decreases as shear displacement increases until it finally reaches a constant value called ultimate shear strength.

In loose sand, the resisting shear stress increases with shear displacement until a failure shear f is reached. After that, shear resistance remains approximately constant for any further increase in shear displacement.

Shear Stress, p

Dense

peak Loose ult

Shear Displacement, l

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(E2)

Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) and Consolidated Undrained (CU) Triaxial Tests Stiff Fissured Ankara Clay Sr = 97%
= = + 2 2 = = + 2 2 = = + 2 2

u = Pore Pressure = Cell Pressure = = Deviator Stress

u kPa given
-17 75 -17 -14 -2 -5 + 2 2 (kPa) 117 105 187 189 225 231

Test No

kPa given
53 220 81 178 158 201

kPa given
234 210 374 378 450 462

kPa
287 430 455 556 608 663

kPa
70 145 98 192 160 206

kPa
304 355 472 570 610 668

kPa
187 250 285 381 385 437

1 2 3 4 5 6

a) By drawing the average tangent to the Mohr circles;

=28

=36kPa

Shear strength parameters in terms of effective stress are

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

= 36

and = 28

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

b) From the modified shear strength envelope with regression analysis to the 6 stress points,
kPa
250 y = 0.5027x + 14.373 R = 0.8067 200 285; 187 385; 225 381; 189 437; 231

150 187; 117 250; 105 100

=26.7
50

=14.4kPa
0 0 100 200 300 400 500

kPa

A general representation of stress condition is in the below figure.

2 Modified failure envelope

Stress Point

45

45

+ 2

For x=0; y=14.373 from the equation (y = 0.5027x + 14.373) obtained by applying regression to the 6 stress points. With the help of the equation (y = 0.5027x + 14.373), the modified shear

strength parameters can be calculated.

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

For x=0,

=14.4kPa and

=arctan (0.5027) = 26.7

and can be calculated by: = sin-1(tan =

) = sin-1(tan 26.7) = 30.2 = 6

Method (b) is preferable because it enables the use of statistical curve fitting techniques like linear regression.

(E3)
a)

Vane Shear Test

T = MS + MT + MB T = Maximum torque MS = Resisting moment at the sides of the cylindrical shear surface MT = Resisting moment at the top circular shear surface MB = Resisting moment at the bottom circular shear surface

a) Resisting moment at the sides of the cylindrical surface:

MS = shear strength * area * moment arm = cu * dh * d/2 =

Resisting moment at the top: MT = shear strength * area * moment arm = cu *

* d/2 =

Resisting moment at the bottom is equal to MT MB =

2 3

T = MS + M T + MB =

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

b) d = 75 mm = 0.075 m
h = 150 mm = 0.15 m T = 50 Nm = 0.050 kNm (natural state) Tult = 19 Nm = 0.019 kNm (remolded state) Shear strength of the soil in the natural state: T= 0.050 = (
2

) + )

= 32.34 kPa (natural state) Shear strength of the soil in the remolded state: T= 0.019 = (
2

) + = = 26

= 12.29 kPa (remolded state) Sensitivity =

c) Undisturbed clay specimen in an unconfined compression test

do = 36 mm = 0.036 m ho = 72 mm = 0.072 m f = 18% = 0.18 A0 = (*d2)/4 = Af = =
(

(initial diameter) (initial height) (axial load at failure) 0 = 24

02
)/

(initial area) 0 (corrected area at failure)

u=0

3=0

cu

3=0
Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

qu

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

qu = 2*cu = 2*32.34 = 64.68 kPa = P= = 64 68 24

(compressive strength in an unconfined compression test) = 80 2 = = 64 68 kPa (axial load at failure)

The value of cu = 32.3 kPa is calculated in the part b. 64 68 = 0 0 = 0 0802

(E4)
Ao * ho = A* h A = Ao * (ho/h) To obtain (lo/l):

Saturated Clay initial volume = intermediate volume (since its volume remains unchanged)

= axial strain =
Then; A = Ao * (ho/h) = Ao * (

(E5)

Unconfined compression test on a saturated clay do = 36 mm = 0.036 m ho = 70 mm = 0.070 m h = 12mm = 0.012 m Cp = 3.2 N/10-3mm Dial reading = 240*10-3 mm f = h/ho = 12/70 = 0.17 = 17% (initial diameter) (initial height) (axial shortening at failure) (calibration factor of the proving ring) (maximum proving ring dial reading) (axial load at failure)

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

A0 = (*d2)/4 = (*0.0362)/4 = 1.018*10-3 m2

(initial area)

Paxial = Dial reading * Cp = 240*10-3 * 3.2 N/10-3 = 768 N (axial force at failure) A = Ao *

= 0 8

03

= 22

03

2 (corrected area at failure)

f = Paxial / A = 768 / (1.227*10-3) = 625917 Pa = 625.9 kPa Unconfined compressive strength = 1 = qu = 625.9 kPa Undrained shear strength = 1 / 2 = cu = 313.0 kPa

(E6)
@ point P: v = 400 kPa 1 = 80 kPa = 8kPa A = 0.4

Nearly saturated clay

u = 50 kPa 3 = 60 kPa = 24 B = 0.8

Pore pressure coefficients are used to express the response of pore water pressure to changes in total stress under undrained conditions. In fully saturated soils, u1 = A*B*1 u = u3 + u1 = B[3 + A*( 1 - 3)] = 0.8[60 + 0.4*(80-60)] = 54.4 kPa ufinal = u + u = 50 + 54.4 = 104.4 kPa v(final) = v + 1 = 400 + 80 = 480 kPa @ point P:
( )=

and in partially saturated soils,

< . In this problem, B = 0.8.

u3 = B*3

v(final) ufinal = 480 -104.4 = 375.6 kPa = 8 + 375.6*tan24 = 175.2 kPa

Prepared by Course Assistant Okan Kokaya, Fall 2012

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(F1)
20 kPa
-4.8 kPa c = 10 kPa = 280 = 19 kN/m3 c = 0 kPa = 380 = 18 kN/m3 Z0 = 0.7m SOIL 1 22.56 kPa 23.04 kPa SOIL 2 30.72 kPa Pw = 40 kPa

4m

4m

KA

1 sin 1 sin

K A1 0.36
K A2 0.24
PA K A x(z q) 2 xcx K A

Soil 1 1 2 2

Depth (m) 0 4 4 8

Active Pressure (kN/ ) (0+20)*0.36-2*10*(0.36)0.5=-4.8 (20+4*19)*0.36-2*10*(0.36)0.5=22.56 (20+4*19)*0.24-0=23.04 ((20+4*19)+4*(18-10))*0.24=30.72

Depth of Tension Crack: PA K A x(z q) 2 xcx K A1 For PA=0 z 0 or

2 xcx K A1 K A1 xq

xK A

0.7m

can be calculated from the pressure diagram. Total active thrust:

PAtotal PA P

PAtotal 0.5 x(22.56x3.3) 4 x 23.04 0.5 x 4 x(30.72 23.04) 0.5 x 4 x 40 224.74kN / m

(into the page.)

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(F2)

KP
Passive pressure is given by

1 sin ' 1 sin 35 3.69 1 sin ' 1 sin 35

PP K P xxz 2 xc' x K P

3.69x[16x3 (18 10) x4] 2 x12x 3.69 341.3

Note that, silty sand will be in drained condition below the water table, effective shear strength parameters and buoyant unit weights are used. Depth (m) 0 3 7 Passive Pressure ( )

0 2 x12x 3.69 46.10 3.69 x16x3 2 x12 x 3.69 223.22

3.69x[16x3 (18 10) x4] 2 x12x 3.69 341.3

Total Passive Re sis tan ce Area(1) Area(2) Area(3)

T 3x

46.10 .223.22 223.22 341.3 40 4x 4x 1613kN / m into the page. 2 2 2

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(F3)
20kN/m3

Cu

10kN/m2

25

KA

0.406

20

Depth of tension cracks,

z0

2 Cu KA

Assume tension zone extends as shown in the figure below:

Pl
Ccd Ccb

50kN / m

Cu xCD 10x10.29 102.9kN / m Cu xCB 10 x6.43 64.3kN / m

WABCDE AABCDE

AABCDE

A1 A2 A3 A4 = [6.3x8/2] + [2x2/2] + [2x4.3] + [(2 + 1.57)/2x0.3] = 36.34 m2

WABCDE 36.34x 20 726.84kN / m

Pl=50 kN/m E 2m A 45 D B WABCDE Ccb=CuxCB 8m P 20 25 R

2 1 3 4

z0=1.57 m

Ccd=CuxCD

25

85 C

55

60

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

(a)
Analytical Solution:

Fx

P cos 25

Ccd cos 55

R cos 60

Ccb cos 85

0
(1)

0.5R 0.906P 102.9 cos55 64.3cos85 Fy 0

W Pl P sin 25 Ccd sin 55 R sin 60

53.42
0

Ccb sin 85

0.423P 0.866R 726.84 50 102.9 sin 55

Solving (1) and (2); P= 269 kN/m R= 594.5 kN/m

64.3sin85

628.49

(2)

(b)
Graphical Solution:

P=269

25

W=726.84 R=594.5

60 85 35

Ccb =64.3

Pl =50

Ccd =102.9

CE 363 Soil Mechanics Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Civil Engineering Old Homework Solution Key

The total active thrust on the wall (Pa) is equal to the vectorial sum of the P and Ccb forces in the opposite direction:

P=269 Pa = 297 kN/m Ccb =64.3

So Pa is calculated as:

370 Pa = 297 kN/m