A TRAINING REPORT ON

Php with Mysql

In the Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B. Tech. C.S.E. -7TH SEMESTER

SUBMITTED TO:
Mr.Ved Parkash (H.O.D. In C.S.E. Dept.)

SUBMITTED BY:
Abhishek wadhawan 9202

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our heartiest gratitude to H.O.D. Mr. Ved Parkash for their proper guidance, constant encouragement, and constructive suggestions, thought provoking decisions and for giving us full opportunity to practically handle the system, without whose supervision this could not be possible. We also take the privilege to pay our deepest appreciation and heartiest thanks to Ms Seema Sharma whose constant guidance is an unbounded source of inspiration for us. We own a great debt of gratitude towards our honorable Mr. Manjeet Singh whose invaluable expert suggestions, at crucial junctures set our thinking on right track.

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CERTIFICATE

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CONTENTS Topic
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Certificate Php Course Php introduction6 Php installation. 8 Php syntax.........9 Php variables.11 Php string..........16 Php operators....18 Php if-else.....21 Php switch........25 Php arrays........27 Php loops..32 Php functions....37 Php forms.41 Php $_POST & $_GET42 Php SESSION .45 Php mail..48 Mysql Mysql introduction...51 Mysql connect.55 Mysql INSERT58 Mysql SELECT60 Mysql WHERE63

Page no

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 Mysql ORDER BY..66 Mysql DELETE...68

Introduction to php
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What is PHP?

PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP PHP scripts are executed on the server PHP supports many databases (Mysql, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)

PHP is an open source software PHP is free to download and use

What is a PHP File?

PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or ".phtml"

PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed serverside scripting languages to be embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. The code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting Web page. It also has evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.[2]PHP can be deployed on most 6 |Page Php with msql

Web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform free of charge.[3] A competitor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine[4] and similar languages, PHP is installed on more than 20 million Web sites and 1 million Web servers.[5] Software that uses PHP includes Media Wiki, Joomla, Word press, Concrete5, MyBB, andDrupal. PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the formal reference to the PHP language.[6]PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL)

Installation of Php:
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For installing php we either install local host server (A M P) or install Php, Mysql, Apache, and Phpmyadmin manually. Method 1: To install local host server AMP, there are many distributions from different manufacturer. For Windows there are WAMP, XAMP For Mac there are MAMP, For Linux there LAMP servers are available for download. Just install with administrator rights.

Now open AMP (Apache, mysql, php) server and check for installation by opening up browser and typing local host or 127.0.0.1 Then you will see the welcome message of local host. There is a file for configuration of all php handling that is php.ini located in the php folder in the server root directory.

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Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. On servers with shorthand-support, you can start a PHP script with <? and end with ?>. For maximum compatibility, we recommend that you use the standard form (<?php) rather than the shorthand form. <?php ?> A PHP file must have a .php extension. A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code. Below, we have an example of a simple PHP script that sends the text "Hello World" back to the browser: <html> <body>

<?php echo "Hello World"; ?>

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</body> </html> Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another. There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print. In the example above we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello World".

Comments in PHP
In PHP, we use // to make a one-line comment or /* and */ to make a comment block: <html> <body> <?php //This is a comment /* This is a comment block */ ?> </body> </html> 10 | P a g e Php with msql

PHP Variables
As with algebra, PHP variables are used to hold values or expressions. A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like carName. Rules for PHP variable names:

Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign, followed by the name of the variable

The variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore character

A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )

A variable name should not contain spaces Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

PHP has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it: $myCar="Volvo";

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After the execution of the statement above, the variable myCar will hold the value Volvo. Tip: If you want to create a variable without assigning it a value, then you assign it the value of null. Let's create a variable containing a string, and a variable containing a number: <?php $txt="Hello World!"; $x=16; ?> Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, put quotes around the value.

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before adding a value to it. In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is. PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value. In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it.

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PHP Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the portion of the script in which the variable can be referenced. PHP has four different variable scopes:

local global static parameter

Local Scope
A variable declared within a PHP function is local and can only be accessed within that function. (the variable has local scope): <?php $a = 5; // global scope function myTest() { echo $a; // local scope } myTest(); ?> The script above will not produce any output because the echo statement refers to the local scope variable $a, which has not been assigned a value within this scope. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because local variables are only recognized by the function in which they are declared.

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Global Scope
Global scope refers to any variable that is defined outside of any function. Global variables can be accessed from any part of the script that is not inside a function. To access a global variable from within a function, use the global keyword: <?php $a = 5; $b = 10;

function myTest() { global $a, $b; $b = $a + $b; }

myTest(); echo $b; ?> The script above will output 15.

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PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. Its index is the name of the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to update global variables directly. The example above can be rewritten as this: <?php $a = 5; $b = 10;

function myTest() { $GLOBALS['b'] = $GLOBALS['a'] + $GLOBALS['b']; }

myTest(); echo $b; ?>

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Php String
There is only one string operator in PHP. The concatenation operator (.) is used to put two string values together. To concatenate two string variables together, use the concatenation operator: <?php $txt1="Hello World!"; $txt2="What a nice day!"; echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2; ?> The output of the code above will be: Hello World! What a nice day! If we look at the code above you see that we used the concatenation operator two times. This is because we had to insert a third string (a space character), to separate the two strings.

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The strlen() function The strlen() function is used to return the length of a string. Let's find the length of a string: <?php echo strlen("Hello world!"); ?> The output of the code above will be: 12 The length of a string is often used in loops or other functions, when it is important to know when the string ends. (i.e. in a loop, we would want to stop the loop after the last character in the string).

The strpos() function The strpos() function is used to search for a character/text within a string. If a match is found, this function will return the character position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE. Let's see if we can find the string "world" in our string: <?php echo strpos("Hello world!","world"); ?> The output of the code above will be: 6 The position of the string "world" in the example above is 6. The reason that it is 6 (and not 7), is that the first character position in the string is 0, and not 1. 17 | P a g e Php with msql

PHP Operators
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to variables in PHP. The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together. Arithmetic Operators
The table below lists the arithmetic operators in PHP:

Operator Name x+y Addition x-y Subtraction x*y x/y x%y

Description Sum of x and y Difference of x and y Multiplication Product of x and y Division Quotient of x and y Modulus Remainder of x divided by y Negation Opposite of x Concatenation Concatenate two strings

Example 2+2 5-2 5*2 15 / 5 5%2 10 % 8 10 % 2 -2 "Hi" . "Ha"

Result 4 3 10 3 1 2 0 HiHa

-x a.b

Assignment Operators The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right. That is, the value of "$x = 5" is 5. Assignment Same as... Description x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right x += y x = x + y Addition x -= y x = x - y Subtraction 18 | P a g e Php with msql

x *= y x /= y x %= y a .= b

x=x*y x=x/y x=x%y a=a.b

Multiplication Division Modulus Concatenate two strings

Incrementing/Decrementing Operators

Operator Name ++ x Preincrement x ++ Postincrement -- x Predecrement x -Postdecrement

Description Increments x by one, then returns x Returns x, then increments x by one Decrements x by one, then returns x Returns x, then decrements x by one

Comparison Operators Comparison operators allows you to compare two values: Operator Name x == y Equal x === y Identical Description True if x is equal to y True if x is equal to y, and they are of same type Not equal True if x is not equal to y Not equal True if x is not equal to y Not True if x is not equal to identical y, or they are not of same type Greater than True if x is greater than Example 5==8 returns false 5==="5" returns false 5!=8 returns true 5<>8 returns true 5!=="5" returns true 5>8 returns false 19 | P a g e Php with msql

x != y x <> y x !== y

x>y

x<y x >= y x <= y

y Less than True if x is less than y 5<8 returns true Greater than True if x is greater than 5>=8 returns false or equal to or equal to y Less than or True if x is less than or 5<=8 returns true equal to equal to y

Logical Operators Operator Name x and y And Description Example True if both x and y are x=6 true y=3 (x < 10 and y > 1) returns true True if either or both x x=6 and y are true y=3 (x==6 or y==5) returns true True if either x or y is x=6 true, but not both y=3 (x==6 xor y==3) returns false True if both x and y are x=6 true y=3 (x < 10 && y > 1) returns true True if either or both x x=6 and y are true y=3 (x==5 || y==5) returns false True if x is not true x=6 y=3 !(x==y) returns true

x or y

Or

x xor y

Xor

x && y

And

x || y

Or

!x

Not

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Php if-else condition

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is false if...elseif....else statement - use this statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed

The if Statement Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true. Syntax if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday: <html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); 21 | P a g e Php with msql

if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; ?> </body> </html> Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. The code is executed only if the specified condition is true. The if...else Statement Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a condition is false. Syntax if (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true; } else { code to be executed if condition is false; } Example The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!": <html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Have a nice weekend!"; } 22 | P a g e Php with msql

else { echo "Have a nice day!"; } ?> </body> </html>

The if...elseif....else Statement Use the if....elseif...else statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed. Syntax if (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true; } elseif (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true; } else { code to be executed if condition is false; } Example The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!": <html> <body> <?php 23 | P a g e Php with msql

$d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Have a nice weekend!"; } elseif ($d=="Sun") { echo "Have a nice Sunday!"; } else { echo "Have a nice day!"; } ?> </body> </html>

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The PHP Switch Statement

Syntax switch (n) { case label1: code to be executed if n=label1; break; case label2: code to be executed if n=label2; break; default: code to be executed if n is different from both label1 and label2; } This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically. The default statement is used if no match is found. Example: <html> <body> <?php $x=1; switch ($x) { case 1: echo "Number 1"; break; case 2: echo "Number 2"; break; case 3: echo "Number 3"; 25 | P a g e Php with msql

break; default: echo "No number between 1 and 3"; } ?> </body> </html>

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What is an Array?
A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only one value. An array is a special variable, which can store multiple values in one single variable. If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables could look like this: $cars1="Saab"; $cars2="Volvo"; $cars3="BMW"; However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300? The best solution here is to use an array! An array can hold all your variable values under a single name. And you can access the values by referring to the array name. Each element in the array has its own index so that it can be easily accessed. In PHP, there are three kind of arrays:

Numeric array - An array with a numeric index Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a value Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays

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Numeric Arrays
A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index. There are two methods to create a numeric array. 1. In the following example the index are automatically assigned (the index starts at 0): $cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); 2. In the following example we assign the index manually: $cars[0]="Saab"; $cars[1]="Volvo"; $cars[2]="BMW"; $cars[3]="Toyota"; Example In the following example you access the variable values by referring to the array name and index: <?php $cars[0]="Saab"; $cars[1]="Volvo"; $cars[2]="BMW"; $cars[3]="Toyota"; echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are Swedish cars."; ?> The code above will output: Saab and Volvo are Swedish cars.

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Associative Arrays
An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value. When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the best way to do it. With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them. Example 1 In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons: $ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34); Example 2 This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the array: $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; The ID keys can be used in a script: <?php $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old."; ?> The code above will output: Peter is 32 years old.

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Multidimensional Arrays
In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can also be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on. Example In this example we create a multidimensional array, with automatically assigned ID keys: $families = array ( "Griffin"=>array ( "Peter", "Lois", "Megan" ), "Quagmire"=>array ( "Glenn" ), "Brown"=>array ( "Cleveland", "Loretta", "Junior" ) ); The array above would look like this if written to the output: Array ( [Griffin] => Array ( [0] => Peter [1] => Lois 30 | P a g e Php with msql

[2] => Megan ) [Quagmire] => Array ( [0] => Glenn ) [Brown] => Array ( [0] => Cleveland [1] => Loretta [2] => Junior ) ) Example 2 Lets try displaying a single value from the array above: echo "Is " . $families['Griffin'][2] . " a part of the Griffin family?"; The code above will output: Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?

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PHP Loops
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this. In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as a specified condition is true for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

The while Loop The while loop executes a block of code while a condition is true. Syntax while (condition) { code to be executed; } Example The example below first sets a variable i to 1 ($i=1;). Then, the while loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs: <html> <body> <?php $i=1; 32 | P a g e Php with msql

while($i<=5) { echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; $i++; } ?> </body> </html> Output: The number is 1 The number is 2 The number is 3 The number is 4 The number is 5

The do...while Statement The do...while statement will always execute the block of code once, it will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the condition is true. Syntax do { code to be executed; } while (condition); Example The example below first sets a variable i to 1 ($i=1;). Then, it starts the do...while loop. The loop will increment the variable i with 1, and then write some output. Then the condition is 33 | P a g e Php with msql

checked (is i less than, or equal to 5), and the loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5: <html> <body> <?php $i=1; do { $i++; echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; } while ($i<=5); ?> </body> </html> Output: The number is 2 The number is 3 The number is 4 The number is 5 The number is 6 The for Loop The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run. Syntax for (init; condition; increment) { code to be executed; } Parameters: 34 | P a g e Php with msql

init: Mostly used to set a counter (but can be any code to be executed once at the beginning of the loop) condition: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends. increment: Mostly used to increment a counter (but can be any code to be executed at the end of the iteration)

Note: The init and increment parameters above can be empty or have multiple expressions (separated by commas). Example The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. The loop will continue to run as long as the variable i is less than, or equal to 5. The variable i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs: <html> <body> <?php for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++) { echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; } ?> </body> </html> Output: The number is 1 The number is 2 The number is 3 The number is 4 The number is 5

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The foreach Loop The foreach loop is used to loop through arrays. Syntax foreach ($array as $value) { code to be executed; } For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value (and the array pointer is moved by one) - so on the next loop iteration, you'll be looking at the next array value. Example The following example demonstrates a loop that will print the values of the given array: <html> <body> <?php $x=array("one","two","three"); foreach ($x as $value) { echo $value . "<br />"; } ?> </body> </html> Output: one two three 36 | P a g e Php with msql

PHP Functions
To keep the script from being executed when the page loads, you can put it into a function. A function will be executed by a call to the function. You may call a function from anywhere within a page. Create a PHP Function A function will be executed by a call to the function. Syntax function functionName() { code to be executed; } PHP function guidelines:

Give the function a name that reflects what the function does The function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number)

Example A simple function that writes my name when it is called: <html> <body> <?php function writeName() { echo "Kai Jim Refsnes"; } echo "My name is "; 37 | P a g e Php with msql

writeName(); ?> </body> </html> Output: My name is Kai Jim Refsnes

PHP Functions - Adding parameters To add more functionality to a function, we can add parameters. A parameter is just like a variable. Parameters are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. Example 1 The following example will write different first names, but equal last name: <html> <body> <?php function writeName($fname) { echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />"; } echo "My name is "; writeName("Kai Jim"); echo "My sister's name is "; writeName("Hege"); echo "My brother's name is "; writeName("Stale"); 38 | P a g e Php with msql

?> </body> </html> Output: My name is Kai Jim Refsnes. My sister's name is Hege Refsnes. My brother's name is Stale Refsnes. Example 2 The following function has two parameters: <html> <body> <?php function writeName($fname,$punctuation) { echo $fname . " Refsnes" . $punctuation . "<br />"; } echo "My name is "; writeName("Kai Jim","."); echo "My sister's name is "; writeName("Hege","!"); echo "My brother's name is "; writeName("Stle","?"); ?> </body> </html> Output:

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My name is Kai Jim Refsnes. My sister's name is Hege Refsnes! My brother's name is Stle Refsnes?

PHP Functions - Return values To let a function return a value, use the return statement. Example <html> <body> <?php function add($x,$y) { $total=$x+$y; return $total; } echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16); ?> </body> </html> Output: 1 + 16 = 17

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PHP Form Handling

The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and PHP is that any form element in an HTML page will automatically be available to your PHP scripts. Example The example below contains an HTML form with two input fields and a submit button: <html> <body> <form action="welcome.php" method="post"> Name: <input type="text" name="fname" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> When a user fills out the form above and clicks on the submit button, the form data is sent to a PHP file, called "welcome.php": "welcome.php" looks like this: <html> <body> Welcome <?php echo $_POST["fname"]; ?>!<br /> You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old. </body> </html> Output could be something like this: Welcome John! You are 28 years old. 41 | P a g e Php with msql

The $_GET Variable

The predefined $_GET variable is used to collect values in a form with method="get" Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (it will be displayed in the browser's address bar) and has limits on the amount of information to send. Example <form action="welcome.php" method="get"> Name: <input type="text" name="fname" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL sent to the server could look something like this: http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php?fname=Peter&age=37 The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET variable to collect form data (the names of the form fields will automatically be the keys in the $_GET array): Welcome <?php echo $_GET["fname"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

When to use method="get"? When using method="get" in HTML forms, all variable names and values are displayed in the URL. Note: This method should not be used when sending passwords or other sensitive information! However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page. This can be useful in some cases. 42 | P a g e Php with msql

Note: The get method is not suitable for very large variable values. It should not be used with values exceeding 2000 characters. The $_POST Variable The predefined $_POST variable is used to collect values from a form sent with method="post". Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others and has no limits on the amount of information to send. Note: However, there is an 8 Mb max size for the POST method, by default (can be changed by setting the post_max_size in the php.ini file). Example <form action="welcome.php" method="post"> Name: <input type="text" name="fname" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL will look like this: http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_POST variable to collect form data (the names of the form fields will automatically be the keys in the $_POST array): Welcome <?php echo $_POST["fname"]; ?>!<br /> You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.

When to use method="post"? Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others and has no limits on the amount of information to send. 43 | P a g e Php with msql

However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark the page.

The PHP $_REQUEST Variable The predefined $_REQUEST variable contains the contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIE. The $_REQUEST variable can be used to collect form data sent with both the GET and POST methods. Example Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["fname"]; ?>!<br /> You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old.

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PHP Session Variables

When you are working with an application, you open it, do some changes and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the application and when you end. But on the internet there is one problem: the web server does not know who you are and what you do because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state. A PHP session solves this problem by allowing you to store user information on the server for later use (i.e. username, shopping items, etc). However, session information is temporary and will be deleted after the user has left the website. If you need a permanent storage you may want to store the data in a database. Sessions work by creating a unique id (UID) for each visitor and store variables based on this UID. The UID is either stored in a cookie or is propagated in the URL. Starting a PHP Session Before you can store user information in your PHP session, you must first start up the session. Note: The session_start() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag: <?php session_start(); ?> <html> <body> </body> </html> The code above will register the user's session with the server, allow you to start saving user information, and assign a UID for that user's session. 45 | P a g e Php with msql

Storing a Session Variable The correct way to store and retrieve session variables is to use the PHP $_SESSION variable: <?php session_start(); // store session data $_SESSION['views']=1; ?> <html> <body> <?php //retrieve session data echo "Pageviews=". $_SESSION['views']; ?> </body> </html> Output: Pageviews=1 In the example below, we create a simple page-views counter. The isset() function checks if the "views" variable has already been set. If "views" has been set, we can increment our counter. If "views" doesn't exist, we create a "views" variable, and set it to 1: <?php session_start(); if(isset($_SESSION['views'])) $_SESSION['views']=$_SESSION['views']+1; else 46 | P a g e Php with msql

$_SESSION['views']=1; echo "Views=". $_SESSION['views']; ?>

Destroying a Session If you wish to delete some session data, you can use the unset() or the session_destroy() function. The unset() function is used to free the specified session variable: <?php session_start(); if(isset($_SESSION['views'])) unset($_SESSION['views']); ?> You can also completely destroy the session by calling the session_destroy() function: <?php session_destroy(); ?>

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PHP MAIL
The PHP mail() function is used to send emails from inside a script. Syntax mail(to,subject,message,headers,parameters) Parameter to subject Description Required. Specifies the receiver / receivers of the email Required. Specifies the subject of the email. Note: This parameter cannot contain any newline characters Required. Defines the message to be sent. Each line should be separated with a LF (\n). Lines should not exceed 70 characters Optional. Specifies additional headers, like From, Cc, and Bcc. The additional headers should be separated with a CRLF (\r\n) Optional. Specifies an additional parameter to the sendmail program

message

headers

parameters

Note: For the mail functions to be available, PHP requires an installed and working email system. The program to be used is defined by the configuration settings in the php.ini file. Read more in ourPHP Mail reference.

PHP Simple E-Mail The simplest way to send an email with PHP is to send a text email. In the example below we first declare the variables ($to, $subject, $message, $from, $headers), then we use the variables in the mail() function to send an e-mail: 48 | P a g e Php with msql

<?php $to = "[email protected]"; $subject = "Test mail"; $message = "Hello! This is a simple email message."; $from = "[email protected]"; $headers = "From:" . $from; mail($to,$subject,$message,$headers); echo "Mail Sent."; ?>

PHP Mail Form With PHP, you can create a feedback-form on your website. The example below sends a text message to a specified e-mail address: <html> <body> <?php if (isset($_REQUEST['email'])) //if "email" is filled out, send email { //send email $email = $_REQUEST['email'] ; $subject = $_REQUEST['subject'] ; $message = $_REQUEST['message'] ; mail("[email protected]", $subject, $message, "From:" . $email); echo "Thank you for using our mail form"; } else //if "email" is not filled out, display the form { echo "<form method='post' action='mailform.php'> Email: <input name='email' type='text' /><br /> Subject: <input name='subject' type='text' /><br /> 49 | P a g e Php with msql

Message:<br /> <textarea name='message' rows='15' cols='40'> </textarea><br /> <input type='submit' /> </form>"; } ?> </body> </html> This is how the example above works:

First, check if the email input field is filled out If it is not set (like when the page is first visited); output the HTML form If it is set (after the form is filled out); send the email from the form When submit is pressed after the form is filled out, the page reloads, sees that the email input is set, and sends the email

Note: This is the simplest way to send e-mail, but it is not secure. In the next chapter of this tutorial you can read more about vulnerabilities in e-mail scripts, and how to validate user input to make it more secure.

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MYSQL
MySQL is a database. The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows. Databases are useful when storing information categorically. A company may have a database with the following tables: "Employees", "Products", "Customers" and "Orders".

Database Tables A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Persons": LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger

The table above contains three records (one for each person) and four columns (LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).

Queries A query is a question or a request. With MySQL, we can query a database for specific information and have a recordset returned. 51 | P a g e Php with msql

Look at the following query: SELECT LastName FROM Persons The query above selects all the data in the "LastName" column from the "Persons" table, and will return a recordset like this: LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Create a Connection to a MySQL Database Before you can access data in a database, you must create a connection to the database. In PHP, this is done with the mysql_connect() function. Syntax mysql_connect(servername,username,password); Parameter Description servername Optional. Specifies the server to connect to. Default value is "localhost:3306" username Optional. Specifies the username to log in with. Default value is the name of the user that owns the server process password Optional. Specifies the password to log in with. Default is "" Note: There are more available parameters, but the ones listed above are the most important.

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Example In the following example we store the connection in a variable ($con) for later use in the script. The "die" part will be executed if the connection fails: <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } // some code ?>

Closing a Connection The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the connection before, use the mysql_close() function: <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } // some code mysql_close($con); ?> Create a Database The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL. 53 | P a g e Php with msql

Syntax CREATE DATABASE database_name To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial. To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection. Example The following example creates a database called "my_db": <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con)) { echo "Database created"; } else { echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error(); } mysql_close($con); ?>

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Create a Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MySQL. Syntax CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, column_name3 data_type, .... ) To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial. We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the mysql_query() function to execute the command. Example The following example creates a table named "Persons", with three columns. The column names will be "FirstName", "LastName" and "Age": <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } // Create database if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con)) { echo "Database created"; } else { echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error(); 55 | P a g e Php with msql

} // Create table mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons ( FirstName varchar(15), LastName varchar(15), Age int )"; // Execute query mysql_query($sql,$con); mysql_close($con); ?> Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields Each table should have a primary key field. A primary key is used to uniquely identify the rows in a table. Each primary key value must be unique within the table. Furthermore, the primary key field cannot be null because the database engine requires a value to locate the record. The following example sets the personID field as the primary key field. The primary key field is often an ID number, and is often used with the AUTO_INCREMENT setting. AUTO_INCREMENT automatically increases the value of the field by 1 each time a new record is added. To ensure that the primary key field cannot be null, we must add the NOT NULL setting to the field. Example $sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons ( personID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY(personID), 56 | P a g e Php with msql

FirstName varchar(15), LastName varchar(15), Age int )"; mysql_query($sql,$con); Insert Data Into a Database Table The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a database table. Syntax It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms. The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their values: INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...) The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

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Insert Data From a Form Into a Database

Now we will create an HTML form that can be used to add new records to the "Persons" table. Here is the HTML form: <html> <body> <form action="insert.php" method="post"> Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" /> Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML form in the example above, the form data is sent to "insert.php". The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and retrieves the values from the form with the PHP $_POST variables. Then, the mysql_query() function executes the INSERT INTO statement, and a new record will be added to the "Persons" table. Here is the "insert.php" page: <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); 58 | P a g e Php with msql

$sql="INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES ('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')"; if (!mysql_query($sql,$con)) { die('Error: ' . mysql_error()); } echo "1 record added"; mysql_close($con); ?>

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SELECT
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database. Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial. To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection. Example The following example selects all the data stored in the "Persons" table (The * character selects all the data in the table): <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons"); while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName']; echo "<br />"; } mysql_close($con); ?> 60 | P a g e Php with msql

The example above stores the data returned by the mysql_query() function in the $result variable. Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to return the first row from the recordset as an array. Each call to mysql_fetch_array() returns the next row in the recordset. The while loop loops through all the records in the recordset. To print the value of each row, we use the PHP $row variable ($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']). The output of the code above will be: Peter Griffin Glenn Quagmire

Display the Result in an HTML Table The following example selects the same data as the example above, but will display the data in an HTML table: <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons"); echo "<table border='1'> <tr> <th>Firstname</th> <th>Lastname</th> </tr>"; while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) 61 | P a g e Php with msql

{ echo "<tr>"; echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>"; echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>"; echo "</tr>"; } echo "</table>"; mysql_close($con); ?> The output of the code above will be: Firstname Lastname Glenn Quagmire Peter Griffin

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The WHERE clause

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion. Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection. Example The following example selects all rows from the "Persons" table where "FirstName='Peter'": <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Peter'"); while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName']; echo "<br />"; } ?>

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The output of the code above will be: Peter Griffin The ORDER BY Keyword The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a recordset. The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default. If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword. Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC . Example The following example selects all the data stored in the "Persons" table, and sorts the result by the "Age" column: <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons ORDER BY age"); while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { 64 | P a g e Php with msql

echo $row['FirstName']; echo " " . $row['LastName']; echo " " . $row['Age']; echo "<br />"; } mysql_close($con); ?> The output of the code above will be: Glenn Quagmire 33 Peter Griffin 35

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Order by
It is also possible to order by more than one column. When ordering by more than one column, the second column is only used if the values in the first column are equal: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column1, column2 Update Data In a Database The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table. Syntax UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated! To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial. To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection. Example Earlier in the tutorial we created a table named "Persons". Here is how it looks: FirstName Peter Glenn LastName Griffin Quagmire Age 35 33 66 | P a g e Php with msql

The following example updates some data in the "Persons" table: <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); mysql_query("UPDATE Persons SET Age=36 WHERE FirstName='Peter' AND LastName='Griffin'"); mysql_close($con); ?> After the update, the "Persons" table will look like this: FirstName Peter Glenn LastName Griffin Quagmire Age 36 33

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Delete Data In a Database

The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete records from a database table. Syntax DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column = some_value To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection. Example Look at the following "Persons" table: FirstName Peter Glenn LastName Griffin Quagmire Age 35 33

The following example deletes all the records in the "Persons" table where LastName='Griffin': <?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
} mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);

mysql_query("DELETE FROM Persons WHERE LastName='Griffin'"); mysql_close($con); ?>

After the deletion, the table will look like this:

FirstName Glenn

LastName Quagmire

Age 33 68 | P a g e

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