Energy Audit Guidelines
Energy Audit Guidelines
Energy Audit Guidelines
Energy Audit
Electrical & Mechanical Services Department
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
April 2004
FOREWORD
Guidelines on Energy Audit set out the requirements on energy audit for commercial buildings. The Guidelines should be read in conjunction with a set of comprehensive Building Energy Codes that addresses energy efficiency requirements on building services installations. The Guidelines also supersede the Guidelines on Energy Audit issued by the Energy Efficiency Advisory Committee (now the Energy Advisory Committee) in 1993. Other than giving an overview of What is Energy Audit and what are its Benefits to Energy Conservation, the Guidelines provide end-users/building owners/building management/ operation and maintenance personnel comprehensive information on how to conduct energy audits, propose energy management opportunities and write up audit reports as well as cover a wide range of issues including the audit procedures, the report format and the required audit skills. The Guidelines were developed by the Working Group on Energy Audit that was established under the Energy Efficiency Office of Electrical and Mechanical Services Department. The Working Group members include:Convener (prior to March 2004) : Dr. K.M. Leung (from March 2004) : Mr. George K.H. Ling Members : Mr. C.F. Chan Ms. Karen K.L. Cheng Ms. Terry Y.Y. Chow Mr. Colin C.L. Chung Mr. P.H. Ho Mr. S.P. Kwok Dr. Joe W.N. Lau Mr. Welman Leung Mr. H.K. Pong Mr. Martin K.T. Wu Mr. David Yau Mr. Peter K.S. Wong (Electrical & Mechanical Services Department) (Electrical & Mechanical Services Department) (CLP Power Hong Kong Ltd.) (Architectural Services Department) (The Hongkong Electric Co. Ltd.) (The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers) (The Hong Kong Federation of Electrical and Mechanical Contractors Ltd.) (The Hong Kong Association of Property Management Companies Ltd.) (Vocational Training Council) (Electrical & Mechanical Services Department) (Electrical & Mechanical Services Department) (Electrical & Mechanical Services Department) (Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong) (Building Services Operation and Maintenance Executives Society) (Electrical & Mechanical Services Department)
Secretary :
COPYRIGHT
The Guidelines are copyrighted and all rights (including subsequent amendment) are reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 Background Intended Users Objectives
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1 1 1
2. 3.
2 3
3 3 3 3 3 6 6
4.
SOPHISTICATION OF AUDIT
4.1 4.2 Walk-Through Audit Detailed Audit
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9 9
5.
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10 10
6.
EMO IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Management Support Planning Monitoring of Implementation Performance Contracting
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12 12 12 12
7. 8.
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: APPENDIX B: APPENDIX C: Instrumentation for Energy Audit Equipment/System Operating Log Sheets Questionnaire on Occupancy, Office Equipment and Thermal Comfort Energy Audit Forms Some Common Energy Audit Findings, Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings Costing Calculation Data Normalisation Sample Graphs in Energy Audit Report Energy Utilisation Index/Building Energy Performance of Some Government Office Buildings Common Measures for Adoption EMOs in Building Services Installations
APPENDIX D: APPENDIX E:
APPENDIX J:
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Background
An Energy Audit is an examination of an energy consuming equipment/system to ensure that energy is being used efficiently. In many ways, this is similar to financial accounting. Building manager examines the energy account of an energy consuming equipment/system, checks the way energy is used in its various components, checks for areas of inefficiency or that less energy can be used and identifies the means for improvement. Energy audit is a top-down initiative. Its effectiveness relies largely on the resources that should be allocated to energy audit by the building management:a) Commitment on energy conservation and environmental protection; b) Anticipation on the energy savings achievable; and c) Aspiration of the improvement to corporate image by promoting energy efficiency and conservation. It is important that the building management should be provided with the right perception of the benefits of the energy audit. These Guidelines are targeted at commercial buildings, the energy consuming equipment/systems in particular. For other type of buildings, these Guidelines can be used as a reference for end-users/building owners/building managers/operation and maintenance personnel, as the concepts and approaches to energy audit are similar in nature.
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Intended Users
These Guidelines are written primarily for end-users, building owners who have installed their own equipment/systems and building managers. The building owners who have legal control of building facilities retain primary responsibility for energy audit. The duties of the building owner may, however, be modified by contractual agreements such as lease agreements made with end-users. The building manager is usually the legal representative of the building owner.
1.3 Objectives
Energy Audit is an effective energy management tool. By identifying and implementing the means to achieve energy efficiency and conservation, not only can energy savings be achieved, but also equipment/system services life can be extended. All these mean savings in money. Based on the principle of The less energy is consumed, the less fossil fuels will be burnt, the power supply companies will generate relatively less pollutants and by-products. Therefore, all parties concerned contribute to conserve the environment and to enhance sustainable development.
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
An Energy Audit is an examination of an energy consuming equipment/system to ensure that energy is being used efficiently. In many ways, this is similar to financial accounting. Building manager examines the energy account of an energy consuming equipment/system, checks the way energy is used in its various components, checks for areas of inefficiency or that less energy can be used and identifies the means for improvement. Energy audit is a top-down initiative. Its effectiveness relies largely on the resources that should be allocated to energy audit by the building management:a) Commitment on energy conservation and environmental protection; b) Anticipation on the energy savings achievable; and c) Aspiration of the improvement to corporate image by promoting energy efficiency and conservation. It is important that the building management should be provided with the right perception of the benefits of the energy audit. These Guidelines are targeted at commercial buildings, the energy consuming equipment/systems in particular. For other type of buildings, these Guidelines can be used as a reference for end-users/building owners/building managers/operation and maintenance personnel, as the concepts and approaches to energy audit are similar in nature.
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Intended Users
These Guidelines are written primarily for end-users, building owners who have installed their own equipment/systems and building managers. The building owners who have legal control of building facilities retain primary responsibility for energy audit. The duties of the building owner may, however, be modified by contractual agreements such as lease agreements made with end-users. The building manager is usually the legal representative of the building owner.
1.3 Objectives
Energy Audit is an effective energy management tool. By identifying and implementing the means to achieve energy efficiency and conservation, not only can energy savings be achieved, but also equipment/system services life can be extended. All these mean savings in money. Based on the principle of The less energy is consumed, the less fossil fuels will be burnt, the power supply companies will generate relatively less pollutants and by-products. Therefore, all parties concerned contribute to conserve the environment and to enhance sustainable development.
Category of EMO
Cat I
Capital Cost
Involves practically no cost investment and without any disruption to building operation, normally involving general house keeping measures e.g. turning off A/C or lights when not in use, revising A/C temperature set-points, etc. Involves low cost investment with some minor disruption to building operation, e.g. installing timers to turn off equipment, replacing T8 fluorescent tubes with T5 fluorescent tubes, etc. Involves relatively high capital cost investment with much disruption to building operation, e.g. adding variable speed drives, installing power factor correction equipment, replacing chillers, etc.
Cat II
Cat III
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3.1 General
The Energy Audit should be carried out by a competent person having adequate technical knowledge on Building Services (BS) installations, particularly Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Installation, Lighting Installation and any other BS Installations. This competent person is referred to as the auditor and a team of auditors forms the audit team. The number of auditors and time required for an audit depends on the audit scope and objectives. During the audit process, the auditor needs assistance and cooperation from the auditees, such as end-users, operation and maintenance (O&M) personnel, etc. To gain a better knowledge of the building and its energy consuming equipment/systems, the audit team must collect information on the building operation characteristics and the technical characteristics of its various energy consuming equipment/systems. Its performances have to be identified through checking O&M records, conducting site surveys and reading metering records. The audit team will then identify areas that can be improved and write up an energy audit report on the findings for record purposes and for subsequent EMO implementation and follow-up actions. The flow chart on conducting energy audit is shown in Figure 1 for reference.
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In general, it should be assumed that the building manager would have information on general building characteristics and the O&M personnel would keep the equipment/system technical and operation records. Appendix B shows some samples of log sheets. The audit team should determine the appropriate parties to be approached for information collection, the need to discuss with these parties for familiarisation of the building, the equipment/ systems to be investigated and data verification and the need to discuss with selected end-users. The audit team should consider issuing questionnaires to end-users to collect information on thermal comfort, lighting comfort, operational hours of individual floors/offices, electrical equipment and appliances, etc. A sample questionnaire is given in Appendix C.
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After having collected all or the majority of the above information, the audit team will have better understanding of the building context and its energy consuming equipment/systems. With this information, the audit team can better plan subsequent audit activities and detect any missing important datum and arrange to obtain them. At this stage of the audit, the auditor should be able to tell the characteristics of the energy consuming equipment/systems such as:a) Type of chillers, their capacities and operational characteristics (refrigeration pressure/temperature, water flow rate/ temperature/pressure, etc.); b) Type of HVAC systems, their components (fans, pumps, pipework, ductwork, etc.) and operating characteristics (flow rate, temperature, pressure, etc.); c) Occupancies or usage for various equipment/systems; d) Control mechanisms for various equipment/systems (controller, actuator, sensor, control logic, etc.); e) Type of luminaires, their characteristics and control mechanisms; f) Power distribution system characteristics; g) Operational characteristics of lift and escalator installation (zoning, type of motor drive, control mechanism, etc.); h) Operational characteristics of other energy consuming equipment/systems; and i) Characteristics of the building. The audit team should compare the operational characteristics against design or corresponding general engineering practices. The comparison can reveal if the energy consuming equipment/ systems are operating per design or general engineering practice and identify the areas of inefficiencies. The parameters for comparison include the following:a) Chiller efficiency (Coefficient of Performance) b) Motor efficiency (%) c) Fan system power (kW per L/s of supply air quantity) d) Fan efficiency (%) e) Piping system frictional loss (Pa/m) f) Pump efficiency (%) g) Lighting power density (W/m2) h) Lamp luminous efficacy (Lm/W) i) j) Lamp control gear loss (W) Efficiencies of various equipment e.g. boiler, heat pump, etc (%)
The Codes of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Lighting Installation, Air Conditioning Installation, Electrical Installation and Lift & Escalator Installations1 and the Guidelines to Performance-based Building Energy Code2 and the Executive Summary for study on Private Offices and Commercial Outlets3 provide good reference figures for comparison purpose. For HVAC Installation, areas of inefficiencies could be identified from data logs of flow rates and corresponding changes in temperatures and pressures. For Electrical Installation, areas of inefficiencies could be identified from data logs of electrical currents and voltages. If relevant data logs are not available, measurements should be taken to obtain the data of possible inefficient equipment/systems. The numbers of measuring points would depend on the resources available.
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3.6 Conducting Site Survey and Measurement
More activities should include the following actions:a) Proceed to plan the site survey for the areas and the equipment/systems to be investigated. b) Allocate the work among the audit team members. c) Assess if separate groups are needed for the areas and the equipment/systems. For example, the first sub-group for low floors, the second sub-group for mid floors, the third sub-group for high floors, so on and so forth. The grouping should also be based on the quantity of measuring instruments available. d) Develop energy audit forms in Appendix D to record the findings. e) Plan ahead on the site measurement to supplement or verify the information collected. The measurements should focus on equipment/systems that inadequate information is available to determine their efficiency and equipment/systems that appear to be less efficient. Forms in Appendix D could be used in recording the measurements. Some data may have to be logged over a period.
3.6.2
Instrumentation
3.6.1
During the measurement, the sensors should be located at points that can best reflect the need or function of the controlled parameters. For example, for the office environment, a lux meter should be placed at about 0.8m above floor level (or at level of the working plane) and a thermometer at about 1.1m (seating thermal comfort) above floor level and pressure and flow sensors in ductwork at points according to general engineering practice. For measurement requiring interfacing with the stream of flow, the system may already have test holes/plugs or gauge cocks. However, many systems may not have such provisions and the audit team may need to install the test holes/plugs or to use the ultrasonic type meter. In fact, it is impractical in most cases to install additional flow meter or gauge cocks in water pipework. Under such circumstances, the audit team may have to make use of the existing ones available, e.g. gauge cocks before and after pump, coil, etc. to measure the pressure of the flow and to calculate the flow rate by referring to pressure/flow curves of pump, valve, pipe section, etc. If the original O&M manuals showing the pressure/flow curves are not available, make reference to those of similar size/rating.
Whilst much data and characteristics on equipment/systems can be obtained from the O&M personnel, the information may not be adequate to provide a full picture of their operation. To obtain accurate operating conditions and operating performance of equipment/systems, the auditor should have the necessary measuring instruments to take readings of corresponding parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow, lighting lux level, running current, etc. A list of the commonly used instruments is given in Appendix A.
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3.7.1 Identification of EMOs
To identify the improvement works for the potential EMOs, calculations should be performed to substantiate the improvement works by quantifying energy savings. Some of the typical findings in an audit, the corresponding EMOs and energy savings have been shown in Appendix E.
3.7.2
Costing
In evaluating the effectiveness of an EMO, the auditor has to calculate the payback period, net present worth or rate of return. Most calculations can be done using simple payback approach by dividing the EMOs capital cost by the cost of anticipated annual energy saving to obtain the payback period in years. However, if there are appreciable deviations between the trends of energy cost and the interest rate or if the capital costs of EMOs are to be injected at different stages with different energy savings achievable at different times, the audit team may have to perform a life cycle cost assessment that can better reflect the cost effectiveness of EMOs. Some common calculations are shown in Appendix F.
3.7.3
Normalisation of Data
In the energy consumption bills, the measurement dates may not fall on the same day of each month. For more accurate comparison, particularly when different fuel types metered on different dates are involved, these data should be preferably normalised as figures on the common dates. Appendix G shows how this can be done.
In the past, energy can be saved by limiting the fresh air supply to an A/C space. With renewed concerns on good indoor air quality, consideration to provide adequate fresh air supply in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Protection Department (EPD) or ASHRAE Standard 62-20016 should be a foremost thought when degrading to reduce fresh air supply.
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ASHRAE Standard 55-1992: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting 6 ASHRAE Standard 62-2001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Guidelines on Energy Audit
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3.7.5 Already Scheduled Maintenance and Refurbishment Works
When determining EMO, it is necessary to take into account the already scheduled major maintenance and refurbishment works. Therefore, when planning EMO implementation programme, the already scheduled major maintenance and refurbishment works may consider including some of the EMOs. computed for buildings have not included these forms of energy. Usually, EUI or BEP, if not identified as an index for a particular month, refers to the index for an entire year.
Appendix H shows the sample graphs in Energy Audit Report. Appendix I shows the EUI/BEP of some Government office buildings.
SOPHISTICATION OF AUDIT
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The sophistication of an audit refers to the scope and the extent to which investigations should be conducted and which findings should be analysed. Based on available resources, the size and type of building, and the energy audit objective, the auditor should adopt the energy audit of different levels of sophistication. Under such terms, there are two types of audits:a.) Walk-through Audit b.) Detailed Audit In summary, the Walk-through Audit involves a simple study of some major equipment/systems and the Detailed Audit involves a thorough study of practically all equipment/systems.
SOPHISTICATION OF AUDIT
concentrating on the major energy consuming equipment/systems such as chillers, large air handling units (AHUs), or common items usually with EMOs easily identifiable such as over-cooled spaces and T8 fluorescent tubes being used. Reference to record of equipment ratings, technical catalogue, O&M manuals that are readily available will be very helpful to quickly determine where equipment/systems are operating efficiently. Calculations, usually simple in nature, should be done to quantify the saving achievable from implementation of the identified EMOs. The audit should be carried out in one day by either one auditor or one audit team, depending on the size and the complexity of the building and the scope of the audit. If the audit team wants to check more areas, more auditor-hours are required. Usually, simple instruments such as thermometer tube, multi-meters and lux meter will serve the purpose. A Walk-through Audit should, other than fulfilling the original objectives, give an overview of other areas with potential EMOs.
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5.2.3 Findings
This part aims to focus on description of the results of the site surveys and should include:a) Findings in a systematic format such as in order of systems (e.g. first on HVAC Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest level to top floor), or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office, common corridor, lift lobby, etc.); b) Descriptions of floors/areas with special requirements (e.g. 24-hour operation, low space temperature for computer room, etc.); c) Calculation on cooling load, heating load, lighting load, electrical load and annual energy consumption (detailed calculations should be included as appendix); d) Findings on O&M procedures and practices; and e) Preliminary identification of possible EMOs against corresponding findings. The descriptions should focus on issues related to possible EMOs and provide systematic numbering to findings for purpose of easy cross-reference. Appendix J serves as references. d) Comparison on the different solutions to the same EMOs, as appropriate; e) Classification of the EMOs into categories (Cat. I, Cat. II or Cat. III); f) Listing of EMOs in a systematic format such as in order of system (e.g. first on HVAC Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest level to top floor) or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office, common corridor, lift lobby, etc.); g) Programme for implementation of the EMOs; h) Identification of areas for further study, if any; i) Indication of parties concerned in the implementation of EMOs and the difficulties that may encounter and general methodologies to overcome them; and j) Initial investment and payback of each EMO in the summary.
5.2.5 Recommendations
This part aims to focus on:a) The initial investment and payback period of each EMO. b) The summary of recommendations in a systematic order. c) Grouping items of similar nature/location/usage together or group according to their categories (Cat. I, Cat. II and Cat. III).
12 EMO IMPLEMENTATION
EMO IMPLEMENTATION
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The audit team would then proceed to:a) Consolidate all these After Audit findings, reassess the proposed EMOs, make adjustments or even delete if necessary and amend relevant capital cost involved; b) Work out a revised list of EMOs with energy savings, capital cost and remarks on parties involved and specific attentions for implementation; c) Prepare a revised programme of EMO implementation, which should address the time required to procure the services/ products, the constraints not yet resolved such as the agreement by end-users to carry out the works in their working areas; d) Prepare a rough estimate of the time expected in resolving the constraints; e) Refer the EMOs with unresolved administration constraints to the building management for comment and decision; f) Obtain final endorsement from the building management of the proposed programme if necessary; and g) Obtain endorsement of the revised programme from the building management. Experience has indicated that communication with end-users involved, O&M personnel and the building owner is very important to the success of EMO implementation. Whilst the audit team may take much effort and time to convince these parties that the proposed programme will contribute to energy savings, which means less expenditure to the building, the audit team should carry out their work more efficiently by having a harmonious relationship with them. The management concept of partnership among all parties concerned will smoothen the implementation process.
6.2 Planning
After receiving adequate support from the building management, the audit team should proceed to plan how to implement the EMOs based on the energy audit report. The audit team shoulda) Check if the solutions to the EMOs in detail and if not complete the corresponding design; b) Check if adequate staff resources would be available and if not employ an audit consultant to do the detailed design and specification for the works required; c) Identify the roles and responsibilities of the O&M personnel, the building management, end-users and relevant parties concerned; d) Discuss with all parties involved and inform them the audit objectives and the audit scope, providing them copies of relevant sections of the audit report as appropriate; e) Organise meetings for the monitoring of EMO implementation (Setting up of an ad-hoc committee for overall coordination and better understanding); f) Consider ideas and comments from parties involved on the proposed EMOs, as there may be areas that the audit team has not properly considered during the audit or there may be some areas, EMOs or constraints that the audit team has overlooked in the audit; g) Take into account that a lot of work may have to be carried out outside office hours, in order to minimise disruptions to routine building operation; and h) Take into account that a lot of lobbying may be worthwhile, in order to obtain end-users support and cooperation.
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These activities should be regularly reviewed and the policy should be reassessed and redefined as appropriate. A not-cost-effectiveenough EMO may be implemented, when there are major retrofits associated with this EMO. An example is the availability of fresh water for heat rejection method. This kind of long-term EMO can be implemented as an activity of the EMP. During energy audit, the building management might have installed some meters to monitor energy consumption for certain equipment/systems. Whilst some of them will be removed after the audit, some could be remained as part of the equipment/ systems. There may be also areas that meters could not be installed, due to site constraints or operational constraints. As an activity of the EMP, the building management should install meters (permanent type) or make provisions for ready connection of meters for each main system, its sub-systems and its associated components. Based on these metering facilities, the building management should better assess the energy consumption in the long run. To verify the amount of energy savings through the implementation of EMOs, especially Cat II and Cat III EMOs, Measurement and Verification (M&V) are essential. The building management should record the required operational data for energy saving assessment whenever any retrofits associated with these EMOs are implemented. For example, in terms of housekeeping, the building management should record the effectiveness in execution of housekeeping procedures being laid down for a particular venue, before and after retrofit. Sample checks at regular intervals are expected.
An energy audit and subsequent implementation of EMOs should provide certain energy savings. However, in order to maintain these savings over time, the building management needs a long-term Energy Management Programme (EMP). Firstly, the building management develops an Energy Policy and then makes a corporate commitment to energy efficiency and conservation as well as appoints a senior member as energy manager to take charge of the Building Energy Performance (BEP) and to develop energy efficiency strategy. To meet the policy, the building management defines the objectives and energy efficiency targets in terms of energy savings, sets time frames for achievement and allocates adequate staff and financial resources. The building management should develop in-house energy experts and should engage energy manager/energy consultant to look after energy issues. These experts and energy manager/energy consultant should plan for further or periodic energy audits, formulate an action plan for implementation of EMOs and consider the need for staff awareness training to be provided as appropriate. A budget for EMP should be established and based on all these activities.
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A
Instruments Electrical
Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter Multi-meter Wattmeter Power factor meter Light meter (lux meter) Power quality analyser
Voltage Current Resistance Voltage, current, resistance Active power (kW) Power Factor / Apparent power (kVA) calculation Lighting level in lux (illuminance / illumination level) Harmonic contents / Other electrical parameters Conductor temperature in C / Temperature images of overheating conductors (particularly at connection points)
Thermographic scanner/camera
Temperature
Thermometer Sling psychrometer (thermometer) Portable electronic thermometer Infrared remote temperature sensing gun Digital thermometer with temperature probe Dry bulb temperature in C Both dry and wet bulb temperature in C Useful to sense energy losses due to improper insulation or leakage Temperature inside a stream of normally hot air/steam (platinum probe for temperature from 0 to 100C, and thermocouple probe for high temperatures as much as 1200C)
Humidity
Hair hygrometer Digital thermometer Humidity/wet bulb temperature Humidity/wet bulb temperature
Miscellaneous
Exhaust gas analyser with probe Refrigerant gas leakage tester Ultrasonic leak detector Steam leak detector Tachometer Recording device with chart Data logging device Boiler exhaust temperature, O2, CO, CO2 and NOx contents Detect refrigerant leakage Detect compressed air leakage Steam leakage, usually for steam trap Rotating speed Record parameter monitored over a time period on a chart/graph (paper) Couple with measuring instruments for measurement over a time period (electronic memory). Some of the above measuring devices already have built-in data logging functions.
Areas requiring investigation can be spotted easily by:a.) Comparing the different readings of similar equipment at the same hour; b.) Comparing the different readings of the same equipment over time (on different log sheets); and c.) Checking if controlling parameters (flow rate, temperature, operating pressure) are within desired working ranges.
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
23
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
25
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
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or each department or each organisation. Corresponding floor plan (simplified), in A3 or A4 size, can be attached to the questionnaire for marking of areas with problems. The building manager may have to write a note to the end-user. A sample note is as follows:
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C
Building: Date:
APPENDIX
I. Occupancy
Floor: Division / Organization:
Name of person-in-charge:
Tel:
Average daily nos. of occupants: (give figures for different periods of the day, if the differences among such periods are large; give figures for different periods of the year, if the differences among such periods are large)
Photocopying machine
Fax machine
Personal computer
Printer
Water dispenser
Tea urn
Refrigerator
Vending machine
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APPENDIX
C
No, Stop here
III Change in occupancy over past 12 months? (If yes, please describe)
Indicate and number the area(s) with discomfort on office plan attached, and answer the following questions. Area _______ Slightly cold in summer Usually On rainy days when there is no direct sunshine to the area concerned in a.m. in p.m. Others (please state) Others (please describe) Quite cold in summer Usually On rainy days when there is no direct sunshine to the area concerned in a.m. in p.m. Others (please state) Too warm in winter Usually On cloudy days when there is no direct sunshine to the area concerned in a.m. in p.m. Others (please state)
Area _______ Slightly cold in summer Usually On rainy days when there is no direct sunshine to the area concerned in a.m. in p.m. Others (please state) Others (please describe) Quite cold in summer Usually On rainy days when there is no direct sunshine to the area concerned in a.m. in p.m. Others (please state) Too warm in winter Usually On cloudy days when there is no direct sunshine to the area concerned in a.m. in p.m. Others (please state)
(Make copies for completion if there are more areas with thermal discomfort)
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The following audit forms are to assist the audit team to present data reflecting the operational conditions of various equipment/ systems. The data may be copied from records provided by the O&M personnel and the building management (provided that accuracy is checked) or obtained from actual site measurements and surveys. For data provided, the audit team should take re-measurement if the accuracy is in doubt. The auditor should compare the data in these audit forms (a) Against design records and commissioning & testing records if available; (b) With equipment of similar ratings; and (c) With a view to identify any deviations and the corresponding causes. These audit forms by no means cater for all the energy consuming equipment/systems. To cover the necessary equipment under the scope of the audit, the auditor should (a) Make photocopies of relevant forms or reproduce relevant sections in a form for additional equipment of similar nature;
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
D
Remarks
Part 2 : Data
Items tested / checked by Auditor General 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Operating hours Measured room temperature Measured room relative humidity Measured ventilation rate Pattern of occupancy level Usage pattern Are areas too cold, too warm or over ventilated? Are doors/windows opened unnecessarily? Are venetian blinds/curtains not installed/used? _______ hr(s) ________ C ________ % _______ L/s ___ persons __________ __________ *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A.
Conditions
Cleanliness 10. Are filters dirty? 11. Are cooling/heating coils dirty? 12. Are interior of Air Handling Units (AHUs) dirty? 13. Are fans inside AHUs dirty? 14. Are ductworks dirty? 15. Are water strainers dirty? 16. Is chilled water system dirty and not properly conditioned (water sampling may be required)? 17. Is condensing water system dirty and not properly conditioned (water sampling may be required)? 18. Is low temperature hot water (LTHW) system dirty and not properly conditioned (water sampling may be required)? Leakage 19. Is there any refrigerant leakage? 20. Is there any compressor oil leakage? 21. Is there any steam (from steam trap) leakage? 22. Is there any excessive water leaving pump gland? Readings on indicators (flow meter, thermometer, gauge, electrical meter, sight glass) within operating ranges and levels 23. Equipment in/out temperatures ___ C /___ C *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A.
Signature
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D
24. Type of refrigerant
APPENDIX
__________ __________ ___ C /___ C ___ L/s /___ L/s ________ A ________ V *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. If yes, please specify __________________
25. Type of compressor oil 26. In/out pressure on gauges/meters 27. Flow rate on gauges/meters 28. Electrical current on meters 29. Electrical voltage on meters General abnormalities readily identifiable 30. Is there any excessive noise or vibration from fan, pump, motor or bearings? 31. Are there any moving parts (e.g. bearings) not properly lubricated? 32. Is there any insulation worn out or hanging loose? 33. Is the fan belt too loose or tight? 34. Is there any condensate on insulation or surface of equipment for C.H.W. and refrigerant? 35. Is it too hot an insulated surface of steam or hot water equipment/pipe? 36. Are there any worn-out components/parts? 37. Are compressor unloading device not working properly? Controls 38. Is thermostat/humidistat/actuator not located at suitable set point? 39. Is sensor/thermostat/humidistat/actuator malfunctioned? 40. Is sensor/thermostat/humidistat not located at proper location? 41. Is an algorithm not meeting operational requirement? 42. Is sensor/controller not functioning as desired? 43. Is DDC/CCMS not functioning as desired? Efficiency 44. Is efficiency (measured) of major equipment (e.g. COP of chiller) below desired level? Possibility 45. Are there any possibilities to use natural or mechanical ventilation? 46. Are there any possibilities of introducing energy efficient equipment/retrofit Instrument 1. 2. 3. 4. Thermometers Anemometer Clamp-on Ammeter Voltmeter Model No. Manufacturer
Signature
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APPENDIX
D
Remarks
Part 2 : Data
Items tested / checked by Auditor General 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Operating hours Measured lighting level Lighting type Are luminaires dirty? Is circulation area, lobby, car park, loading area with similar lighting level to general office? Is there any presence of unacceptable glare? Are there any lamps near end of life? Are there any worn-out lighting components? Are any sensors and controllers not working as desired? _______ hr(s) _______ Lux ___________ *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A.
Cleanliness Conditions
10. Are emergency lights left on unnecessarily? Possibility 11. Are there any possibilities of introducing energy efficient lightings, electronic ballasts and lighting controls? Others 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Instrument 1. 2. 3. Clamp-on Ammeter Voltmeter Lux meter Model No. Manufacturer
*Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. *Yes/No/N.A. Serial No. Calibration Date Expired Date
Signature
APPENDIX E Some Common Energy Audit Findings, Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings
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E
1. 2. 3. 4.
APPENDIX Some Common Energy Audit Findings, Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings
Corresponding EMOs Approximate Energy Savings1
Audit Finding HVAC Installation EMO Cat. I A/C remaining ON outside office hours Too cold in summer, e.g. measured room temperature 21C
The last man out or install a timer to turn off A/C Set thermostat to desired room temperature, say 24C; or repair/replace the thermostat if it is not functional Close door or window
Door or window left open when AC is ON Excessive air pressure drop across air filter of AHU Chiller set to provide 6C chilled water outside summer
5 to 20%
5.
3 to 6% chiller power
HVAC Installation EMO Cat. II 6. No blinds or blinds not closed for window with strong sunshine Access door for cooling AHU or ductwork has air leakage (say 3%) Excessive water leaving chilled water pump glands Overcooled spots due to improper air balancing Install or close blinds 5 to 30% cooling energy to offset solar heat gain through window 3% fan power
7.
Identify and rectify the leaking gasket/sealant of the access door/ductwork Check & improve shaft seal
8.
9.
Balance the air supply system, add dampers as appropriate Balance the water supply system, add valves if practicable
10. Overcooled spots due to improper water balancing HVAC Installation EMO Cat. III
15 to 25%
11. Window exposed to strong sunlight Apply anti-ultraviolet film 12. Boiler with 25% excess air (combustion) 13. Air flow of VAV AHU controlled by inlet guide vanes 14. Secondary chilled water pump driven by constant speed motor Adjust excess air to 10%
>20% 1.5%
Add VVVF inverter type variable speed drive 10 to 30% pump power (with controlling sensor at strategic point downstream and at setting such that adequate pressure at low load condition can be provided to far away cooling coils)
The figures are for reference only. Actual energy savings will depend on different conditions and applications.
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APPENDIX E Some Common Energy Audit Findings, Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings
APPENDIX
Audit Finding Lighting Installation EMO Cat. I 15. Lighting level in corridor area at 500 lux, which is on high side, however capital cost not available for retrofit 16. Lightings along window areas turned ON at day time, providing a lux level well over 700 lux
Corresponding EMOs
Disconnect power supply to some lightings and lower illumination to suitable level, say 100 lux.
Maintain the lighting level at 500 lux by: turning off corresponding perimeter lightings; or if both interior lightings and perimeter lightings share the same control switch re-wire to facilitate 2 independent control switches for each of the 2 zones; or replace the ballasts of lightings (only if lighting can suit) at perimeter with dimmable electronic type and control by photo sensor.
Lighting Installation EMO Cat. II 17. T12/T10 fluorescent tube used in lightings (e.g. exit sign) 18. T8 fluorescent lighting (fixture & tube) used 19. Manual control for lighting ON/OFF 20. Electromagnetic ballast used in lightings with T8 fluorescent tube 21. Incandescent lamp being used Replace with T8 fluorescent tube (not feasible for quick start type) Replace with T5 fluorescent lighting 10%
30-40%
>20% 20 to 40%
80%, plus if space is AC the cooling energy to offset the higher heat dissipation from incandescent lamp
Electrical Installation EMO Cat. III 22. Over sizing of motor by 30% Replace with smaller motor of proper rating Add VVVF variable speed drive 23. Overall power factor of 0.8 Improve to min. 0.85 5% 50% Minimise I2R losses through distribution network Minimise I2R losses through distribution network
24. 30% total harmonics distortion (THDI) Add harmonics filter to reduce to the extent of THDI subject to the circuit current, I at rated load condition
The figures are for reference only. Actual energy savings will depend on different conditions and applications.
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EMO requiring capital expenditure shall be evaluated to see if it is economically justifiable. The evaluation can be done using the following methods.
where NCF = net cash flow at year end t (positive for savings and negative for expenditure) i = interest rate n = years of economic life of equipment/installation The NPV concept recognises that the longer the time the money is gained the less attractive the investment becomes, as returns for each year are progressively discounted with time.
Example:
The following example shows the payback period for replacing 400 nos. of electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts, each serving a single T8 36W (1200mm) fluorescent tube. Each electronic ballast costs $120 to purchase and install. The operating hours are 10 per day, 6 days per week and electricity cost is $0.9 per kWh. Rating of fluorescent tube at 50 Hz operation Lighting system power with electromagnetic ballast Lighting system power with HF electronic ballast Lighting power saved = 48W 36W Energy saving per year per lighting = 10 hr/day x 6 days/week x 52 weeks x 0.012kW Energy saving per year for 400 lightings = 37.44kWh x 400 36W 48W 36W 12W 37.44kWh 14,976kWh
The higher the IRR the more cost effective is the investment. Many financial calculators and spreadsheet computer programmes can calculate both NPV and IRR quite readily.
Initial capital cost = $120 x 400 = $48,000 Yearly benefit or cost savings = 14,976 kWh x $0.9/kWh = $13,478 Yearly cost = 0 (assuming no additional maintenance cost and depreciation cost and no cost of interest on the initial capital cost) Payback Period = ($48,000) / ($13,478 - 0) = 3.6 years
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Example:
If most readings of bills are taken on 8th of each month, a month to reflect energy consumptions shall start on the 9th and end on the 8th. Assume town gas consumption has been read and computed as 1000 units from April 5th to May 5th (31 days) and 1100 units from May 6th to June 6th (32 days). The normalised consumption from April 9th to May 8th (30 days) is : = 1000 / 31 x 27 (April 9th to May 5th ) + 1100 / 32 x 3 (May 6th to May 8th ) = 974 units
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX I Energy Utilisation Index / Building Energy Performance of Some Government Office Buildings
APPENDIX
Energy Utilisation Index / Building Energy Performance of Some Government Office Buildings
Office Building
A B C D E F G H I J K
GFA (m2)
109,000 109,000 62,000 55,000 24,000 16,000 15,000 11,000 7,000 4,000 3,000
EUI (MJ/m2)
1,150 940 970 1,080 1,010 1,120 650 860 790 680 970
BEP (kWh/m2)
320 260 270 300 280 310 180 240 220 190 270
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J
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.
HVAC Installation
The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-
1. General housekeeping
Turn on equipment/system based on operational hours of building; Adopt natural or mechanical ventilation for areas not require A/C; Set HVAC for corresponding over-cooled/heated/ ventilated areas to the usage specific temperature, humidity and ventilation levels; Keep unnecessarily opened door/window closed; Turn on HVAC only when required; and Lower venetian blinds under strong sunshine.
3.4.
3.5.
2. Improved maintenance/repair
2.1. Cleanliness and leakage 2.1.1. Improve air flow by cleaning filter, coil, interior of AHU, fan, ductwork, damper, etc.; 2.1.2. Improve heat transfer of coil by surface cleaning and flushing of coil interior; 2.1.3. Reduce water flow resistance by pipe flushing; 2.1.4. Install as appropriate water conditioning equipment for water side system, particularly for open system; 2.1.5. Check that water conditioning system is functioning properly with suitable flow and dosage; 2.1.6. Repair leaking parts; 2.1.7. Adjust/replace pump gland to reduce excessive flow; 2.1.8. Top up refrigerant, compressor oil; and 2.1.9. Clean/adjust/repair steam trap. 2.2. Other general abnormalities 2.2.1. Adjust alignment of shaft of fan, pump, motor, etc.; 2.2.2. Repair, replace vibration isolation of fan, pump, motor, etc.; 2.2.3. Replace loose/worn out insulation; 2.2.4. Repair worn-out components/parts; 2.2.5. Add proper lubricant to moving parts (e.g. bearings); 2.2.6. Repair or replace bearings; 2.2.7. Adjust tension of fan belt, replace belt; 2.2.8. Adjust control of compressor sequencing/pressure; and 2.2.9. Add adequate/replace insulation to equipment/ duct/pipe surface with condensate (for cooling) and surface with a higher than usual temperature (for heating). 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10.
4. Controls
4.1. Relocate sensor, thermostat and control to suitable location that can properly reflect the condition of parameter under control; Adjust control algorithm/program to meet actual operational needs; Repair/replace malfunction thermostat, sensor, actuator, controller, etc.; Check DDC, CCMS, repair/replace defective components, fine-tune program (may need assistance from control vendor); and Add timer, occupancy sensor, CO2 sensor (for fresh air provision), etc.
4.5.
5. Optimise operating parameters of major equipment, particularly at part load, to bring efficiency to desired level
5.1. 5.2. 5.3. Raise evaporating temperature for chiller outside peak season/peak hours Avoid excessive air in stack and check water conditioning system regularly for boiler; and Maintain proper operation & maintenance, particularly cleanliness of heat transfer surface
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APPENDIX
6. Introduce energy efficient equipment or retrofit for more efficient operation wherever applicable
6.1. 6.2. Install VVVF type variable speed drive; Use of computerised energy efficient program c/w sensors and actuators to operate system components or equipment; Install Heat recovery equipment (thermal wheel, heat pipe); Replace with energy efficient equipment/control when equipment is near end of operational life; Retrofit to provide spot cooling or ventilating (on top of the general cooling that is at a slightly higher temperature or lower ventilation rate); Add air curtain and venetian blinds; Apply anti-ultraviolet film to window glazing exposed to strong sunlight; Install automatic tube cleaning system for chiller; Use heat pump in lieu of boiler for LTHW; Adopt fresh water cooling for districts within the Pilot Scheme on the Wider Use of Fresh Water for Watercooled Air Conditioning in Non-domestic Building; Adopt fresh air pre-conditioner; Adopt evaporative cooling of air-cooled chiller; Use condensate from AHU to pre-cool primary fresh air; and Use of CCMS.
14. Modify circuit of non-maintained type emergency lights such that they are energised only (in accordance with the requirement of fire service department) at any time when normal power fails; 15. Combined use of electronic ballast with automatic control such as dimming facility, photo sensor, occupancy sensor and timer, such that the lighting under control will change its output according to the amount of natural light to provide a lighting level as required, or when there is no occupant turn off or lower its output to designated level at off hours; 16. Retrofit with energy efficient lighting (e.g. low bay discharge lighting with energy efficient lighting having T5 fluorescent tube, electronic ballast and parabolic reflector); 17. Add programmable lighting control to suit end-user need; 18. Use self-luminous Tritium EXIT sign to replace conventional signs with lighting; and 19. Replace with energy efficient lighting/lamp/control when lighting/lamp is near end of operational life.
Electrical Installation
The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:1. Check if use of maximum demand/bulk tariff structure (kVA cost plus a lower kWh cost) is beneficial; 2. Reasonably balance the single phase loads, especially those with non-linear characteristics, among the three phases; 3. Install power factor improvement device (preferably at the load side); 4. Install harmonics filter (at the source of distortion) to limit THD; and 5. Adopt solid-state energy optimiser to reduce part load motor losses. Unlike HVAC or lighting, the savings from the above EMOs may have a longer payback period, which may not be attractive to the building owners in the first instance. However, a system with clean power quality would have better operational performance and demand less maintenance, which means a longer operating life.
Lighting Installation
The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:1. Improve operation e.g. By turning on only when required; 2. Improve maintenance/repair e.g. cleaning; 3. Replace malfunction switch/sensor; 4. Remove lamp and disconnect circuitry for over-lit area or area not requiring lighting; 5. Lower lighting level of circulation area (usually requiring lower illumination than office working areas); 6. Replace with energy efficient lamp that provide the same adequate illumination yet consuming less energy, e.g. Incandescent lamp with compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), T12/ T10 fluorescent tube with T5 tube, etc.; 7. Replace conventional electro-magnetic ballast with electronic ballast; 8. Add task lighting; 9. Add timer control; 10. Add dimmer control; 11. Add photo sensor control; 12. Add occupancy sensor control; 13. Modify switching arrangement such that lighting groups can be better controlled according to end-user need;
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APPENDIX