Qn1. Define the term Geology.

With suitable illustrations, explain the importance of geological studies in the field of civil engineering. -Geology is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed and the processes by which they change. Importance of Geological studies:i. Provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials, its occurrence and composition. ii. The knowledge of the geological work of natural agencies such as water, wind, ice and earthquake helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering work. iii. The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly concerned with the geology of the area where they are to be built. iv. Geological studies helps greatly in interpreting the drilling data. v. The stability of the civil engineering structures is considerably increased if the geological features like faults, joints, and folding in the rock beds are properly located and suitably treated. vi. The cost of engineering works will be reduced if the geological survey of the area concerned is done before hand. Qn2. Distinguish between lithification and consolidation. Lithification is a complex process (consist of cementation, recrystallization and consolidation) whereby loose grains of sediment are converted into rock. Consolidation refers to the decrease in void ratio due to weight of overburden.

Qn3. What are Geological structures? Describe how they are useful in civil engineering operations. Geological structures are usually the result of the powerful tectonic forces that occur within the earth. Usefulness of geological structures in Civil engineering operations are:i. Some geological structures underneath are used as natural foundation for Civil engineering structures. ii. Other geological structures are used as a sources for civil engineering materials. iii. Others are used as water reservoirs.

Qn4. Why should civil engineers study stress Civil engineers should study stresses because of the following reason:i. To be able to determine the bearing capacity of foundations on soil and rock. ii. To be able to analyse excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements,cracking or failure of fixtures. iii. Civil engineer must account for movements and stresses due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. Qn5. Define the following terms as used in stress a. Natural stress-the insitu stress which exists prior to engineering. b. Induced stress-the natural stress state as perturbed by engineering c. Residual stress-the stress state caused by previous tectonic activity.

d. Gravitational stress-the stress state caused by the weight of the rock above. Qn6. How would you add two tensors and how to calculate the mean of n stress states? ANSWER.

Mean of Tensors

Qn7. Describe with sketch the following rock strength tests. a. Point load test. The point Load test is used in laboratory and field for logging mechanical strength of rock specimens obtained from boreholes sunk by rotary core drilling. A core is loaded between two points which are steel cones subtending an angle of 60 and terminating in a hemisphere of 5mm radius. The core usually loaded across a diameter. The test specimen should at least 1.5 times long as the diameter. The strength value obtained from the Point Load test varies according to core diameter.

b. Brazilian test. This is a test for indirect measurement of tensile strength of rocks. A loading frame, 100kN Capacity having a base and a cross head joined together with two solid pillars with nuts. At the top, the pillars have long threads for height adjustment. On the base, a 100kN hydraulic jack is centrally fixed between the pillars. This jack has an integral pumping unit and oil reservoir.

c. Triaxial test. The sample is subjected to uniformly distributed fluid pressure around the cylindrical surface. The sample is sealed in a watertight rubber membrane. Then axial load is applied to the soil sample until it fails. Although only compressive load is applied to the soil sample, it fails by shear on internal faces. It is possible to determine the shear strength of the soil from the applied loads at failure.

d. Uniaxial Compressive Strength is a special case of a triaxial compression test in which the all-around pressure 3=0. Specimens from drill cores are prepared by cutting them to the specified length and are thereafter grinded and measured.There are high requirements on the flatness of the endsurfaces in order to obtain an even load distribution.

Qn8. What are Geological structures? Describe how they are useful in civil engineering operations. Geological structures are usually the result of the powerful tectonic forces that occur within the earth. Usefulness of Geological structures in civil engineering operations: iv. v. vi. Some geological structures underneath are used as natural foundation for Civil engineering structures. Other geological structures are used as a sources for civil engineering materials. Others are used as water reservoirs.

Qn9. Mention three geological structures and describe how they are formed. Geological structures are Faults, Folds and Joints.

a. Faults. Faults are fractures on which identifiable shear displacement has taken place by the relative displacement of the rock on opposite sides of the fault plane. b. Folds. The folds are formed due to the effects of compressive forces, in the earths crust, necessarily involve a shortening or contraction of the area are concerned. Thus, the layers of rock are capable of being crumpled or buckled into folds. c. Joints. A joint is a parting plane which separates or trends to separate a once continuous mass of rock into two parts. Joints differ from faults in that no appreciable movement has taken place along them. They result from fracture due to stresses within the rock mass. Qn10. The essential data required in rock mass characterization ANSWER:i. Colour ii. Hardness iii. Persistance iii. Infill material Spacing iv. Aperture v. Dip and Dip direction vi. Grain size vii. Rock type Viii. Roughness