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    Lecture 1 - Filters and Time Response

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    Afonso Albuquerque
    This document discusses filters and their time response properties. It provides two examples of calculating the voltage over time for a low-pass filter. First, it examines the voltage drop over a capacitor alone over time. Second, it looks at the voltage across a capacitor when a switch is closed in a circuit with a resistor and capacitor. It then discusses how taking the Laplace transform reveals insights into the frequency response of low-pass filters. Specifically, it shows that the transfer function of a low-pass filter is the input voltage over s + a, where a is 1/RC. Finally, it demonstrates how a low-pass filter performs integration over time, while a high-pass filter performs differentiation.

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    Lecture 1 - Filters and Time Response

    Uploaded by

    Afonso Albuquerque
    72 views13 pages
    This document discusses filters and their time response properties. It provides two examples of calculating the voltage over time for a low-pass filter. First, it examines the voltage drop over a capacitor alone over time. Second, it looks at the voltage across a capacitor when a switch is closed in a circuit with a resistor and capacitor. It then discusses how taking the Laplace transform reveals insights into the frequency response of low-pass filters. Specifically, it shows that the transfer function of a low-pass filter is the input voltage over s + a, where a is 1/RC. Finally, it demonstrates how a low-pass filter performs integration over time, while a high-pass filter performs differentiation.

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    This document discusses filters and their time response properties. It provides two examples of calculating the voltage over time for a low-pass filter. First, it examines the voltage drop over a capacitor alone over time. Second, it looks at the voltage across a capacitor when a switch is closed in a circuit with a resistor and capacitor. It then discusses how taking the Laplace transform reveals insights into the frequency response of low-pass filters. Specifically, it shows that the transfer function of a low-pass filter is the input voltage over s + a, where a is 1/RC. Finally, it demonstrates how a low-pass filter performs integration over time, while a high-pass filter performs differentiation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views13 pages

    Lecture 1 - Filters and Time Response

    Uploaded by

    Afonso Albuquerque
    This document discusses filters and their time response properties. It provides two examples of calculating the voltage over time for a low-pass filter. First, it examines the voltage drop over a capacitor alone over time. Second, it looks at the voltage across a capacitor when a switch is closed in a circuit with a resistor and capacitor. It then discusses how taking the Laplace transform reveals insights into the frequency response of low-pass filters. Specifically, it shows that the transfer function of a low-pass filter is the input voltage over s + a, where a is 1/RC. Finally, it demonstrates how a low-pass filter performs integration over time, while a high-pass filter performs differentiation.

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    of 13

    MEM 640 Lecture 1: Filters and Time Response

    Filters: Why Study Them?

    Vi

    R C

    Vo

    Low Pass Filter is a classic first-order system Easily assembled for experimentation Differential equations are easy to derive: time domain Frequency domain easy to derive Show duality: time and frequency domain

    Background Math
    Case Study: Calculate the voltage drop over a capacitor Capacitor: sole purpose is to store electrons. Mechanical analog: reservoir tank

    I R

    C +

    Recall

    Q = CV 0

    and

    dQ dV dC I= =C +V dt dt dt

    (1)

    Also, the cap is discharging across the resistor (hence negative):


    I = dV V C dt R

    (2)

    Equation (2) Is a differential equation and hence


    dV 1 dt = dt RC

    (3)

    Integrating Equation (3) yields:


    ln V = 1 t + K1 RC

    Where K1 is a constant

    Or

    V (t ) = e t / RC e K1 = Voe t / RC
    Plot of Equation (3) looks like:
    V o

    Where Vo is a constant

    (4)

    Suppose t = RC

    then (3) yields: V ( RC ) = Voe 1 = 0.37Vo

    0.37 Vo RC t [sec]

    3 At V (3RC ) = Voe = 0.05Vo

    Engineers call the 95% value 3 time constants

    Slightly Different Scenario


    Case Study: What is the voltage across the capacitor when the switch is closed?

    Vi

    R C

    Vo

    The equation for this circuit is: Then

    I =C

    dVo Vi Vo dt R

    where Vi

    is constant

    (5)

    1 dVo Vi Vo (Vi Vo ) = = dt RC RC RC

    (6)

    The solution to the non-homogeneous differential equation (6) is:

    Vo (t ) = Vi + Ae t / RC
    Given that Vo (0) = 0 then A = Vi and the solution to (7) becomes

    (7)

    Vo (t ) = Vi (1 e t / RC )

    (8)

    A plot of Equation (8) is


    Vo V i

    Vo (t ) = Vi (1 e t / RC )
    t [sec]

    Note: and

    V ( RC ) = Vi (1 e 1 ) = 0.63Vi V (5 RC ) = Vi (1 e 5 ) = 0.99Vi

    A first order system reaches 99% of steady-state in 5 time constants. Also note that the plot of Equation (8) looks like ramp (in early part). That is why a low-pass filter is also known as an integrator

    Laplace Domain: Insights into Frequency Response


    From (8) we derived the time response for a low pass filter as:

    Vo (t ) = Vi (1 e at )

    where say a =

    1 RC

    (9)

    Taking Laplace transform of (9) yields

    Vi Vi aV Vo ( s ) = = s ( s +ia ) s s+a
    Now since Vi Is a step input, recognize that

    (10)

    Vo ( s ) =

    a Vi s+a s

    Actual transfer Step input function contribution Thus transfer function for a low pass filter is given as

    Vo a = Vi s + a

    (11)

    We will see later that the Bode Plot for (11) looks like
    dB -3 dB -20 dB/decade slope

    Vo a = Vi s + a

    cutoff frequency

    frequency

    3 / 20 = 0.707 Recall that dB = 20 log x thus at -3 dB we have x = 10

    Also recall from (8) that one time constant yields 63.3% of steady state Thus the cutoff frequency is approximately the systems time constant value Also note that (0.707 ) = 0.499
    2

    Power is proportional to voltage squared. Hence the -3 dB point represents a 50% drop in power

    Where are we going with this?


    Problem: Show mathematically, the integrative properties of the LP filter
    R C

    Vi

    Vo

    Solution: The voltage across the resistor is Vi Vo


    I =C dVo Vi Vo dt R

    So: (12)

    Now suppose that Vo << Vi

    then (12) can be re-expressed as


    C dVo Vin dt R

    (13)

    Or,

    Vin 1 t Vo (t ) = dt = Vi (t )dt + constant RC RC


    Integration!

    (14)

    The approximation (13) says the current is proportional to Vi . If Vi is large and R is large, then we have a current source.

    Hi Pass Filters Perform Derivatives


    Problem: Show that a hi pass filter perform differentiation

    Vi

    Vo

    Solution: The voltage across the cap is Vi Vo


    I =C dV d V = C (Vi Vo ) o dt dt R

    so we have (15)

    Now if R and C chosen small enough so that


    dVi dV >> o dt dt

    (16) (17)

    Then Hence

    dVi Vo dt R dVi dt

    Vo = RC

    (18) Derivative!

    Grandmother Explanation

    Based on Target Dynamics Shooter adds angle theta Adds phase Shooter angle LEADS target angle Compensation Derivatives: rate of change Ignore high frequencies (hi-pass)

    Differentiation LEAD compensation Hi-Pass Filter

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