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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

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pum;? jrefrmtaMumif;rsm;udk &cdkifa0g[m&? &cdkifpum;okdY bmomjyefapjcif;
jzpfonf/ oabFmwpfpD;vHk;wGif &cdkiftrsdK;om; trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfMuNyD; vlaygif;
300ausmfcefY pD;eif;vdkufygcJhygonf/ tm;vHk;aom vlwdkYonf xdkyGJpOfwGif
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&&SdolrSm tvGefenf;onf/ wcsdKUum; rajzEdkif/ ra&;EdkifolwdkYudk awGU& rsm;pGm
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ppfawGNrdKUodkYa&mufcJhpOfu (yef;csD)udkxGef;a0tdrfodkY tvnftywfa&mufcJhonf/
udkxGef;a0tdrf ]]&cdkifom;udk &cdkifom;u &cdkifpum;ajymjcif;jzifh *kPf,lyg}}
[k a&;xm;aompmwef;udk awGU&aomtcg rsm;pGmwkefvIyfacsmufcsm;rdcJhonf/

- vlrsdK;t*Fg&yfudk okyfazmfonf/
- vlrsdK;pdwfqEudk ay:vGifaponf/
Zmudp&yfwGifrqdk bmompum;rsm;uom qufEG,fay;ojzifh vlrIqufqH
a&;wGif t"dur@dKifwpfckyif jzpfonf/
- vlYavmuwGif vlrsdK;[kay:vmvQif bmompum;&Sd&rnf/
- bmompum;ysuf,Gif;u vlrsdK;vnf; ysuf,Gif;vmonf/
- bmompum;aysmufu vlrsdK;yg aysmufrnfudk owdxm;Muyg/
,if;aMumifh trsdK;om;a&; &yfwnfrI taqmufttHkBuD;wGif tmrcHwnf&Sd
aeaom bmompum;udk om;pOfajr;quf rwdrfaum&atmif xdef;odrf;&ef
vdktyfMuayonf/

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toQifpudE

&cdkifjynfe,f\NrdKUawmf odkYa&;xm;&jcif;onf tb,faMumifhenf;/ ,if;aeY

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jyifopf? *smreD? *syefpaom vlrsdK;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYpmaybmompum;? ,Ofaus;
rIwdkYudk wpfurmvHk;u vufcHusifhoHk;Edkifatmif BudK;pm;aeMuonfhtcsdefwGif
uRefyfwdkYtrsdK;om;rsm;um; tav;rxm;? *krrlbJ arh[efaqmifaeMuonf/
arh wwfaeNyD? rajymwwf rqkdwwfjzpfaeMuNyD/ wcsdKUum; rdrdwdkYbmompum;
ajymqdk&rnfudkyif &SufaeMuonf/ toH0J0Jjzifh ryDuvmajym&onfudk *kPf,l
aeMuonfudk awGUjrif&onf/ ,if;odkYqdkvQif urmhEdkifiHtoD;oD; rdrdvlrsdK;\
bmompum;udk a&SUwef;odaYk &mufatmif jyKjyifaeMuaom ynm&Sirf sm;tjrifwiG f
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owaA'ynmt& rsdK;dk;ADZonf xdkodkYjyKjyifHkrQESifh rajymif;EdkifaMumif; twd
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bmompum; ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHrsm; aysmufvQif vlrsdK;yg aysmuf

oGm;Edik o
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kyfcEmudk,fonf touf0dPfr&Sdygu tcsnf;tEDS;yif? touf0dPf&Sd
aomfvnf;? todw&m;r&Sdygu tcsnf;tESD;yif? todwumhtodwGif wdkif;jynf
ESifh vlrsdK;tusdK;udk vdkvm;rItodum; tjrifhjrwf? trGefjrwfqHk;tod r[kwfyg
vm;/
bmompum;vrf;Tefonf rdrdvlrsdK;pum;udk arh[efaqmifolrsm;
twGuf vnf;aumif;? arhaeaomvlrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? avhvmaeaom
olrsm; twGuf vnf;aumif;? acwfrDaom &cdkifha0g[m& tbd"mefpmtkyf
ay:xGufvm Edkifa&;twGuf vnf;aumif; taxmuftulwpfpHkwpf&m jzpfEdkif
onfqdkygu uREkfyfwdkY 0rf;omrdygonf/
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toQifpudE

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10

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ordkif;ESifh oufqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk xkwfa0vsuf&Sd&m wpftkyfxuf
wpftkyf ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmif tNrJwrf;BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvsuf &Sdygonf/ odkY
aomfvnf; taumif;qHk; jzpfrvmEdkifao;yg/
xdkYaMumifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;pmayudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol pmay0goem
&Sifrsm; xHrS a0zeftMuHjyK enf;ay;vrf;jyrIrsm; ay;ydkYMuyg&ef arwm&yfcHvsuf
&Sdyg onf/
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uvnf; (&cdkiftrsdK;om;pmayudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol pmay0goem&Sifrsm;ESifh
qufoG,fndEIdif;aqmif&Gufvdkygojzifh) &cdkiftrsdK;om;pmayudk pdwfyg0ifpm;ol
jzpfygu yl;wGJyg tMuHjyKvTmyHkpHtm; rdrdfvdyfpmtjynfhtpHkjzifh jyefvnfay;ydkYMuyg
&ef arwm&yfcHtyfygonf/

(1) pum;qdkpGm ZmvJ

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

pum;[laoma0g[m&udk wdwdusus t"dym,fzGifhqdk&ef cJ,Of;ayonf/

bmompum;onf ,kwdaA' (Logie) oabmESifh qufEG,faeonf/ ,kwdaA'
wGif qifjcifawG;awmjcif;udk toHk;jyKaomtcg bmompum;udk toHk;jyKMu
onf/
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pum; udk pdwfjzifhawG;awmjcif;yif jzpfonf/
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qifjcifjcif;jyKvkyf&ef bmompum;vdktyfvmonf/ bmompum;r&SdvQif qif
jcifawG;awmjcif;udk rjyKvkyfEdkifay/
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qufqHa&;wGif t"dur@dKifwpfckyifjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh bmompum;
ta&;BuD;yHk udk tm;vHk;aomokawoDynm&Sifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKMu&NyD;
Ia'gifhtrsdK;rsdK;rSae bmompum;\ t"dym,foabmudk aumuf,l&SdcJhMu
avonf/
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zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf[k wdkwdkESifht"dy,foabmudk aumuf,l&SdcJhMuav
onf/

11

toQifpudE

,if;aMumifh pum;ESifhywfouf pum;[lonf ZmaMumif;ZmodkY

ay:aygufvmonfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfMunfh&ef vdktyfvmayonf/
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[efajc[efwdkYESifhom jyEdkifcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/
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wnf;[laom ylonf? at;onf? vIyf&Sm;rIwnf;[laom oGm;vmpm;tdyfponf
wdkYudk trnfonmrsm;rSnfhcg pum;udkxGifvmcJhMuavonf/ ,if;NyD; aemufwpf
qifh ouf&SdoufrJht&mrsm;jzpfaom awm? awmif ? a&ajr? jrpf? acsmif;? tif;
tdkif? vl? acG;? aMumif? uRJ? EGm;? qif? jrif;ponfrsm;udk wpfpwpfp trnfonm
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bmompum;[l ay:aygufcJhavonf/ vlrsdK;tcsif;csif a&mESmcJhMujcif;jzifh
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oHa,mifvdkufcg yifrpum;rS tenf;ESifhtrsm; uGJvmMuaom a'oE&pum;
[l ay:aygufvmjyefygonf/
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ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJ? rmefatmif? oHwGJ? acsmif;om;? taemufjynfom;rsm;ESifh
ykodrf armfwifwpf0dkufwGif tajcjyKaeMuaom ta&SU&cdkif[l a'oE&pum;
trsm;tjym;yif &Sdygonf/ t"dutm;jzifh ajrmufydkif;pum;ESifh awmifpOf (&rf;NAJ)
pum;[l ESpfrsdK;uGJjym;onf[k qdkMuonf/
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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

12

(2) pOD; &cdkifpum;

&cdkifpum;rSm &cddkifa'owGifaeMuaom &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\ ajymaompum;
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taxmuftxm;jynfhpHkpGmESifh wdwdususwifjy&ef cufcJygao;onf/
wcsKd U ordik ;f okawoDwu
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Muonfh &cdkifrsdK;quf ordkif;aMumif;&yfrsm;udk rSDjirf;jyKvsuf pOD;&cdkifwdkY ajym
Mum;cJhrnfh bmompum;udk rcefYrSef;cJhMuaomfvnf; wdusNyD[lum; rqdkEdkif
Muao;yg/
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wGif a&;xdk;cJhMuonf[k cefYrSef;cJhMuaom ausmufurnf;pm? aMu;eDpm? acgif;
avmif;pmponfrsm;rSm tdEd,ajrmufydkif;wGif a&S;OD;qHk; pmaytu&m ta&;
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aom tdEd,EdkifiHajrmufydkif;oHk; tu&mrsm;ESifhwlNyD; bmom&yfrsm;taejzifh
vnf; ,if;EdkifiHwdkYwGif ajymqdkoHk;pGJ&SdcJhMuaom ou#bmom? ygVdbmom? ygVd
ou# a&m,Suf&Sdonfrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
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csdefu ,if;bmomrSm tdEd,EdkifiHwpf0ef;vHk;eD;yg; oHk;pGJcJhaom bmompum;
wpfckyifjzpfonf/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

13

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

c&pfawmfray:rD (bD'D- 600)cefYwGif a0omvDwdkif;jynf? vdp0DtrsdK;

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onf/
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rif;rsKd ;EG,rf S a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;? yGiahf wmfrv
l mNy;D vQif Ak'o
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cJhavonf/
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aom jA[P0g'Drsm;udk awmfvSefxGufay:vmaom bmomt,l0g'rsm;yif
jzpfonf/
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jyefonf/
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rm*" jynfom;rsm; EG,fquf&SdcJhjcif;? tdEd,EdkifiHwGif ysHUESHU&Sdaom t&D,efvlrsdK;
wdkYonf &cdkifjynfwGif;odkY rm*"wdkif;rSwpfqifh 0ifvmonfqdkaom taxmuf
txm; aMumif;&yfrsm;ESifh a&S;acwfwpfcsdefu &cdkifwGif ygVdbmomonf trsm;
oHk; *E0ifpmayjzpfcJhonfqdkaom aMumif;&yfrsm;ESifh qufpyf cefYrSef;cJhMujcif;
yif jzpfygonf/
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rsm;NyD; ygVdbmomESifh tenf;tusOf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ jymudkufbmomESifhum;
rawGU &Sdao;yg/

14

( 3) ,aeYajymqdkaeMuaom
&cdkifpum;rsm;
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vlrsdK; wdkYem;wGif bdwf? xm;0,f? "Ek? tif;om;rsm;\ pum;oHvdkvdk Mum;Mu&
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Mum;Mujcif;rSm ,if;pum;oHwdkYrSm &cdkifpum;uJhodkY tmoHvQm&if;udk tajcjyK
ajymMu&onfhtwGufyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifwdkYtaejzifh jrefrmpum;udkom em;vnf
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jrefrmpum;udkom em;vnfvG,fNyD; &cdkifpum;udkrl pdk;pdrSem;vnfrIr&Sd[k
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rl jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYESifhrjcm; ajymqdkEdkifMuygonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif aexdkifvsuf&SdMu
aom jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYtaejzifhum; &cdkifpum;udk ajymwwfrnf rqdkxm;bd awmf
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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

15

toQifpudE

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uGJjym;onf[k qdkygonf/
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a'o&Sd csif;trsdK;om;wdkYajympum;ESifh yvuf0e,f&Sd csif;trsdK;om;rsm;onf
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bufrS csif;trsdK;om;wdkYonf vnf;aumif;? Mum;pum;tjzpf &cdkif? jrefrmpum;
wdkYESifh ajymqdkMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/ &cdkifbmompum;onf jrefrmpum;ESifh
t&if;tjrpfwlonf[k qdkMuonf/ &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkYwGifvnf; a'oE&pum;rsm;
jzpfMuaom ukvm;wefjrpf0 ppfawGbuf(t0om;)? jrpfnmbuf acsmif;om;?
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&cdkifrsm;? ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJ? rmefatmif? oHwGJ? trf;? 'vufbufESifh ykodrf
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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

16

&mcdkifEIef;eD;yg; yaysmufoGm;&SdygNyD/ av,lavodrf; tac:ta0:rSp wpfp

wpfp uG,faysmufaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ oH&oHjynfhatmif rajymqdkEdkifojzifh
ppfudkpdkuf? tdyfudktdkuf? apmifhudkpkefY? &Gmudk a&mf? vufudk vmh? ausmfudk uRm?
aysmfudk ysdK ponfjzifh ajymqdkoHrsm;vnf; &SdcJhMuonf/
rdrdwdkY&cdkifpum;udk yDopGm okyfay:vGif&Sdapvdkaom apwemjzifh
omjcif; q&mBuD; wefcdk;q&mxGef;onf O'dEomjcif;wGif OaZeDjynf &SifyaZm
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onfrSm ]]xkdonftcg? &Sifrif;ausmfrSm? uvumbufu? qif*gxmudk? oifum
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vwfwavma'go xGufvmvQif ajymavhajymx &Sdaom pum;rsm;jzifh
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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

17

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

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ao;onfh &cdkifrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ykodrfarmfwif wpf0dkufjrefrmrsm;Mum;
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ygonf/

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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

19

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21

toQifpudE

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22

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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

23

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

(5) &cdkifa0g[m& tac:ta0:rsm;

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ppfawGbuf ajympum; a0g[m&rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifa'oE&pum;
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avmufrQom jzpfygonf/ &cdkifpum;wGif atmufyguJhodkYaom udk,fydkifpum;
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24

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cvmcsdwf
A*FgvD
pm&uefnm
rif{&mZf
vlbef'wf

jref r m
wl&d,m
cspfwD;
[dEL
[dELZmwfnHh
bHkabom;
yefcsmbD
umumukvm;
bl0gvlrsdK;
uyvD
*smrPD
t*Fvdyfujym;
aZwmbm&D

&cd k i f
'l&D,m
pwd? eAufus,f
[def;'kwf
'kef;
emacg'g
yif*smbD
pl&D,m
r&rmBuD;
uvrJ
ZmrPD
MuufcsD;
uvysuf

toQifpudE

25

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

tvkyftudkifESifh pyfqdkifaom
a0g[m&rsm;
jref r m
wHigo,f
ig;a&mif;ol
qHyifnyfol
v,fvkyftiSm;cH
ajrrsm;ydkif&Sif
vlcsrf;om
tESdyfonf
ewfuawmf
aA'ifq&m
wdkvDrdkvDa&mif;ol
pufcsKyform;
c0gonf? avQmfzGwfol
vufonfr
tdrfap(usm;)
tdrfap(r)
yGJpm;BuD;
yGJpm;i,f
um;armif;orm;
ydkufqHaumufol
aomif;usef;ol? olykef
&uef;o,f
&Gmaqmf

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uyD,
yef;csDq&m
yef;wdrf
yef;zJ
yef;&H
yef;yk
omraP
OD;yif;
bdk;olawmf
oDv&Sif
{nfhonf
vl&Tifawmf
rif;om;BuD;
ewfuawmf
wyifwdkifrif;orD;
rif;om;
armif;rrdH
twD;orm;
kyf&Sifrif;om;
kyf&Sifrif;orD;
vlMurf;

&cd k i f
Adkufao
iazmufao
qwf'g? vufom
acgif;wvm
oQdwf&Sif? aomfwvD
jyKpkaumif;
v&wwf
tESdyfwwf? tzspfwwf
ewfaumif;r
0S&wwf
0efEkuaoQao
rJqdk;pm;? '&mZD
vufyefAGwf
rDG;onfr
tiSm;om;
tiSm;ormh
'bmcsdwf
'vm
'dkifbm
qay,m
ajymufusm;
&ufaor? ,dkifao
ta[mawmf
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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26

u&u? qGrf;wum
y*sdq&m
yef;xdrf
yef;zJ
y&Hq&m
yykq&m? kyfxkq&m
armifoQif
yef;Zif;
olawmf
olawmfr
tm*EK
vysuf
rif;Murf;
yGJOD;eif;r
wyg;oGm;riforD;
rufom;? refYom;? rifhom;
uRefr*kr
aemufxdkif
Zmwfvdkufrif;om;
Zmwfvdfkufrif;orD;
vqdk;

27

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

&mxl;tvdkuf
jref r m
t&m&SdBuD;
cdkif0ef
cdkif&J0ef
&Jtkyf
&JMuyf
&J
,pfrsdK;tkyf
,pfrsdK;&J
NrdKUydkif
vufaxmufNrdKUydkif
pma&;
rif;ap
pmydkYvkvif
pmwdkufrSL;
oabFmpma&;
oabFmOD;pD;
q&m0ef
olemjyKq&mr
aq;pyform;
olemjyK (usm;)
a&SUae
aiGudkifpma&;? aiGwdkufpdk;
tcGefaiGaumufcHol
pum;jyef

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pum;wwf
e,fydkif
ajrwdkif;pma&;
vlawmf
ppfonf

&cd k i f
qmab
t&D;ydkif
uwfwif
'g&um? Xmem
o&Zif
&Jom;
tyfygum&D? bdef;o&Zif
bdef;ysmwm
NrdKUtkyf
'jyKoD;NrdKUtkyf
pmcsD? pmudkif
qjAmoD;
'ufysmwm
'ufu&ifeD
oabFmu&ifeD
odkuf&if;
'ufwif
empfqr
uGefabmifcg
aoGa':
&SdawmfcH? atmufusD
c'ifoD;
a'0ef;BuD;
zGJ'gBuD;

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=

28

uvlwwf? umElwwf
cGifq&m
wdkufpm&GD;
tm*ghom;? tm*ghvl
qzmtdyf

tusifhpm&dw? yHkyef;o@mef?
oGifjyifkyf&nfvuPmrsm;t& wifpm;?
qJ&JHIUcs ac:a0:jcif;rsm;

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

jref r m
cg;ydkufEIduf
t&uform;
olawmif;pm;
awav*sydk;
vlvdrfvlaumuf
uRefrsdK;
todtjrifr&Sdol
tESpfom&r&Sdol
vlt- vle
wapmufuef;
vlajymufvloGef;
om;qdk;om;,kwf
vlv,fvlvGifh
*sydk;
vl*Gpm
vlysif;

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&cd k i f
tdyfEIduf
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tvSLcHpm;
qv,m[u&D
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Akef;'g;
azmif;um? aAm'g
aAm'daAm'g? e*sde*sm
xdk;uef;? wpl;xdk;
tm*sm? toGefYol
Al;j*ifhom;? AGDj*rf;om;
jrifh*g
qyGwf? qvm,m
*ef;'l;
AsdKif;ZDcwf? iysif;xGD

29

toQifpudE
vlv,f
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opmazmuf
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vluyfap;enf;
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bkususajymol
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pum;pyfpkajymwwfol
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pum;tqDtaigrwnfh ajymwwfol
vlayg
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vle
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vlrGJ
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wuRef;jyef
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rdef;rvsm
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tpOfrusef;rmol
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udk,fhtm;rudk;ol
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azmufjym;ol
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rdef;rvdkufpm;wwfol
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atmfus,fatmfus,fajymol =
vlacsm
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jynfwefqmr
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rdef;r&Tif? rdef;raygh
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ujrif;r
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irGJr
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toHk;ruswJhrdef;r
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zmacgif;
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vlowfw&m;cH
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t&yf&Snfol
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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

yifum? Aufum? *sif

vlwnfusif
a*gZdnm? vyGef
vl*vefY
abmufuwwf
= udkif;jzwf
oHk;yGm
tm'g
zGJ&m? jAm&Dus? zGwfawmif;
abmif'ljyef? abmif'lyg
r,lr? ewfaumif;? iwHk;yGwf
emBuD;us
vl*dkif;wkwf
wm,m
a,Smufom;
a,Smufcdk;
r&wl;
Ala&mif? a&mif&if
vlcefY
vif;jyefr
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vGr? ADcsyfw&mr
jAm&Dusr? zGwfwGif;EIdufr
bbm;&Dr
b&0g
zifcsdwf0vm
vif;bm;

t&yfykol
rsufpdapGapmif;ol
tom;rnf;ol
vl0vloef
tvGefydefcsHK;ol
vlt
em;yif;
rsufrjrif
r,m;i,f
,drf;wdrf;,dkifwdkifoGm;ol
ajccGifcGifoGm;ol
rSwfcsuf/

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bk'kdaoQ? a'gifh'dkaoQ
umem
umvm? tif;ykwf
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vDwarmf? yifvufajcmuf
babm
ZGef;us
tuef;
tarQmifr
jAm;oD;jAmowf
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/ a&S;u&cdkifrsm; wpfOD;udkwpfOD;? wifpm;qJ&Jjcif;rsm;udkom

jyKMuonf/ npfnrf;pGm qJ&JrIudk rjyKMuyg;

t&G,ftvdkuf
jref r m
arG;puav;
&Sifvdifjyef&G,f
uav;
a,musfm;uav;
rdef;uav;
umvom;
rdef;rysdK
tysdK[dkif;
vlysdK[dkif;
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

30

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&cd k i f
aygufpaoQ? tbkaoQ
aAmif;'ifaoQ
taoQ
uGavaoQ
uGavraoQ
vlysdK
tysdK
aigif;r
taigif;

toQifpudE

31
vif&Sdrdef;r
r,m;&Sda,musfm;
rkqdk;r
wpfckvyf
tbdk;tdk
tbGm;tdk
ausmif;om;oli,f

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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

rif;uRefr
rif;uRef
rqr? vifoDr
vifuGmr
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0gBuD;r? 'gtdkr
pmoifom;

taz\tpfrvif
tar\tpfrBuD;
tar\nDr
tarnDrvif
tar\armifBuD;
taz\tpfudk
cJtdkBuD;
OD;av;
ta':
tabt&G,f
tpfrBuD;

aqGrsdK;awmfpyfjcif;rsm;
jref r m
aqGrsdK;awmfpyfw,f
aqGrsdK;qufw,f
taz?

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tar

tbdk;
tbGm;

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armifBuD;

armif
tpfudkBuD;
tpfudkav;
taz\tpfr

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&cd k i f
trsdK;awmfa&
aqGrsdK;pyfaw
tb? tz? bm;bmtbm?
tzoQif
trd? trdoQif? trif? tD;a,?
tD;a,mif
tzdk;oQif? tzdk;? zdk;a,
tabmifoQif? tabmif?
''gabmif? abmifabmif
'dk;'dk? t'g? t'goQif
armifBuD;? armifBuD;oQif?
armif;armifBuD;
tudk? armif;armif
tudkBuD;? *dk;*dkBuD;? *dk;BuD;
tudkaoQ? *dk;*dk;aoQ
t&D;BuD;

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32

tcifBuD;? rif;BuD;? rif;rifBuD;

tBuD;oQif? BuD;BuD;
ta,GBuD; a,;a,BuD;
tabBuD;? ab;abBuD;
tcifBuD;? rif;BuD;
b*sD;? bBuD;? tbmBuD;
a,mufzBuD;? ctdkBuD;
tcif? rif;rif
t&D;? a,;a,
taA? tcif? cifhcif
tarsBuD;? rBuD;? arBuD;

rSwfcsuf/

/ t&G,fvdkufac:&mwGif pOfi,fvdkuf BuD;? vwf? aoQ?xGD;

ponfjzifh ac:Muygonf/
eif w d k Y
t,d k ; d k U
=
cifA sm;
cif z &m;
=
rif ; wd k Y
ta0d k U
=
aqGrsdK;qufESifh ywfouf toQif0go0(ewfjrpfrmC)xHrS &&Sdaom
aMumif;&yfwpfcsdKUudk wifjyvdkufygonf/

txufcEk pS q
f uftbrsKd ;
jref r m
taz? tbdk;? tab;?
tabG;? tbJ;? tbD

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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&cd k i f
taz? tzdk;oQif? tzD;oQif
tZloQif? tZmoQif? tEloQif
tabmf temoQif

toQifpudE

33

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

txufcEk pS q
f uftrdrsKd ;
jref r m
tar? tzGm;/ tab;r

txufckESpfquftbrsdK;
=

tabG;r? tbJ;r? tbDr

tabmfr

&cd k i f
trd? tabmifoQifr?
tzD;oQifr
tZloQifr? tZmoQifr?
tEkoQifr
temoQifr/

jref r m
OD;acgif;
xdyf
OD;aESmuf
ESmacgif;
em;&Guf
yg;pyf
vnf
vnfrsKd
ycHk;
csdKif;Mum;
&if
qD;pyf
om;jrwf
Adkuf
tpmtdrf
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wif
cg;dk;
<uufom;
ta&
tarT;
rkwfqdwfarT;
EIwfcrf;arT;
ajc

atmufqufom;orD; ckEpS q
f uf
jref r m
om;? ajr;? jrpf
wD? ajrmh? uRwf
qwf

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&cd k i f
om;? NrD;? jrpf
wD? <uwf? *Rwf
cRwf/

(aqmifyk'fvuFm) 0wDav;qdkif? dk;&cdkif\? rsdK;pOfoepf? ckESpfqufpD?

pOfwm&GDaomf? yDwmtz? zdk;utzD;? woD;ZlZm? EktemvQif? toQifyifrSwf?
rdcif abmifoQi?f zD;oQiZf Zl m? EkemoQirf ? odrw
S Mf u\/ xdu
k aemufwiG ?f om;oQif
NrD;jrpf? wvSpfwD <uwf? *Rwf cRwf ckepf odkYjzpfonf/
/
EG,fppfxHk;pHvmownf;/
/
(ewf jrpf - eacgif ;acsmif; ausmif; OD; em*dw
(aumZm- 1242-1325) q&mawmf\ rSwfpkpmtkyfrS)

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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&cd k i f
ta*gif;
i,fxdyf
0SaESmuf
eacgif;
e&Guf
yg;Zmh
vdkifzuf? vdkifzif;
&rsdK
yufukef;
,ufuwd? vufuwd
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qdyfp
EdkYoD;
0rf;
csxkwf
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wifom;? wifysOf
csaigif;dk;
covHk;
t&Djym;
trTD;
b&rf;
rqGD;
caxmuf? NcDaxmuf

34

35

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

a&m*ga0'emrsm;
jref r m
rusef;rmjzpfaew,f
tonf;toef
tcsdefMumjrifhonfha&m*g
udkufcJw,f
ESm&nf,dk? tat;rd
wkwfauG;zsm;
ief;zsm;
iSufzsm;
acgif;rl;w,f
acgif;udkufw,f
rl;aemufaemufawGUw,f
Adkufemw,f
Adkufatmifhw,f
0rf;udkufa&m*g
umv0rf;a&m*g
acsmif;qdk;aoG;yga&m*g
yef;em
yvdyfa&m*g
qHkqdkYa&m*g
em;ajy,dka&m*g
oGm;emw,f
oGm;zHk;ajy,dka&m*g
umvom;a&m*g
tlusa&m*g
tonf;a&mifa*g*g

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&cd k i f
rcsdbJjzpfeDa&
tonf;wjyif;
emwm&Snf
tD;a&Muifa&
aqmif;rGD&a&
ttD;rdzsm;
ief;vdkufaw
iSufzsm;vdkufaw
a*gif;rGda&
a*gif;cJa&
a*gif;,dkifa&? a*gif;nD;a&
0rf;cJa&
0rf;jcifha&
jrif;odkuf
umvem
oemkyf
yifem? cgcsD;
cGD;yZdem? vdkif*sdwfem
vdkifqdkYem? vdkif*sDem
eykwf,dkem
oGm;tD;a&
odk;oyif
vysdKem? zavmif;*sDem
aAwufaw? aABuD;a&
tzsdKif;BuD;a&m*g

udk,f&nfa&m*g
rsufcrf;pyfa&m*g
rsufom;bka&m*g
oGusyg'a&m*g
avjzwfw,f
ESmacgif;ykwfa&m*g
'lvma&m*g
rD;,yfa&m*g
aoG;pkem
temykwf
ajcydk;pm;w,f
rdwfxGufw,f
nif;
wif;wdwf
0ufjcH
0ufcif
ESif;cl
ayG;
udE&Dem
qifajcaxmuf

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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Elemwdkem
rsufpdema&
rsufpdpGefa&
0ufcsKyfem? rm'&m
vDvdkufaw? vDdkufaw
ESmyvkyfpm;a&
yg'g&ufxa&
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trGD;wyifem
urf;axmufurf;NydK
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NcD*l'gvdkufaw

36

37

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

opfoD;0vHrsm;
jref r m
emewfoD;
a*G;oD;
'l;&if;MoZm
oabFmoD;
rmvumoD;
opfawmfoD;
OoQpfoD;
MuufarmufoD;
Hk;ya'omoD;? Hk;y'DoD;
refusnf;oD;
ZD;jzLoD;
ZD;oD;? r&rf;oD;
a&SmufoD;
AkwfoD;
AHkoD;
uRJaumfoD;
Muuf[if;cg;oD;
iSufaysmoD;
&cdkifiSufaysm
zD;Murf;iSufaysm
ojyKoD;
iSufaysmcsnf

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pGefyvGefoD;
ojypfoD;
oajyoD;
'l;&if;oD;
Al;oD;
zHkoD;
'nif;oD;
AHkomoD;
ayoD;
"edoD;
yJvif;a>roD;
yJawmifh&Snf
ukvm;yJ
ukvm;yJMurf;
pawmfyJ
AdkvfpmyJ
ajryJ
c&rf;csOfoD;

&cd k i f
eH'&moD;
bDvwf0csdKifhoD;
bdvwfyESJoD;
b'*g;oD;
a*:,dkifoD;? *,dkifoD;
umylZoD;
0&mZfoD;
pkwfzGm;oD;? vDZloD;
a*gif;cifarQmfoD;? acsma'gifhoD;
rSif;*sdK;oD;
cscsm;oD;
psoD;? rnif;oD;
a,SmufcsdKoD;
tHkeDoD? tleDoD;
a,SmufcHkaumufoD;
ccsdK;ccsOfoD;
j*ifhcg;oD;
eysdK;oD;
uvm;eysdK;
armifrJoD;
'jAKwfoD;
ruvDoD;

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38

ZHAavmifoD;
ZzQdKufoD;
rdk;obDoD;
'dk;,dkif;oD;
bGoD;
ausmufzHkoD;
tnif;oD;
uepdkoD;
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NrDcG,foD;? NrDa,oD;
yJvHk;oD;? bdkvHkoD;
jrif;pm;yJ
'efY
yJpmtk
wkwfyJoD;
yJa'gifh
c&rf;csdKifoD;

wjcm;aom o&ufo;D ? ydEo

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f ;D ? oHy&moD;? a&TzHo
k ;D ?
c0JoD;? z&JoD;? ocGm;oD;? c&rf;oD;? ovJhoD;? wef;oD;? tkef;oD;? uGrf;oD;wdkYrSm
tac:wlonf/

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

39

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

aumufyJoD;ESH
jref r m
vl;quf
a&TusD
rif;'Hk;qeftrsdK;tpm;
ipdefqeftrsdK;tpm;
qefeD
icsdwfqef
zGJEk
rQpf
yavmyDeHO
upGef;O
tmwmvGwfO
pdrf;pm;O
upGef;yif
csOfabmif
uyGef;csOf
rJZvD
iSufBuD;awmif
'efY'vGef
*sif;
qEGif;
qGrf;arT;

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yef;rmvfrsm;

&cd k i f
qwfESH
ql*QD
iBudrfoD;
vufHk;
tmabmifeD
tif;ykwfqef
qefrkefY
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uyvDajrmufO
ajrmufO
0ajrmufO? oD[dkajrmufO
vGrf;p&mO
uif;pGef;yif
csdKifabmif? csdKifydk
uif;yGefYcsdKif
rIdif;Z&D
rId[if;? rG[if;
'efYovGef
csif;? csif;pdrf;
eEGif;
qefrTD;&Guf? uGrf;vif

jref r m
ca&yef;
Ak'Ho&PH
aZmfrTm;
wkwfpum;
ykP&dyfyef;
cwmyef;
qdwfzvl;
ydawmufyef;
rdk;qef;yef;
ajcmufvGrf;
narT;yef;
txyfwpf&m
*Ermyef;
pdefyef;
aeMumyef;
cs,f&Dyef;
acgif;avmif;yef;
aygufvJyef;
ESpfopful;yef;
rsnf;wef&Snf
ZDZ0g
ykef;nuf
aA'gyef;
rsnf;wefwdk
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
cs&m;yGifh
oJawmf
qawmufyef;
tifMuif;? tif*&m;
abmif;'vkyfau
c'gyef;
dk;vSoEm
ya'gufyGifh
yef;at;
oHk;zefvS
*vef'g
tcspfwpf&m
puLyef;
yumoeD
eDMumyGifh
&efukefyef;
zavmif;yGifh
aygufyGifh
oeyfcg;yGifh
aMumifr'Hk;
ZDo0g
c'ufcsdKif
aumufp&D
<uufem;

40

toQifpudE

41

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

opfyif0g;yifrsm;
jref r m
xdukef;yif
ydef;yif
*sdwfrSefyif
*Hk'vdkif;
uvdef
*Hknif;
"edyif
xif;SL;yif
ysOf;uwdk;
ysOf;r
unif
oajy
opf&m
arQmopfrsm;
Budrfao;
Budrfjcrf;
Budrrfwkwf
0g;bdk;0g;
0g;ao;

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

wd&dpmefaus;iSufrsm;

&cd k i f
&Sufyif
Nydef;yif
<uufus[myif
*smrPDyif
qGvGDyif
'dk;
&Dtkef;yif
yefvifyif
NydKif;
carmif;
uef;usif
oNyD
ukvm;roGD;
uydkif? oDvm
zdk;acgifBudrf
eAuf
j*wf'kwf
uaomif;0g;
aysmufwef

jref r m
awmifqdwf
awmaMumif
arsmufvTJausmf
acG;t
zsH
wdvdyfacsm
a>r
>rayg
<uuf
&Snfh
acG;
a&0rf;bJi,f
y&GufBuD;
awmufvlr
iSufysif;
cifykwfiSuf
ZD;uGuf
Muufz? MuufxD;
quf&ufiSuf
acG;xD;
uif;vdyfacsm
Zifa,mfiSuf
iSufBuD;0efydk
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
&Sm;
bm[kef? buf
cswdk;cswm
cJ0g
zef
*sifvdyf
>rD
>rDyg
<ua&mh
csdKifh
cGD;
u&Muuf
u&ifeD
uvluGuf
ukwfuavmif
MuufcsD;pm;
MuufcsD;pm;ckefAkwf
Muufzm;
Z&ufiSuf
cGwD;
*sifvdyf
pdkif'&m;rif;cGm
iSufBuD;a0yk
iSufBuD;a0ydk

42

toQifpudE

43
OMo
iSufusm;
vif;qGJ
vif;EdkY
opfawmiSuf
*sdK;(csdK;)
BudK;Mum
a,mufzacG;ac:
cdk
pmuav;
usD;t
odef;iSuf
awmpm
armufaxmif
rdk;ZDiSuf
yZif;
awmbJi,f

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

om;ig;rsm;

a0g
bmqD? jcnfcifpGyf
bm'vD
vifvkyf
avmif;q&m
N*dK; (NcdK;)
N*dK;j*m
0ufom;ajcmufaygif
cGm
pmaoQ
usD;uef;
0efvuf
yef;pdwfuaoQ
Z&ufarmufwif
Zifa&mf
&Dyef;Zif;
wef;qdwf? qdwfq&D

jref r m
ykpGefMum;
ykpGefqdwf
ykpGefjym;
a&TykpGef
vufrul
ykpGefwkwf
jynfBuD;ig;
rQif
ausmufck
uPef;aumif
*ef;r
u,kurm(urmarmif)
0ifpGyfaumif
yifv,fvdyf
vif;zef
uuwpf
ig;'vG,f
ig;a&T
ipif;jym;
uuL&ef
iazmifdk;
ig;vuf0g;
ubDvl;
iA'l;

ydk;rTm;rsm;
jref r m
yZif;aumif
ESHNyDpkwf
ydk;pkef;MuL;
yvl
vdyfjym
*sydk;
'Dydk;
ydk;eoefYaumif

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
yZdef;
ESHpdrf;aumif
y'jrm;
yvDyvm? yvDywm
zvH^vjAm
Murf;ydk;
yvkyf
AAef;

44

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
ukvm;yZGef
yZGef'uf
AZGefYjzL
AZGef&ifeD? ydkufAZGef
acgufcuf? vufr<u,f
yZGef'kwf
&Muuf
rQdKifaoQ
r&Gwf
uvefY
'Hk*sm
u,k
yifv,fyifpGyf
jyifom
vif;csL
iowpf? io'dkuf
i'&Snf
oabFmxdk;
rsufqHus,f? rsufcsdKifus,f
vufcGm
iawmifnif;
icifyg;
iuefusdKif;? iuefYysdKif
i0rf;yl

toQifpudE

45
icl
yifv,fiajyr
ig;vQm
ig;&Snfh
yefZif;
ig;a&mif
ig;jym;
ig;ykwfoif
i0dkif;
ig;vdyfausmuf
ausmufig;
ig;ESyyf
ig;Zifdkif;
irJ
iwHcGef? ig;oef&Snf
ig;ajyr
ig;uGrf;&Syf
ig;yg;eD
ig;*Hk;
ig;BudK;0g
uwforQif
ig;ykavG
ig;a>rxdk;
tmNAJajcmuf
ig;qrm
irkwf
ydEJaph

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

46

tdrftaqmuftOD;ESifh pyfqdkif&mrsm;

yifv,ficl
iyoGef? iyokef
cGcsm? cGD;csm
ipG,f? i,Sif;
'g;rEdkif
uRJrwHk;? iysif;cwf
iy,Sm;? iNyD,Sm;
iyghoGif
iHk;? irkwf
vausmuf
iawmufwl
ba&;*g;? b'*g;
ip&defY? ipdkif;
a'gif;'em
io&GJ;
iNyD
indKU
i0ufyeD
u,kwfcJ
0gr&SD
qmzm
atmufpzdk
yifv,fipEk
i'rlajcmuf
ig;qm;xdk;? qm;yGwf
l;Zem;
iukef;ndK

tdrt
f pdwt
f ydik ;f
jref r m
uGif;
tdrf&majr
tdrf0if;jcHajr
0ifayguf
0if;x&H
tdrfyEufdkufw,f
tdrfrdk;acgif
"edrdk;
oGyfrdk;
a&avQmuf
yef;qGJ
atmufxyf
ESpfxyfwdkuf
avSum;
bdeyfcRwf
vomaqmif
tay:tdrfOD;cef;
{nfhcHcef;
tdrfcef;
cef;vGwfae&m
bk&m;aqmif
tdrfa&SUcef;r
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
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=
=
=
=
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=

&cd k i f
jyif
Z*g
[if;jcif;
vrf;0
wyf
tdrfordkif;a&
trdk;acgif
tkef;rdk;
oHjzLrdk;
wef;a'guf
yef;,wf? yef;'wf
atmufqifh
ESpfqifhwdkuf
vSumh
vSuZif
A&H'g? o&JNyD;
aysmhxuf? ajymhOD;
'efcH
txJ? tdrfxJ
a,mifjyif
z&Zif
qif0if

toQifpudE

47
tzD
rD;zdkacsmif
a&csdK;cef;
tdrfom
jywif;ayguf
0g;Murf;cif;
rsufESmMuuf
rD;zdk
tdrfeH&H
rif;wkef;
,ufr
qifh
'dkif;
x&Hwef;
zm;
tkef;vuf
xkwf? a,mufywf
a&Ekwfajrmif;
a&tdk;pif
wHpufNrdwf

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

armif;*g? t,wf
pzdkaxmifh? xrcsufcef;
twGif;cef;? &csdK;cef;
csazmifom? &tdrf
ywif;ayguf
a'gif'rm
AHkydwf
qzdk? pzdk
x&H
rdk;ausmuf? *vefY
ykef;,m;
ykef;zD? ukef;zD
uwfusdwf
&Hwef;? <uufa,Smuf
yufusd? awmufwJh
iref;pG,f
ewf&uef
emvm
&zHk;pif
wef;pufatmuf

dkufoH
av;ajrmifhrIdBuD;
rlvD
cGJopf
opfnHh
bdvyfajr
t*Fawudkifw,f
uGefu&dwf
oabFmaq;
tifwGJ
uw&map;
a&eHacs;
opfa&mif

=
=
=

&cd k i f
uyDZm
oHjzL
tkef;

oHrId
i,ufa*gif;oHrId
0uftl
ADvwfvD
opfjzL? opfykwf
Zrf;AGuf
Zrf;AGufowfaw
uGifu&dwf
a&mifqD
yGD;&Guf? ydkwdef
'Hkem
MuufcsD;&eH
ay:vdwf

tdrfaqmufud&d,mrsm;

tdrfaqmufypnf;rsm;
jref r m
ywm
tdrfrdk;oGyf
"ed

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

jref r m
vT
vGef
vGefBuD;
a&abmf
a&abmfacsmw,f
&J'if;
rIdEIwfnyf
aqmuf
aqmufao;
aqmufydkif;
opfpdkY0uftlvSnfh

&cd k i f
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&T
vGefyl
vGefpl;
udkuf
udkufwdkufaw
wkwfaygufqdef
nyfpdrf;? ZD;uGufecef;
aqmuf
aqmufaoQ
aqmufaumuf
'Hk;uvm;

48

toQifpudE

49
oHdkufwl
aywef
wHpOf
wHpOfMurf;
aumfywfpuL
jy'g;csdef
wl;&Gif;
uwfaMu;

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

rmwl
rsOf;aMumif;
wef;quf
usm;,Sm
rSefpuL? pHayyg
&Dcsdef? ,ifrem;
w&Gif;
uwfusD;

vloGm;vrf;
uw&map;vrf;
vrf;qHk
vrf;Mum;
pmwdkufyHk;
trIdufyHk;
a&wGif;
aps;qdkifwef;
tvkyform;wef;vsm;

taqmuftODrsm;
jref r m
wJi,f
&GufxnfwJ
aq;Hk
pmwdkuf
aMu;eef;Hk;
&JXme
&Jwef;vsm;
taumufHk;
Hk;
kyf&SifHk
ukefavSmifHk
jy'faqmif
AvD
tkXfwdkuf
qdyfwHwm;
a&bHkbdkif

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
wJukwfaoQ
wif;*l
odwfvIdif
'ufHk
oHBudK;Hk;
*g&m
*g&mwef;
upifwif;
= tzdwf
bdkufpukwfHk
*l'if? *'if
aZw0efaqmif
ukvm;rodwf
wdkuftdrf
azmifawmf
&Dpuf? &puf

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

50

Zif;jcif
'Hkemvrf;
cGqHk
vufMum;
'ufa*gif;
tnufqdk;bHk;
tkwfwGif;
ZD;'ef;
ulvD'ef;

vSnf;ESifhqdkif&mrsm;
jref r m
vSnf;? &xm;
jrif;&xm;
jrif;vSnf; (a'gufuwf)
MumyGwf
tokb,mOf
EGm;vSnf;
vSnf;bD;
rdvmodrf;um;
bdkifpu,f
armfawmfqdkifu,f

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
,dkif? *g&D
jrif;qGJ,dkif? jrif;*g&D
uvefYcGef? awmifawmif*g&D
wykwf? pmykwf
rom*g&D
EGm;pufoD;? EGm;*g&D
pufoD;
tnufqdk;armfawmf
pufoD;
armfawmfbkwf

toQifpudE

51

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

avSESifhqdkif&mrsm;
jref r m
avS
wHigavS
iSuf
uwL
uwLBuD;
pufavS
ukefa&mif;avS
avSxdk;om;
avSolBuD;
yJheif;
wuf
ausmufql;
aygif;rdk;
&GufvTifhw,f
a&cETJU
opfxGif;avS
avSmfwufckef
OD;yJha&SUuxdkifcif;

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

obm0qdkif&mrsm;

&cd k i f
avmif;
ydkufavmif;
oHydkif? ormef
bkwf
ZmvDbkwf
armfawmfbkwf
uRef;pdkifywfavmif;
avmif;orm;
odkuf&if;
wufrudkif? rmpD
wufr
ausmuf[uf
aygif;acgif
&Gufwdkufaw
&ydkufcGuf
wl;avmif;
yif;xGef;ckef
rm'ifcHk

jref r m
avwdkufw,f
avayG
avayGBuD;
avrkefwdkif;
avNidrfaew,f
taemufajrmufav
ta&SUawmifav
taemufav
ajrmufav
oJaomifvIdif;
vIdif;qloH
vIdif;qlw,f
vIdif;xefw,f
0J*,uf
'Da&BuD;w,f
'Da&twuf
'Da&tus
a&pkef
a&qef
&THUEGH
oJaomifjyif
ay:uRef;
'Da&mufawm
'dkuf
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cd k i f
vDxa&
vAGD
awmf
vDvdkufaw
vDwdkif;eDa&
uw&H
qifacgif;vD
&rf;ayguf
pkefvD
'gvD
,uftloH
vIdif;BuD;a&
vIdif;jyif;a&
&ywf
jzm;BuD;a&
jzm;wuf
jzm;us
jzm;oifh
jzm;qef
Adwf? usKwfrefY? wrefYom;
jyif&Snf
jym;uRef;
jym;awm
zHk;qdk;

52

toQifpudE

53
yifv,fauGU
uRef;qG,f
awm&Gm
wHig&Gm
awmifajc&if;&Gm
a&wHcGef
awmifMum;vrf;
O,smOf
rD;awmif
jrpfnm
v,fuefoif;
v,fuGif;
opfyifajcmuf
a&uef
rdk;wdrf
rdk;om;MuL;w,f
rdk;csHK;w,f
rdk;OD;us
rdk;azG;usaew,f
vQyfppfysufw,f
oufwefY
jrLcdk;qdkif;aew,f
jrLESif;a0aew,f
vomw,f
yJhwifoH

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

dk;&mtu? yGJvrf;obif?
aeYBuD
BuD;&ufBuD;rsm;

*sdKif? wmavmif
armf? armfxkwf
uRef;
ydkufqdyf
awmif;&if;uRef;
wH&Sif
cifZdkif;
[if;cif;
e*g;awmif
acsmif;zsm;
um&D
v,fjyif
opfa&mif;
uefabmif
rdk;&dyf
rdk;&dyfwufaw
rdk;BudK;a&
rdk;oD;us
rdk;oD;aygufuseDa&
wdrfcGwfaw? vQyfjyufaw
owif;&Daomuf?
yZif;&Daomuf
rIdif;csKyfeDa&
ESif;csKyfeDa&
vya&
awmifdkufoH? jyef[yfoH

jref r m
eyrf;yGJ
avSNydKifyGJ
vGefqGJyGJ
ajy;ckefypfyGJ
oDwif;uRwfyGJ
wefaqmifwdkifyGJ
twma&obifyGJ
bkef;BuD;ysHyGJ
bkef;BuD;ysHwGif uaom,drf;
awm&Gmrsm;wGif
uaom,drf;tzGJU
kyfuvyfudkxrf;
uGufeif;uaomtu
kyfao;Zmwf
kyf&Sif
qufuyfyGJ
aus;&GmwGifuaomZmwfyGJ
tcrf;tem;rSm
uaomZmwf
Hk0ifvufrSwf
0gqdkvjynfh
rlpviftpfaeY
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

&cd k i f
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

usifyGJ
NydKifavmif;yGJ
&xm;yGJ
tNyD;NydKifyGJ
0guRwfyGJ
0uFbmyGJ
oBuFef&Davmif;yGJ
'Hk;yGJ
'Hk;u

[ef

=
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odkif;
kyfoD;yGJ
t&dyfyGJ? rsufpduvefwef?
bdkifpukwf/
bm;? qmhumh
MunfhcsifyGJ

=
=
=
=

r@yf0ifyGJ
wdwfuwf
0gOD;owif;
u&yifedefY

54

toQifpudE

55
emwmvl;yGJ

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

c&pfprefedefY?
t*FvdyfESpf opful;

bdvyf&nf
a&aEG;
tMurf;a&
[if;csdK
[if;csdKrIefY
a&arSmf

rkefYyJoa&pmrsm;
jref r m
oa&pm
rkefYqef;
qEGif;ruif;
ausmufaMumrkefY
ZD;,dk
a&cJrkefY
csdKcsOf
ylwif;
bDpuGwfrkefY
vufxdk;rkefY
rkefYvaqmif;
aumufnif;aygif;
rD;ayGUusnf? cJwefacsmif;
rkefYvHk;a&ay:
rkefYqDaMumf
tdk;uif;uyfrkefY
awmufawmufaMumf
EdkY'def
EdkU'defa&
zmvl'g
"ed&nf
csvum&nf

=
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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
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&cd k i f
ydkifp&m
rkefYoef;
apmvIdifrkefY
a&T&iftD;
Zbd,dk? ZbdcsdK
tdkufpu&def
oMum;vHk;? rsufcsdK
ydkwdef
rkefYajcmuf? bDpulrkefY
[mv0g
rkefYaqmif;
aumufnif;xrif;
aumufnifusdKifa'guf
&ay:rkefY? vay:rkefY
qDygrkefY
0uif;uyfrkefY
udkbdef;ausmf
rufacgif? armufacgif
'GdKif
qeywfa&
tkef;a&
AeDuma&

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=
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56

ykvif;&D
&yl
tzefa&
[if;a&
tcsdKrIefY
ausmufaMum

udk;uG,frIqdkif&mrsm;
jref r m
bk&m;
apwD
oJyHkapwD
wHcGef
wHcGefvTifh
yvif
ezl;ocsFyf
rsufESmMuuf
a&csrf;tdk;
"gwfawmfuGefYjrL;w,f
ur0g&Gwfw,f
rD;yHk;
pdyfykwD;
tdrfapmifhewf
&Gmapmifh? NrdKUapmifhewf
tdrfapmifhewfyojcif;
&Gmapmifhewfyojcif;
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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&cd k i f
z&m;
ZmwD
oJZmwD? udk;e0if;ZmwD
wif;cGef
wHcGef&Tm;? wHcGef&Tifh
yefvif
ezl;pnf;
pef;awmf? pGef;awmf
anmif&Dtdk;
"gwfawmufaw
uarmfnwfaw
rvHk;
tedpy'D;
tdrfoQif
&GmoQif? NrdKUoQif
tcsdKyGJ? tcsdKifyGJwifa&
tdrfoQifwufaw?tcsdKwuf?
&GmoQifwufaw

57

toQifpudE
acsmif;apmifhewfyojcif;
awmapmifhewfyojcif;
ewfuGef;
ewf&Jw,f
aMu;pnf
bk&m;ausmif;vSnfhywfonf
aMu;pnfxdk;w,f

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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

acsmif;cGwfaw
awmwifa&
ewfpif
ewfMurf;a&
oHpnf;
y'ufomvSnfha&
oHpnfwDa&
oHpnfcwfaw

cJzdk;
r*FvmaqmifoGm;w,f
owdkYom;tdrfodkY owdkYorD;
OD;qHk;tvnfoGm;jcif;

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&cd k i f
orufwuf? r,drfwuf
aqmif;yg;pm
r*Fvmajrmufaw
toGif;yD;a&
tcgqdka&
yZyfaw
vufaqmifpm;a&
jrm;a&
yGJwif
yefwsif;? yef;usif;
yef;wsif;o,f
orD;oQif? jcroQif
orufoQif? orufopf
orD;apmifh
vufzGJU0ef
vufzGJUwef;um;

&Gm0ifc
orufwufvdkufaw

tdrfjyefv,f

tokbESifhqdkif&mrsm;
jref r m
tokb
tokboGm;w,f
tavmif;pif
jy'fvkyfol
tokbpnf
tokbwD;0dkif;
tokb,mOf
tavmif;wif
xrif;-[if;rsm; xm;&Sdjcif;
tdk;tdk;
ny&dwfemjcif;
&ufvnfqGrf;oGwfjcif;
okb&mZm

r*FvmaqmifESifh pyfqdkif&mrsm;
jref r m
r*Fvmaqmif
r*Fvmaqmifzdwfpm
r*Fvmtcrf;tem;
owdkYorD;tm; a&TaiGay;jcif;
aphpyfaMumif;vrff;jcif;
ay;pm;w,f
vufqHkpm;w,f
vufxyfr*FvmjyKw,f
r*FvmvufqHkpm; BudrfcHk
wD;aompnf
pnfwD;ol
owdkYorD;
owdkYom;
owdkYorD;{nfhcHyGJ
vufaqmif&ypnf;
vufaqmif&aiG

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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

&cd k i f
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rom
romydkYvdkufaw
cwf
o*FZm
rompnf
romqdkif;
rom*g&D

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cGyZmxrif;
tdk;wdkuf
n0ga[ma&
oydwfjznfha&
ocsKif;apmifh

58

toQifpudE

59

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

tdrfoHk;ypnf;ESifh
wjcm;toHk;taqmifrsm;
jref r m
xrif;pm;yef;uef
yef;uefjym;
yef;uefvHk;
ZvHk
vufzuf&nfyef;uef
u&m;
xrif;csdKifh
axG;cH
Aswf
AswfBuD;
pOfhtdk;
pOfhcGuf
pOfhcGufi,f
ajrtdk;
ajrtdk;i,f
a&tdk;cGuf
pavmif;zHk;
ikyfqHk
ajrxrif;pm;yef;uef
c&if;
,Gef;c&if;
,Gef;zvm;
,Gef;uGrf;tpf

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&cd k i f
zsdKif;? avmifAGef;
ysmvm
[if;Zm;
ZHk
vufzuf&nfysmvm
bJ
qGJ'Hk? 'ufqifh
xGD;tdk;? vufqD;cH? vufqD;tH
As
a'gufvef;
pdkifhtdk;
tif'Hk
tifom;
em*ltdk;? NrDtdk;
tmPm? Ztdk;aoQ
&0cGuf? &cGuf
cGuf? acsm&m
ausmufom;
uvcGuf? NrDavmifAGef;
ZD;y,dkifh
ausmufumy,dkifh
cGufzvm;
ESD;uGrf;MuKwf
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

usnfayGU
vufESD;
a&qGJyHk;
zefzvm;
rD;ajymif;
cuf&if;
awmif;
'eftdk;
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tdk;uif;
om;vSD;"m;
rD;yl
rD;tdrf
zsm
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ADdk
vufESdyf"mwfrD;
rD;oD;
"gwfcJ
ykqdef
aq;wH
BudrfacG;ajc
ypnf;
aomhcavmuf
bD;
aowm

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60

usrdU
vufckwf
Amv'def? Aufv'def? Am'vD
*svuf? zefcGuf
ajymif;us,f
pl;
c&if;
oGwftdk;
cwdk? cawmf
&Dua'gif;
tdkiftdk;
oHz&mydkif;
'yg;aoQ
r*dkuf
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oabmuf
pdefreD
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Am;oD;
Awfx&D
aygufqdef
yef;'l
cGD;caxmufcHk
0ef
vufckwfoD;
0NzD;
wdkufwm

toQifpudE

61
xif;l;aowm
wHrsufpnf;
rD;jcpf
carmuf
carmufi,f
wHqdyfacgif;
rkwfqdwfnyf
ykcuf
'ef;
ausmufwH
pmtkyf
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cJwH
rSif
azmifwdefyef

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"gwfpuf
"gwfjym;
atmfvH
oGm;yGwfwef
puLjzL
,rif;kyf
zdk;0kyf
aq;jyif;vdyf
aq;ayghvdyf
qD;um&uf
>yef
a&>yef

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aqmif;'l
tdrfvSJ? cufc&m
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ruvm
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'ufacgif;? wdwfuwf
Zm*em
ycGuf
,dkif;
uefYulpd
bGJUtkyf
uavmif
cJuuavmif
rSifqD
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(rSifxGufuavmif)
pufaw;jcif;
"gwfcsuf
c&0? cv0
jAKwf
bvmpuL
nrif;kyf
aygifwkwfuaoQ
uavmif*sD
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qD;uvdyf
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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
aMumfjimf
x
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pyg;usD
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EGm;yvHk;
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ukvm;OD;xkyf

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62

aqmif;yg;
avmifay:
&ufcsKyf
rE&m;? ref'&m;
dkif? ykwf
zvD? uwfy,f
qvm;tdyf? abmufom
vDwHcGef
,uf
,rf;a'gifh
ajAmuf
ajAmufwdk
bDvwfwD
"gwftdk;EIduf
tylwdkif;
oyHk
vrk
zv0g
tyfudkif;
ESIyf
pufua&
cs,ufaygufwl;
ukvm;awmufusm

a<u&nfokwf ypnf;rsm;udk oH[loHk;onf? oHavmifyGef;?

oH[if;Zm; ponfjzifh ac:qdkavonf/

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

63

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
bGwfbdeyf
cef;qD;
ezl;pD;
a&S;acwfrdef;rBuD;0wftus
if;xydef
vlBuD;0wfvHkcsnf&Snf
txnfyg;
jcnfMurf;xnf
*Grf;xnf
ouvyfxnf
odk;arT;xnf
ydwfMurf;
ydk;wkxnf
yifeDxnf
&Gufxnf
rJxnf
vifuGwfwD
vG,ftdwf
cg;ywf
abmif;bD

t0wfwefqmrsm;
jref r m
rsufESmokwf
OD;xkyf
vHkcsnf
tus
Syftusvufwdk
Syfvuf&Snf
wdkufyHktus
uGwftus
pGyfus,f
*g0gef
ZmabmfvD
jcHKy0g
vufudkifyk0g
xbDtxufqif
tESD;p
odk;arT;pG,fwm
pG,fwm
ydk;vHkcsnf
csnfvHkcsnf
apmif
jcnfjzLapmif
ajctdyf
tyfjcnfvHk;
aumfaZm

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&cd k i f
awmufvsm? wHAuf
awmufusm? 0xkwf? rG
'a,m? cawmif;? ca,muf
bmZl
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64

bkwfzeefY
uvum? vSpfum
rsufESmMuuf
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aemufpxydef
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rm'&mzuf? vifw&D
bHkbdkif
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qm;,Sm
*a&mif,Sm
*g'g
a,Smfom;
trsdK;om;,Sm
wif;*l,Sm
rJ,Sm
b'&D
'uftdyf
cyef;
aygifzD

&ufuef;&ufvkyfief;ESifh pyfqdkif&mrsm;
jref r m
&ufuef;&ufvkyfaomrdef;r
&ufuef;uRrf;usifol
&ufuef;xnfa&mif; rdef;r
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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&cd k i f
,dkifonf
&uef;wwf
'vmr

toQifpudE

65

csnfvdyfcsm;
csnfcsm;
csnf&SnfcHk
csnf&Snf&mwGif oHk;0g;i,f
csnf&Snf&mikwfwkdif
&pf
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vGef;
Adkif;iifw,f
aumfpmwif

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csnfyl;w,f

vufcwfqif
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jyef&Snfjcif;
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e,f*ef
e,fpl;
txnfom;vdyf
pD;
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,OfoGm;
yef;azmfysOfjym;
csnfwpfyif
csnfav;yif

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vufwm;? vkyfwm;
csaoQ
cscHk? &SnfcHk
vufvHwkwf
vufvHwdkif
&[wf
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&Gef;oD;cGH
&Gef;
jcnfywfaw
jcnfe,fa&
tpmwifa&
jcnfzsufaw
vuf,Sufiifa&
vufcwfnda&
&Gef;oD;a,mufaw

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jcnfwef;a&
,dkifpif
EG,f*ef
EG,fpl;
vufvdyf
ausmh
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&ufr
jcnfwrQif
csnfwrsuf

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
csnfwpfxHk;
jcnfESpfxHk;
yifwdkifcsnf
&ufazmufcsnf
csnf
csnfrnf;
csnfeD
csnfqdk;aq;
yef;a&mif
tndKa&mif
rD;cdk;a&mif
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wa&mifwnf;tqif
tuGufBuD;tqif
tuGufao;tqif
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tcsdwfqif

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66

csnfwcif
jcnfwyl;
twdkifjcnf
tazmufcsnf
jcnf
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rum
qmzmqdk;aq;
qmzma&mif
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tmuma&mif
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bdef;
babmufjyufqif
uGufpdyfqif
csyfrwwf
b,fvdrfnmvdrfqif
yef;azmf? &ufraxmif

&cdkifdk;&m txnftqifrsm;trnf
ajcmufvyef;? ig;vyef; ab'guefabmifyifjzwf? armifawmfwrf;
tvGrf; ajz/ oabmufjywf? u,kurm? pdefwpfyGifh? vdyfcGef? rmvzHk? usLx&H?
uGupf w
d ?f uGr;f oD;cG?H b,fvrd n
f mvdr?f puf0ikd ;f ? a,mqif? puf0ikd ;f Bu;D ? rif;wdik yf if?
yif vdyf? bHkBuD;qif? ppuf,dk? zvm;wif? aMumifeacgif;? rSif;usdK;yGifh? ydk;0goef;?
awmifvHk;ausmf? pdefebef? qifrsufuGif;? a'gif;rsufpd? cGmrsufpd? yef;NrdKifav?
rwfwwfrIdif? rwfwwfqif? 'kwfwefpD? u'gaAQmuf? a'gif;&TDqdkif? rif;rsufcspf?
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

67

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

b,aq;

rSefabmif? yvJayguf? yef;pMum? &TDyif;ul? armifcspfr,fcspf? a'gif;a'gif? yef;

wpfqkwf? wdkufwmrkefY? r[mEG,f? yef;wpfvHk;? qifkyfaoQ? qifkyf? bJkyf? csdKif
abmifyGifh? taygif;vuPm? rm,maxmifacsmuf? av;r,fqif? av;yGifhqdkif?
a'0Dem;? aiGrsufESm? pdefvufpGyf? vufxdk;yef;? pdefpm&H? zvHaoQ? qifc&m?
N*dK[fwk? &xm;yef;,dkif? ausmufpm a&Tjcnfxdk;? awmf0ifol? ompGav? NrdKUvHk;
awmuf? ydk;0gqif? t,or*? ebD&GufuHk;? *efa*gufcsdwf? dk;dk;csdwf? *Ermcsdwf?
yef;tdk;csdwf? *rkef;csdwf? &moufyefcsdwf? r,fawmfcsdwf? armifawmfcsdwf? oZif
EG,fcsdwf? b,wfcsdwf? a'gif;ajAmufcsdwf? abmvHk;qif? barmfrsufESm? oZifcsdwf?
&yfapmufcsdwf? rl;pdrwfpd tjcm;trnfrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifaumif;ao;onf/

jref r m
b,aq;
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'kwm
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av;nif;
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owKrsm;
jref r m
aMu;
cJrjzL
oHrPd
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BuD;
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&cd k i f
z&qD;
xufazmfqD;
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qykwf
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[def;*dk? [def;N*dK
preuf

aeY&uftcsdefowfrSwfjcif;rsm;

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

jref r m
vGefcJhwJhwpfaeYu
raeYu
'DaeY
reufjzef
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zD;aeY
eHeufapmapm
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xdkw&ufedefYu
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68

toQifpudE

69
narSmifvmw,f
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a&wGufyHkrSmwpfau? ESpfau? auvDauavmif? qifa*gif;? i&ayguf?
awmufusm? armvm? yef;zJ yef;vm? Budrf<uwf? uRwf? 1-rS 10xdudk
a&wGufjcif;yif jzpfonf/

twD;trIwfwl&d,mESifh pyfqdkif&mrsm;

upm;jcif;rsm;
jref r m
upm;Muw,f
wlwlykef;wrf;upm;jcif;
pdrfajy;wrf;
opfyifay:pdrfajy;wrf;wpfrsdK;
wkwfqD;brf;
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xkwfqD;ypfwrf;
zefckefwrf;
pum;xm0Sufwrf;
MuufO Oupm;wrf;
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70

jref r m
yavG
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pnf;
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AHk
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tdk;pnf
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armif;qdkif;
bif
bifi,f
c&m
c&m0dkif;wGif rIwfyavG
bef*sdK

&cd k i f
upm;Muwfaw
0Sufwrf;ykef;wrf;
vdkufwef;NAD;wrf;
'Hk*smvdkufwrf;
atmifvlqdef;wrf;
'dk;upyfMuwfaw
cwfausmufoD;upyfwrf;
a'gif;ajymufckefwrf;
yef;0Sufwrf;
uGrf;oD;aumufwrf;
ig;prf;wrf;
ykPm;w&m;a[mwrf;
vDwHcGefwifMuwfaw
cvHk;cwfaw
b'vHk;cwfaw
abmvHk;ausmufaw
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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&cd k i f
yvGDausmf? yvGD? jcacgif;
ESJ
pD;? pD;cwf
vif;c0? vif;cGuf
vufckwf
ywfr
pcGef;
AHkom
ywfom
pnftdkif? wzufydwfpnf
yef;wsif;? yef;usif;
BuD;0dkif;
udk;vHk;armif;
bef;
a'gufua&muf? c&m>rm
>ywfaumuf? c&maumuf
NyD&Snf
Aswfapmif;

71

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

[dELpnftzGJU
=
a'gufua&muf
ukvm;bifc&mtzGJU
=
abbwDbm*sm
&cdkifwGif oD;jcm;wl&d,mrsm;&Sd&m? txufazmfjyyg a0g[m&rsm;rSmvnf;
wdusEdkifrnf r[kwf[l xifrdygonf/

72

tefjcif;? vHk;wD;vHk;wm;jcif;? arwmpm? taxmufpmjcif;? {jcif;? rPdOD;jynfhcs

&wk? av;vHk;ydk'fpHk&wk? &uef? &Tef;vdkuf&wk? ysdKU? vuFm? armfuGef;? [efpDav?
ompGav? NydKif;avmif;oHcsyf? &xm;oHcsyf? 'Hk;oHcsyf? usifpnfjcif;? &Sifpnfjcif;?
bGUJ oH? odu
k pf m? rSmwrf;? ewfo?H yoD;oH? avmif;avQmo
f ?H yef;wsi;f jcif;? usw
d af u
jcif; (ay:wl*Dc&moHtvdkuf) Ak'ylZed,aw;jcif;/

&cdikd t
f wD;trIwf wl&,
d mrsm;rSm(1)

aMu;jzifhv ky faom wl &d ,mrsm;

cGufcGif;? pnf;pkyf? armif;? BuD;pnf? ywfwvm;/
(2) BudK;udk toH k ;jyKaomwl &d ,mrsm;
apmif;? apmif;aumuf? tHk;rIwf? wa&m? aMumif&D? ? rD;ausmif;?
'l;avmif;/
(3) om;a&Muuf wD ; &aomwl & d , mrsm;
wpfzufyw
d pf nf? ESpzf ufyw
d pf nf? ajrmufpnf(A[dpk nf)? oHviG pf nf?
rdk;pnf? pnfykwf? pnfBuD;(&Gef;pnf)? pnfyef;awmif;? pnf0ef;?
wzufpnf? ESpfzufpnf? pnf&Snf? pnftdkif(tdk;pnf)? 'kym? 'HkUrif;?
ywfom('dk;ywf)? ywfr? AHkom? puGefY? yef;wsif;/
(4) avES i f h r I w f a om wl & d , mrsm;
c&maumuf? c&m>rm? >ywfaumuf? >ywf&Snf? Al;rIwf? vufwHwdk?
vufwH&Snf? abm? nif;? NcDacgif;zufvdyf? ESJ? ckoGif;? yvGDausmf?
0g;rIwf/
(5) vuf c k y f w l & d , m
0g;vufckyf? opfvufckyf? vufnyfckyf? vufajymuf? vufckyf?
vufMum;ckyf? ausmufvufckyf/
txufygtwdkif; ig;rsdK; ig;pm; &SdMuavonf/
aw;rsm;ESifhywfouf &cdkifjrefrmrwlygojzifh &cdkifaw;oufoufudk
azmfjy vdkufygonf/
Zrf;jcif;? aw;jcif;? tdkifjcif;? omjcif;? ewfjcif;? ywfjcif;? ,dkif;omjcif;?
yifhuljcif;? ipG,fjcif;? ywfwdkufewfjcif;? 'Hk;jcif;? odkif;jcif;? umjcif;? vGrf;jcif;?

tjciftwG,f
jref r m
&cd k i f
wpfwif;
=
ESpfawmif;
wpfjynf
=
ESpfodkuf (8 Al;)
6-jynf
=
wpfawmif;(12 odkuf)
4-bl;
=
wpfodkuf (av;yGm;)
&cdik w
f iG f jynf? wif; roH;k yg? wpfwif;onf &cdik Ef pS af wmif;ESihf ndrQonf/

ykvif;csdef
(40d - om;ud k tajccH y gonf / )
jref r m
40 usyfom;
20 usyfom;
10 usyfom;
5 usyfom;
2 usyfom;
1 ydm
50 usyfom;
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

=
=
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&cd k i f
wpfykvif;
wpftm'g ( ykvif;)
wpftm'D ( ykvif;)
wpftmpdwf (1^8 ykvif;)
wpftmjcrf;
2-ykvif;ESifh wpftm'g
wpfykvif; wpftm'D

toQifpudE

73

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

Aufumodkuf (aiGvD;)

t"d u tm;jzif h 40-usyf o m;rS m wpf o d k u f & S d u syf c sd e f u d k tajccH

xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
&cdkifwGif [oFmcsdef (a&TvD;)odkuf ydmcsdefudk ac:onf/ (Tical) a&Tcsdef
jzpfygonf/ aemufwpfrsdK;rSm tdEd,EdkifiHoHk; (Tola) aiGcsdef? &cdkifvdk Aufumodkuf
[k ac:ygonf/

jref r m
&cd k i f
wpfodkuf
=
60 usyfom;
odkufcGJ
=
30 usyfom;
wpfyGm
=
15 usyfom;
yGmpdwf
=
7 usyfom;
Aufum 2-odkuf? wpfaygifESifh nDrQonf/
a&TvD;wpfydmwGif AufumodkufESifh wpfodkufoHk;yGm (1 ) &Sdygonf/
Aufumodkuf? yGm? tm'g? tm'Dqdkaompum;rSm tdEd,a0g[m&rsm;rS qif;
oufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/

a&TvD; tav;csdef
jref r m
2 usyfom;
=
5 usyfom;
=
10 usyfom;
=
20 usyfom;
=
30 usyfom;
=
40 usyfom;
=
wpf o d k u f w G i f 40usyf o m;

&cd k i f
yGmjcrf;
yGmpdwf
wpfyGm
odkufcGJ
oHk;yGm
wpfodkuf
owf r S w f o nf /

aiGaMu;toHk;tEIef;rsm;
a&S;acwf a<uaphtoHk;tEIef;rsm;ESifhywfouf rlESpfrsdK;awGU&ygonf/
wpfrsdK;rSm iSufaxmiform;vufwGif yg&Sdonf/
]]iSufaxmifa&mufvm? &ojym? tdrfrSmr,m;? pdwfjym;MunfhvD? <uDvD
trSef? jAL;csjyef?
ig;<uDwjAL;? wpfq,fhwpfcg wpfpd&m? oHk;pdwpfrsuf? ESpfrsufrljcrf;? rljcrf;
ESpfcg? wpfodk;um? odk;umudkwGJ? wpfrlcGJ? rlcGJESpfcg? wpfojym}} qdkcsuft&qdkygu-

ydmcsdefESifh udkufaomf
jref r m
ydmcGJ
wpfydm
ydmwpfyGm
ydmcGJ

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74

&cd k i f
wpfodkufwpfyGm
2-odkufcGJ[k qdkonf/
25 usyfom;
50 usyfom;

jref r m
wpfjAL;
wpfpd
wpfrsuf
rljcrf;
wpfodk;um
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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&cd k i f
5 <uD
55
165
330
660

toQifpudE

75
rlcGJ
&cdkifaiGwpfusyf

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=

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

t*Fvdyftpdk;& odrf;ydkufpwGif
aiGaMu;tac:rsm;rSm

1320
2640-<uDjzpfonf/
(wpfojym ac:onf/)

aemuf w pf r l r S m ]]av;<uDjAL;pk? q,fjAL;av;vD? rsufckcD? ESpfrsufrljcrf;? EScgodk;um?

wGJvDrlcGJ? rlcGJESpfxyf? wpfcsyfpdvD? w<uDcsefxm;? usDrSmxm;}}
jref r m
wpfjAL;
wpfpd
wpfrsuf
rljcrf;
wpfodk;um
rlcGJ
wpfcsyf

jref r m
aiGwpfusyf
=
ig;rl;
=
wpfrwf
=
wpfrl;
=
wpfyJ
=
ydkufqHwpfjym;
=
wpfydkif
=
,if ; aemuf td E d , tac:rsm;ud k

&cd k i f
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

4 <uD
10 _ 4
=
40
40 _ 4
=
160
160 _ 2
=
320
320 _ 2
=
640
640 _ 2
= 1280
1280 _ 2 = 2560
80-<uD uGmjcm;ygonf/
wpfcsyfqdkonfrSm a&S;&cdkifpum;dk; pum;vmjzpfjonf/ ]]pyg;wpf&m
wpfodk;um; av;&mwpfcsyf? pyg;oQifudk rcpyf}} [k qdkonfhtwdkif; wpfojym
&cdkifaiG'*Fg;wpfjym;udk qdkygonf/

&cd k i f
wuFm;wpfjym;
rlcGJ
wpfodk;um
rljcrf;
wpfrsuf
wpfpd
wpftm'g
ajymif ; vJ c J h o nf /

aiGwpfusyf
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wuFm;wpfjym;
ig;rl;
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wpfrwf
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av;tmem (av;yJ)
wpfrl;
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wpfyJ
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wpftmPm
ydkufqHwpfjym;
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yD;,Sm; wpfjym;[l ac:a0:vmcJhMuygonf/

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

76

toQifpudE

77

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

aiGaMu;ESifhywfouf
tac:ta0:rsm;rSm
jref r m
aMu;aiGOpm
a&T'*Fg;
aiGpif'*Fg
aiGpuL
aiGwpfusyf
usyfwef
tEkwf
ig;usyfwef
aiGpuLwpfcsyf
jym;aph
twkaiG<uD
aiGa&wGufMunfh

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78

(6) ukd,hfpum;udk? udk,fem;rvnfrSef;

rodaom &cdkifpum;&yfrsm;

&cd k i f
wuFm;yGDom
aygifcwf
aiGom;wuFm;
wuFm;puL
aiGwpfjym;? aiGwpfcsyf
aiG<uD? jym;aoQ
t<uD? yGDom<uD
ig;jym;wef
wuFm;puLwpf&Guf
jym;cwf
cJcwf
pdwfjymMunfha&

azmfjyyg &cdkifa0g[m&tac:ta0:rsm;wGif tenf;tusOf;cRwf,Gif;

rIrsm;ESifhum; uif;Murnf r[kwfyg/ onfrsm;udk cGifhvTwf jyKjyifzwfI
Muyg&ef/

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

avmavmq,f wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomoltm; olajympum;rsm;udk ol

udk,fwdkif em;vnfyg&JUvm;qdku avSmifajymifonf[kxifum pdwfqdk;rdrnf rvGJ
ay/ ZmaMumifhqdkaomf oludk,fwdkif udk,fhpum;udk,f em;rvnfrSef; owdrrl
rdojzifhyif jzpfygonf/
uREkfyfwdkY aeYpOfajympum;xJwGif tavhtvm ajymavhajymx&Sdojzifh
om ajymqdkaeMuaomfvnf; Zmydkift"dym,foufa&muf ZmaMumifh xnfhoGif;
ajymqdkaeMuonfudk owdrjyKrdcJhMuay/
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vdrfhrnf/ Oyrm- ]]wpfjym;rlcGJ&m}} [k aeYpOfajymqdkaeMuonf/ ,if;pum;xJ
wGif rlcGJ[laom a0g[m&rSm ZmudktaMumif;jyK ajymqdkonfudk rodMuyg/
rlcGJqdkonfrSm ,cktac: ig;rl;udkac:aom &cdkifa0g[m& tppfwpfckyif jzpfyg
onf/ ig;rl;wpfusyo
f m;[k ajymqdjk cif;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ud,
k hf pum;udk
rod[k qdk&ayrnf/
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a0g[m &pum;tppf r[kwfay/ tdEd,EdkifiHom;wdkY\ udk,fcEmudkac:aom
tac:ta0: rSqif;oufvmaom pum;wpf&yfyifjzpfonf/ ighu,
kd u
f okYd r[kwf
igupdkufvdkY yD;&zdkYvm;[k ajymqdkjcif;yif jzpfonf/ &cdkifwGif cEmudk,fudk
*g[krac:aomfvnf; azmfjyygpum;ajym&mwGif xnfhoGif;ajymqdkavh&Sd Muaom
udk,fhpum;udk,f em;rvnfrSef; rodaompum;wpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/
&cdik af 0g[m&xJwiG f tdE,
d Edik if o
H m;pum;? b*FvpD um;? t*Fvyd pf um;?
wdkYrS oHa,mifvdkuf ajymqdkcg aemifwpfpwpfp &cdkifa0g[m& jzpfoGm;onfh
a0g[m&rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yif &Sdygonf/ toHvS,farG;pm; pum;vHk;[k
vnf; ac:qdkMuonf/ if;a0g[m&pum;vHk;wkdYudk tydk'f(10)wGif tenf;
tusOf;azmfjyxm;&Sdygonf/

79

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

,aeY&cdik pf um;wGif ,if;wdeYk ;D pyfonfph um;rsm; Zmavmuf0ifa&mufae

NyDqdkonfudk &cdkifpum;pmpOfi,fwGif rjzpfpavmufaom a0g[m&tenf;
i,fESifh EIdif;,SOfMunfhaomfrS awGU&SdEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/
,if;tjyif &cdkifpum;tppfrsm;jzpfaom ]]rGJvdkYjymcsD;usavcAsm,f}}
]]wqwfqwf yifxufajcmufvma&}} ]]vDwiwf&m[dAsm,f}} ]]qyGwBf u;D }} ponf
jzifh wifpm;ajymqdak vh&adS omfvnf; ud,
k phf um;t"dym ,fukd ud,
k rf odMuay/ tyd'k f
(12)wGif tenf;tusOf; &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;&dSygonf/
]]bif;usrD mS wpfcgazmuf usu
D soad &}} qdak om tdE,
d pum;rS qif;ouf
vmaom a0g[m&rsm;vnf; trsm;&Sdygao;onf/ tdEd,pum;rS qif;oufvm
onfqdkjcif;rSm a&S;acwf &cdkifrsdK;EG,fqufESifh EG,fqufvsuf qif;oufvmaom
pum;&yfrsm;udk rqdkvdkyg/ aESmif;umvwGif txl;ojzifh wpfcsdefu &cdkifjynf
e,fjzpfcJhaom b*Fvm;e,frS b*FgvDpum;rsm;rS qif;oufvmaom a0g[m&
rsm;udk qdkjcif;yif jzpfonf/
wpfenf;qdku a&S;r*"wdkif;rS EG,fquf0ifvmaom rsdK;EG,fESifh qufpyf
aeonfh pum;&yfrsm;udk rqdkvdkyg/ ,if;pum;wdkYrSm a&S;ayg&Ppum;wdkYyif
jzpfygonf/

80

pum;ajymrsm;rSm wpfjynfwpfe,fwnf;rSmyif a'oE&pum;rsm;

&SdaMumif; txuftcef;rsm;wGifvnf; wifjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ pmjyKpkolrSm
t0ppfawGbufrS &cdik o
f m;wpfO;D jzpfaeyg ,if;t0ppfawGbuf tawG;tac:
ta0: a0g[m&rsm;? aeYpOfajympum;rsm;? pum;pk? pum;quf? pum;pyf? pum;
owfrsm;t& wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf wwftm;orQ avhvm&&Sdaom
a'oE&ajympum;rsm;udk tenf;tusOf;od&SdEdkif&ef azmfjy xm;&Sdygonf/
a0g[m&tac:ta0:rsm;taejzif h v nf ; wpf & G m wpf y k ' f q ef ; ?
wpfausmif; w*gxmqdkbdouJhodkY a'owpfckwnf;rSmyif awmwGif;wpfrsdK;?
NrdKUay:wGif wpfrsdK;ac:onfrsm; &Sdygao;onf/ ,if;aMumifh pmapmifwGif
yg&Sdaom a0g[m&rsm;[k yHkaor,lMuapvdkyg/
t0buf &cdkifom;rsm; ajymqdkaompum;udk tajccHxm; a&;om;cJh
jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf oHk;yHkav;yHkcefYrQum; wlnD&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf/ aeYpOf
ajym a0g[m&rsm;ESifh pum;pkrsm;udk tu&mpOfvdkuf razmfjyrD OD;pGmajymavh
ajymx&SdMuaom &cdkifpum;quf? pum;pyf? pum;owfrsm;udk tenf;i,f
wifjyygrnf/
jref r m
odkYaomf
NyD;
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bm
rS
wnf;
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vdk? uJhokdY
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owJh

(7) &cdkifaeYpOfajym pum;quf?

pum;pyf? pum;owfrsm;
aeYpOfoHk;pum;rsm;udk wifjy&mwGif txl;ojzifh jrefrmbmomjzifh
tajym tqdrk sm;wGif cRw,
f iG ;f vTrJ mS ;rIrsm; &SEd ikd yf gonf/ odYk rSm;,Gi;f cRwaf csmrf I
rsm; awGUcJhygu? tjypfudk a&SUIrxm;MubJ wwftm;orQ jyKjyifpDppfMuvsuf?
oufqdkif&m r*Zif;pmapmifrsm;wGif tjyKoabmjzifh wifjyMuapvdkygonf/
pmjyKpkolxHodkY wdkufdkufwifjy tMuHPfrsm; ay;yguvnf; txl;aus;Zl;
wif&Sdygrnf/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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toQifpudE

81
odyf
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qdkouJhodkY
r[kwfbl;

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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

uaumif;
avcsifh
yg,ifh? yg,efY
atydkif? a'ydkif
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wefAsm,f
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ta*gifha*gifhvm;
atcsifhydkif? atydkifaoQmif
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baZmif? tapmf
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atrem;a,? atrawmif
edefa&
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82

cvdkuf
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r[kwfa*eDvDzd
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NyD;udk t0ppfawGbufwGif (aAsmuf) ? ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJbufwGif (,m)?

Oyrm = pm;NyD;udk? pm;aAsmwf? pm;,m[k oHk;onf/
ppfawGt0buf (i)owfoHudk? ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJbufwGif(e) owfoH
ajym onf/ Oyrm= ccifrrif (ccefrref)? ,if;csifh (,ef;csifh ,ef[m)? xrif;
(xref;)/
ppfawGt0bufwGif cvdkufxnfh ajymqdkrI&Sdonf/ Oyrm- aevmyg
(edefygcvdkuf)? pm;vmyg (pm;ygcvdkuf)? cvdkufrSm bdwfac:oHjzpfonf/ ppfawG
t0bufwiG f &Su
d kd [dukd ,S[
d k toH;k rsm;aeaomfvnf; &rf;NA?J ausmufjzLbufwiG f
[d[kyif oHk;EIef;wkef; &Sdaeao;onf/
ausmufjzLbufwGif igr[kwf ponfjzifh r[kwftoHk;EIef;vnf; ajymdk;&Sd
onf/ t0ppfawGbufwGif (a-mifh)oHudk (watifhaoQ)? (a'gifh)? (apmifh)wdkYudk
acsmif;zsm;&yfESifh ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJ? rmefatmife,frsm;wGif (KefU)[k (pmtkyfaoQ)
('kefY)(-KefY)[l ajymavh&SdMuygonf/
t0ppfawGbufu Zmudk? ausmufjzLbufwGif pm? tapmfvJudk a&mif[k
ajymavh&SdMuygonf/ Oyrm- tapmfa&mif? pmvJ? pmav;av? tapmfvm;a&mif/
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ydkufacgif;? ydkufvHk;

azmfjyyg tac:ta0:rsm;rSm bmomjcm;pum;ESifh a&m,Sufaeonf/

taMumif;aomf &cdkifESifh tdEd, (,ckb*Fvm;a'h&Sf)EdkifiHonf wa&wajrwnf;
vdk qufpyf&SdaeNyD? ,if;a'owGifvnf; wpfcsdefu &cdkifjynfrS aMumif;&yftrsdK;
rsdK;aMumifh ajymif;a&TUaexdkif tajcpdkuf&SdcJhMuaom &cdkifvlrsdK;tajrmuftjrm;
&SdcJhavonf/ xdka'oae &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;onf tdEd,? b*FgvD? tm&AD? tl&'l?
,dED? t*Fvdyfpaom bmomjcm;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fcJh&mum; xdk&cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;
u pwifarG;pm;um qif;oufoHk;EIef;vmcJh&jcif; jzpfav&monf/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

109

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

trSwfjyxm;aom a0g[m&rsm;rSmqdkvQif t*Fvdyfpum;rSwpfqifh

qif;oufvmaompum;rsm; jzpfEdkifavonf/ Oyrm- Captain (uywdef)qdkaom

pum;udk tdEd,om;wdkYu ]uy'ef} qdkonfudk &cdkifwdkYu ]uwfwif} [kac:a0:
jcif; jyKcJh&monf/
,if;aMumifh &cdkifwGif rdrdwdkUudk,fydkifa0g[m&rsm;tjyif a&S;ayg&mPpum;
rsm;rS qif;ouf&SdcJhaom a0g[m&rsm;? wjcm;bmomjcm;rS qif;oufvmaom
pum;&yfrsm;? a&GUvsm;ajymif;vGJvmEdkifp&m&Sdaom a0g[m&rsm;um; trsm;yif
&SdEdkifayonf/

(13)&ckdifpum;dk; pum;vmrsm;
(pum;yHkrsm;)
vl r sd K ;wd k i f ; \ bmompum;rsm;wG i f v nf ; aumif ; ? pmayrsm;wG i f
vnf;aumif; yHkEIdif;ajymaompum;yHkrsm; &SdMuayonf/ &cdkifwGifvnf; a&ajr
a'otvdkuf ajymqdkMuaom pum;dk;? pum;pOf? pum;vm? trsm;tjym;
&Sdygonf/
pum;yHrk sm;rSm a&S;a[mif;pum;pmaywdrYk S qif;oufvmonfjzpf yHEk idI ;f
ajymcJhMuonfjzpf pum;yHk[lonfh vlUordkif;? vlUywf0ef;usif rSwfwrf;rsm;[l
vnf; qdkEdkifygonf/
pum;yHrk sm;xJwiG f tcsKd Upum;yHrk sm;rSm omrefoabmjzifMh unfv
h Qif Murf;
wrf; kefY&if;onf[k xifrSwfzG,f&m &Sdygonf/ &cdkifpum;yHkrsm; jynfhpHkap&efESifh
pum;yHk wifpm;ajymqdkcJholrsm;onf yGifhvif;jywfom; uG,f0SufxdrfcsefrI r&SdbJ
jrefrmpum;yHk ]]wHk;qdkwdkuf? usm;qdkudkuf}} qdkbdouJhodkY dk;dk;ESifh ajymifajymifyGifh
yGifhvif;vif; wduspGm yHkEIdif;wifpm;ajymqdkMujcif;udk ay:vGifap&efyif jzpfyg
onf/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

110

,if;wdkYrSm yHkEIdif;olwdkY\ pdwf"gwfudk azmfjyxm;jcif;yif/ kef;&if;onf?

Murf;wrf;onf ajymqdk&efroifh[k awG;qraebJ? awGUjrifonfh csufcsif;vwfw
avm yHEk idI ;f ajymqdv
k u
kd jf cif;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh bmompum;onf vlrsKd ;\
pdwfqEudk ay:vGifapygonf/ jrefrmpmayordkif;&yfrsm;wGifvnf; odkYaom
yHkEIdif;ajymqdkcJhonfrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf Aef;armfq&mawmfBuD;onf bk&m;qkyefaom
oDv&SifwpfOD;udk rdef;rb0rSaeNyD; a,musfm;qkudk awmif;ygOD;[k ajymqdk&mwGif
dk;dk;rajymbJ ighaygifMum;u[m eifhaygifMum;a&mufatmif BudK;pm;tHk;[k ajym
qdkcJhonf/
,if;aemuf pmqdk&SifOD;ykn\ uAsmwpfydk'fwGif ykZGefqDESifh &moD[l
vnf;aumif; rdk;BudK;oHESifh tD;oH[lvnf;aumif; a&;om;cJhMuonf/
onfwrYkd mS ,if;yk*Kd vrf sm;onf d;k om;vsuf a[ma[m'dik ;f 'dik ;f ajymqdk
wwfaomvlpm;rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&SdEdkifygonf/
acgif;aqmifBuD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ 1947-ckESpf? {NyD 17 &ufaeYn
toHvTifhHkrS ESpfopful;rdefYcGef;>rufMum;&mwGif]]qdwfvaphvkyfcsifowJh owif;pmawGvJ vkyfcsifvkyfMuyg? 'gayr,fh
wdik ;f jynfqyl al tmif vHUI aqmfwphJ um;rsKd ;? zufppftpDtrHvkd vSnjhf ym;wJo
h wif;rsKd ;
qdk&if? onf;cHrSm r[kwfbl;}} [lvnf;aumif;/
ruG,fvGefrD(6)&uf? 1947-ck? Zlvdkifv(13)&ufaeY rdefYcGef; ajymMum;
&mwGifvnf;]]tawmfudk NyJatmifBudK;pm;rS tESpfESpfq,favmuf&SdwJhtcg tawmf
usr,f}} [lvnf;aumif;/
]]wef;wlnw
D rl jzpforQ vGwv
f yfw,fqakd yr,fh zmo,fEikd if rH sKd ;jzpfaerSm
yJ}} [lvnf;aumif; rdefYMum;cJhcsufrsm; jzpfonf/
onfrSm AdkvfcsKyf\ oabmxm;udk awGUEdkif&m vlajzmifhpdwfwdkvlpm;
jzpfonf/ dkif;onf Murf;onf[l awG;qraebJ pdwfxJwGif&Sdonfrsm;udk yGifh
yGi fhv if; vif; ajymwwfonf/ y&d,m,fr m,mrsm;aom Edki fi Ha &;orm;rsdK ;?
tacsmiform; r[kwfaMumif;udkvnf; 1947-ck? arv 30&ufaeY owif;pm

111

toQifpudE

uGefz&ifhwGif ajymqdkaom ]]EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwmu? 0rf;xJrSm b,favmufpdwf

qdk;ayr,hf? zHk;xm;Edkif&r,f uRefawmfuawmhzHk;vdkY r&bl;}} [laom ajymqdkcsuf
udkaxmuf odomEdkifygonf/
xdt
Yk wl &cdik pf umyHw
k pfcsKd UrSmvnf; pum;yHEk idI ;f ajymqdck MhJ uaom yk*Kd vw
f Ykd
taejzifh rdrdpdwfxJwGif &SdorQudk &Sdonfhtwdkif; dkif;onfkef;&if;onf rajymqdk
oifhbl;[k awG;qraecJhMubJ dk;dk;ESifh yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm wifpm;ajymqdkcJhaom
pum;yHkrsm;yif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
odkYESifh ytdkY0fwdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ ]]pum;ajzmifhMum;&cuf? opfyifajzmifh
wwf&cuf}} qdkaompum;yHkudk em;Mum;kefU&if;Murf;wrf;ovdk&Sdaumif; &SdMu
ayvdrfhrnf/ tm;rusdK; tm;rem r[kwfaMumif;udk BudKwif&Sif;vif;wifjy
vdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/
wpfcsdKUpum;yHkrSm vlrsdK;a&;t& ESdrfa&;onf[k xifrSwfzG,f&m&Sdygonf/
odkYaomf xdkpum;yHkwdkYudkvnf; &cdkifpum;yHkjynfhpHkap&eftwGuf wifjyxnfhoGif;
&jcif;om jzpfygonf/ vlrsdK;a&;pdwfqEt& xnfhoGif;jcif; r[kwfaMumif; tod
ay;tyfygonf/ xdkYjyif jrefrmpum;yHkESifh ra&m,Sufaom&cdkifpum;yHk ppfppfrsm;
udkom wwftm;orQ &SmMuHpkaqmif; wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ acwfay:pum;yHk
wpfcsdKUudkvnf; csefrxm;bJ azmfjyvdkufygao;onf/
wifjyxm;aompum;yHkrsm;rSm &cdkifpum;yHkrsm;teuf wpfcsdKUwpf0uf
rQom jzpfavonf/ toQifpudE? toQif0go0wdkYum; &cdkifpum;yHkrsm;udk
&&SdEdkiforQ pkpnf;vsuf&Sdayonf/ oD;oefY&cdkifpum;yHkpmtkyftaejzifh wifjy
EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/ wjcm;a&ajra'otvdkuf ajymqdkaeMuaom pum;yHk
trsm;tjym; usef&Sdao;rnf[k xifrdonf/
pumyHkrsm;udk wifjy&mwGif &cdkifoHyDoap&efudk t"duxm;a&;om;
cJhonfjzpf owfyHkowfTef;ESifhywfouf onf;cHMuapvdkygonf/
(u)
1/ uvm;AsdKif;ZD? EGm;AsdKif;ZD
2/ uvrZyifrSm? xydefqdk;NidNidvdkY
3/ uvm;cwfaw&D? uvm;zifqD;zdkYravmuf

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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uvm;rSmNrD? oufrSmNcD
uvm;udkowfrS? bm,dawmfa&
uvm;udkowf? ZD;udkcGwf
uvm;ajcmuf? rajcmufvDau
uvm;rEdkif? &cdkifudkrdef;
uvm;wdkufrSm? usm;0ifa&ydkif
usm;a*gif;rSm? oef;&Sma&ydkif
usm;oDrS&m? o&Jxa&
usm;udkufzdkYEGm;? abmpudka,mifa&
udk,fhNcH0if? udk,fhEGm;
udk,fhNcHrSmayguf? udk,fhEGm;
udk,frGD;a&arsmuf? udk,fhudkjyefajcmuf
udk,faumif;oaumif;? 'g;aumif;yawmif;
udk,fhpum;eefY? udk,fyg;a&mifa&
udk,fhaygifudk,fvdrfa&
udk,fBudKufawoum csKda&
udk,fhrSmr[d? jynfrSmr[D
udk,fuy,fa*? 'l;udkvnf;r,HkvDa*h
udk,fhiyd? udk,frTD;a&
udk,fhcEmuoGD;udkawmif? raumif;au xkwfypfod,ifh
udk,fhxrif;pm;NyD;u? a,mufcrEGm;udkausmif;a&
udk,fxdk;? udk,fzef? udk,fcsdK;? rvkyfauh
udk,frvSudk,frjrif? vlrvSudk,f&,fcsif
MuufzifrSm&DqHk;a&ydkif
uRJrSmN*dKvdrf? vlrSmeHydef
usifoeftdkMuufESifhr&
Murf;ydk;udkrmefyg? tdrfudkrD;wdkufaw
ausmfa&vJol? anmfa&vJol

112

113

toQifpudE

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uqkefyljcif;? awmfovif;
usdK;vcvdkY&m? rusdK;a*rdk;xdk;zdk
aumufnif;aygif; aMumifpm;rukef a&ydkif? wtkefYtkefYeefY
Mum;NyD;oljrwfaw
aumufnif;rap;bJ? pcGef;ap;reDa*h
BuD;vDcsdKifvD? or&moD;trsdK;
usraumuf? aysmufrS&Sma& (usraumuf? aysmufr&Sm)
uH[da&om;? usm;udkufvdkY roD
uRefeefYoa*gif; twlaygif;? oa*gif;uRefapmfeHvdrfhar
usrdGudkx&H&uf &ufvdkY
uRef;om;NrdKUa&muf? ua&mufuaxmuf
ukefHI;a*wpfacguf&m? vifukefHI;au wpfoufvHk;arSmufaw
<uufudkrEdkifvdkY? usDudkrD;eefYwdkuf
ausmufqdkpGmtrIefYvJ&DrSm jrKyfaw
ausmufyHkrSm ig;0uf dkufdkufvdkY
aumufdk;>cDrSm? vAGDvdkufvdkufvdkY
umv0dbuf? xufyufwufaw
BudK;rygbJ? rTda&*sif/
(c)
csajcmufudk&DrqGwfa*h
csD;,dkolr&Suf? jrifol&Sufaw
csyHkrSmcsavmufaysmfa&ydkif
csD;,dkrcscif? udkif;wef&Sma&
csD;pdkufrwwf? ESpfcgjyef
csyufudkMuuf,uf,ufvdkY
csyufudkvuf0g;eefY owfowfvdkY
csD;wpfa,mufaygufa*? raygufolvJeH? aygufolvJeHa&

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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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114

csajcmufudkaumufyD;auawmif? qD;jzpfEdkifa&
csD;udk&muG,fvdkY pdkufvDzdkY? pum;udk uG,frajym
csD;udkum;uG,frpdkuf? pum;udkum; uG,fvdkYajyma&
cGD;avmufusydkif? xdkNAD;atNAD;
cGD;udkuZyfyg;,ufe,uf? taoQudkuZyfacgif;xufuxuf
cGD;ydkifteHYcHvdkY&meDa&
cGD;jzpfNyD;rS csD;ra&SmifEdkifAsm,f
cGD;rwHk;rSm usdKifawmufpGyfpGyfvdkY
cGD;wa[mifudkvdkufvD? rD;wjrifudkrvdkufvDa*h
cGD;a[mifwdkif;? ausmufcJrypfa*h
cGD;om;&efwdkuf? vlrjzpf
cGD;a[mifwdkif; xrMunfhvDa*h? nOfhtdyfysufaw
cGD;rSmydkif csD;rpm;&a*? a*gif;nDa&
cGD;udk&efrl owfawvl? owfolvJcGD;? cGD;vJcGD;
cGD;vdrmywHk;ukwf? vlvdrmaemufqkwf
cGD;rSmydkifZmavmufoifhoifh? pcGufa&mufwMuJMuJAsm,f
cGD;em;rSm apmif;wD;wD;vdkY
cGD;wdydkifkwfvdkY rpm;vDa*h? usuef;wdydkiftmvdkY pm;vD
cGD;usrus? aMumifususa&
cGD;usruspDa*h? aMumifus&muspD
cGD;udkowfcsif? cGD;oQifrsufESmMunfh
cGD;ydkifrdkufawtaumif&m
cGD;aumifykwf vif;' ususvdkY? xdkqGJatqGJ
cGD;zifudk? avmufudkufudkufvdkY
cGD;ydkiftpmcGufjrifa* wBuJBuJeefY
acsmif;dk;wdrfvdkY? rsdK;dk;rwdrf
jcHKykwfjrifwdkif;? qGrf;rwifEdkif
cJ0gr,Of? awmMuufr,Of? usm;r,Of(uRef;om;^&Gmom;r,Of)

115
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toQifpudE
crGD;zifeefYyGD;? Z&yfeefYroGD;? wef;xm;eefYcsD;
cGwfvD,ifh? jywfvD,ifh? ajymvD,ifh jrwfvD,ifh
acsmif;om;wkwfcg iz,Hkrudkuf? iz,Hkudkufcg acsmif;om;rwkwf/
csif;tdrfrSm? uRefjzpfpGmxuf? qdk;od,ifh
cawmif;usdKufawwjcm;? wifom;wvGJ
cdk;a&vlxuf? ,dk;a&vli&Jusa&
cdk;wwfawvl? ,dk;wwfaw
csif;ajyma&? oDzdkYcg vwHkjrnfa& qdka&ydkif
acgif;xJrSmvJeDcsif? rsufESmvJajymifcsif/
(*)
*defjrnfrS cGD;rSef;oda&
*ef;rrsufa&ususvdkY (,dk ,dkY vdkY)
*edeufjzef? uvm;uRefjzpfpGm&m
*'Hk;csif;xdyfacgufzdkY r&Sma*h
N*dK;aumif;au? uRJwreefYrzEdkif
(i)
ighzifrSm tolUcsD;vJqdka&ydkif
ig;r[dvdkY rQdKifpGefpGm&m
ighorD;vSa&qdk? aumhjya&
i&JudkvGwfauvJ? 0wfudka&SmifrvGwf
i&Juvma&vl? jymyludkraMumuf
ig;wpfrdom;udk? ydkufonfwpfouf owfvdkY rukef
i,f&mi,fa&? pmaoQtrsdK;
ipdkif;wpfjyef? >rdwpfjyef
iclecrf;? iwef0rf;? MuufrSmtNcD? 0ufrSmtqD? N*dK;rSmvOfqpf
ioa&G;udk r*dkufwdkufxm;a&ydkif
iGD&m&bdkYvdka&/ tbmezl;udkvJ odkufwl;xm;,ifh
idkpm;&,fpm;vlrsdK;&m

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

116

13/ ig;ydkif; udkif;wif wifvdkY xdkrusatrus

14/ igwpfvHk;udkcsvdkYr&a& vlpm;&m
15/ irGJudkwpfcg? ijymuNydKifoda&/
(p)
1/ pum;BuD;vlr,Hk? cswHk;BuD;cGD;rpm;
2/ pdwfaumif;au? tacgif;usefa&
3/ pdefeawmif;ta&mifeefY yg;ajymifpGm&m
4/ pH*dk;rSm <uufNAD;NAD;vdkY
5/ pmwpfaMumif;? if;q,fcgyga&
6/ pm;a&cgiausmf? a,mfa&cgiusdD;? cHvDa&cg iuef;BuD;
7/ pum;uRHa* EkwfvdkYr&? taygufuRHa* EkwfvdkY&oda&
8/ pdwfxm;wwfau bm0em? rwwfau wPSm
9/ pm;tm;BuD;vkdY? tHawmifwdkeDAsm,f
10/ pdwful;eefY vdyfOa&mif;a&
11/ pH*dk;avmuf rapmufreuf
12/ pyg;oQifudk arsmufESifESifvdkY
13/ pum;wpfcGef;? vwpfcGef;
14/ p a*? um;a&
15/ pum;qef; ajympGmrSm? ipG,fwwfu tbmac:&zdkYod
16/ pum;rsm;au? trSm;yga&
17/ pum;rwwf? Zrf;rwwf
18/ pum;pum; ajymvDrsm;au? pum;xJu Zmwdjya&
19/ pum;wpf&m wodk;*g? av;&mwpfcsyf? pyg;oQifu rcpyf
20/ pum;ajympGmrSmawmif? iydruyf qm;ruyf? yayghajyma& vlpm;&m
21/ pum;ajymrwwf? qJpGmeefYwla&

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

117
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toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

(q)
qGrf;qefrSm <uufcsD;yga&ydkif
qdwfroDcif? Oudkazmufaw
qdwfrodcif? t&DESD;a&
qwfvSD;&mrSm? cGD;arQmfarQmfvdkY
qifydefa*vJ? uRJxufBuD;pGmAs,f (uRJavmufusefoda&)
aqmif;cgqD;xuf? <uufoda&
qla,mifu apmifha&? eyfatmifrapmifh
qdwfcsD;wpf&m? qifcsD;wpfwHk; (wpfAuf)
qDwpfcg? &DwpfvSnfh
q&mrsm;a*? om;oDa&
q,f&DrSm? w&Drpyf
qifvm;? vrf;rvdk
q,fawmif;BuJvdkY? wpfawmif;rjrif(r&)
(q,fawmif;jcifvdkY? wpfawmif;rjzpf)
aqmif;'leefY? rufacgifavmufuGJ,ifh
qvdyfrSmtwdk? r,m; (rrmh)rSm tysdK
qefpdkif&mrSm usrGdrvdkufEdkif
q&mrjy? iyduif (iydzkwf)vJ enf;rus
qifajymifBuD;/ csydk;&ef&Sm (arsmufrmefyg)
qdwfpm;rpm;vDa*h? jrif;pm;&m pm;vD
qifudk ZpdeefYypfypfvkdY
qDjcif &DjcifvkyfreDauh
aqmif;rGD&eefY? buef'&udky,fau? Zmyif&&? aumif;pGmAsm,f
qifoDudk qdwf&DeefY zHk;vdkYrvHk

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118

(Z)
Zmwform;r,m;? ESJorm;yg;? zJorm; t*Fg;
Zmwdudk y0wdvkyfvdkYr&
Zmz&m;BuD;BuD; awmif;zl;z&m;? txkwfatmufu&m
ZmvkyfzdkYvJ r&a&awmif? EGm;xufqGD;od,ifh
ZmwfwpfNcdefu wpfrwf&/ vif;cGufwufeif;rS? ig;jym;tavsmfus
(ps)
psyGJrSm? vrGJxa&
psD;oifhrS&m? ukefpGefa&
psD;pum; empum;&m
psD;BuD;tpGefcuf? tavmhBuD; vif&cufaw
psD;BuD;au taumif;xifa&? toGif;BuD;au vSa&xifa&
(n)
nOfheufvD? pqDoJvD
nOfheufoef;acgif ppDarQmif
nOfhudkedefYvkyfeDa& ocdk;ydkifaoQmif
(w)
awmfovif;rdk;? cs>yrf;xdk;
awmfovif;rdk;ydkif? tpdk;r&
awmfovif;cGD;ydkif? aemufu wpfaumufaumufvdkufeDa&
awmfovif;ed? ykZGefoD
wpfazmif0g;? wpfvHk;eefYuefa&
wpfrdk;vHk;xGefa&? exD;rSef; errSef;rod
awmif;wwf rSwfwwf olawmfjrwf? ryD;ygvdk ol0efudk
wpfcgrjyef? tem*grf
awmif;qdk; yvHk;qdk;udk&m ypfEdkifa&? om;qdk;orD;qdk;udk rypfEdkif
wdkifrSm yufusduyfuyfvdkY
awmufwJhuyfuyfvdkY reDa*h

119

toQifpudE

12/ wHk;a[mif;udk azmf? atmufpzdk&a&? pum;a[mif;udkazmf &efp &a&

13/ wpfcgvdrf? vdrfoltjypf? ESpfcgvdrf vdrfoltjypf? oHk;cgvdrf vdrfcH&ol
tjypf
14/ wvif;vJyGJ? ykwfvJqGJ
15/ wpfeyfpmudk? wpfoufpmxif? cGD;tjrif
16/ wpfoufvHk;pm;a&uGrf;? or&mwpfjcrf;
17/ awmifxdk;&us? q,fawmif;BuJau? ig;awmif;&
18/ wDudk xHk;eefYwdkYa&ydkif
19/ wefauqD;? vGefauzD;
20/ wpfcgvmvJ rJjymykqdk;? wpfcgvmvJ rJjymykqdk;
21/ wpfoufpmudk rjrif? wpfxyfpmudk&m jrifa&
22/ wdkif;jynfrSmvJ ppfeefY rvGwf? vlrSmvJ tcspfeefY rvGwf
23/ wwJhajym vleefYroifh
24/ wHk;qdk;uawmif? rIdaygufod,ifh
(x)
1/ xGD;ypfvdkufaw ovdyfudkjyefNyD; aumufrrsdKAsm,f
2/ xdk;0g;rEkwfbJ wpfnOfhvHk;avSmfa&/ rdk;vJvif;a& ,if;urf;axmifh
3/ axmifudkum; rjrif? &mudkjrifa&
4/ xdwfudkacgufNyD;rS &Sdcdk;vdk tydkAsm,f
5/ xdwfykwfNyD; &Sdcdk;a&ydkif
6/ xra&acsmif;pD; vSLauvJ? abm&dyg wpfbl;zdk;r&
7/ xkwfrSmowf? avQmufrSmowf&m
8/ xrxkwf wpfzuf "m; wpfzufeefY ysmpm; ajcmufpm;eDpGm&m
(')
1/ a'goBuD;? cGD;eefYwl
2/ a'goBuD; t&D udk,fzdkY
3/ 'gOD;zromrSm? 'atmif0if idka&ydkif
4/ 'g;apmif;xuf? &Dapmif;xufaw

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

5/ 'a&mif;eefYqa&mif; xGduyfawydkif
6/ 'g;udkvJ wpfzuf&moGD;a&? pum;udkvJ wpfcGef;&majyma&
7/ 'bmcsdwu
f tmPmjyau? 'vmuvJ tmPmjya&
(")
1/ "m;vJxufod,ifh? eDvJ[dod,ifh
2/ "m;au"m;? 0g;au0g;
3/ "gwfcsif;cdkufrS? ewfcsif;BudKufaw
4/ "gwfwleHwl? qD;zuf,l
(e)
1/ EGm;NAD;&mrSm? jym&Gifh&GifhvdkY
2/ eDvJxGufod,ifh? "m;vJxufodoifh
3/ aemufusau? v'rSmtdk;? vlrSmtdk;
4/ ewfjynfudkjyau? cGD;zifudkjrifa&
5/ Edk;vlxcdk;? aqmufcwf&Gmydkif
6/ ewfudkarQmfcg? vlYtpm
7/ EGm;AdkUwufydkif? wpf&ufxufwpf&uf tm;jyvma&
8/ ElzdkYtp,m;a&? oDzdkYtp zsm;a&
9/ ESrf;wpfpdeefY qDrjzpf
10/ ewfMurf;udk ywfMurf;wdkufaw
11/ EdkUxpfyGm? &Dwpfym
12/ ewfawmfjymodk? csD;&yfapmuf,dk
13/ eysdK;oD;yD;a& bkef;BuD;rS? pmwwfaw
14/ edef0ifwl;qdkif;qm bDvl;vma&
15/ ewfq&mudk ywfq&m? ,Mwmudk yMwmq&mEdkifa&
(y)
1/ jynfwefy'jrm;wpfvHk;? csif;vufrSmwHk;a&
2/ Nydef;awmrSm? 'g;uuvdkY
3/ yprSmMuuftdyftdyfvdkY

120

121
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toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

ay:pc&rf;oD;? eyfcsif;nD;
yJavSmfMum;? qm;nyfnyfvdkY
yef;wefa,miforD;? cswefa,mifjzpfw,f
yef;twGufaMumifh? 0pdwfjcrf;udk a*gif;xufwifa&
NydKif;wdkifjrKyfjrKyfvdkY? ppkef;jrKyfaw
yef;zJ'g;aumif; rudkif? vuform;tdrfaumif;redef
ig;azmufao ig;aumif;rpm;/
yef;zJoefvdrf? yef;xdrfa&Tcdk; (yef;xdrf&dk;? trda&Tudk wrl;cdk;)
yef;xdrfrwufcif? a&Tcdk;oifa&
ajymp&mr[d? ighr,m;0rf;BuD;a&vdkY ajyma&ydkif
yDomjrif a,mhxifz? yDomrjrif cGD;om;wkyfac:a&ydkif
yDrSmwpfoD;? eysdK;wpfcdkif? yifhulwpfr? usD;wpfom;
ykZGefjzL ig;r[kwf? orufpDvlrdkufr[kwf
ypuysm;? 0rf;urQm;
ajyma&cgvlydkif&Sifydkif? vkyfawcg wd&dpmefxufqGD;od,ifh
ydEJoD;cGHem;? EGm;&pf&pfvdkY
ysm;a&eefY0rf;csa&
ydkufaoabmfvm? azmufaoa*gif;xuf
jynfrSmtcsKyf? i0ufykwf
ykPm;EGm;a&mif;? vwaygif;
yifv,fyifpGyfydkif? xdkpGyfatpGyf
jynfudkrodAm&mPoD? rif;udkrodjA['wf
ajymedefpGmu ur|mef;bm0em? vkyfedefpGmu bdef;eefY*ifZm
yvDyvmxGufpGm xufrsm;zdkYod
ywfpmudk cGD;pm;rSjyefa&

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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

122

(z)
zkwfvDa&iyd? [drSef;awmifrod
zkwfylrD;wdkufwdkufvdkY
zGJawmrSm &DoGefa&ydkif
zsmu&a&yDom? zsmudkjyefvcpGm&m
zsufawvJiusD;? ysifa&vJiusD;
zjyKwfauudk aMumufuraMumuf&GHUvdkY&m
zjyKwfauydkif? zdvD<um;wufvD
zjyKwf<uufpkwfrusef
zGwfurD;ausmif;jzpf? acsmif;ajrmif;rcHom?
uRefuoa*gif;jzpf? jynf&GmrcHom
zGwfydkifvQmESpfcGeefY
zGwfudkum;rwif? zGwfom;udkum; wifpm;a&
zdwfcsif;zdwf? udk,fhtdwfxJrSmzdwf
zsmvdyfacgif;? cGD;0if0ifvdkY
z&m;z&m;? wzefrsm;? z&m;udk,fwdkif? vljrifwdkif;udk rrmhEdkif
z&pdwGif;us
zkwfudkaMumufvdkY a,SmifumrS? o&JeefYvmwGda&
zif,m;pGmeefY? abmif;'GwfrSm ukvm;oDpGmeefY wwdusa&qdka&ydkifAsm,f
zJorm;csif;? aMumifvdrfwifzdkY r&Sma*h
(A)
AsdKif;acsmif; acsmif;vdkY
Al;xufzmrom
AHkr[kwf ywfr[kwf
Aef;jy jyvdkY&m
Avdpmewfpm wifzdkYawmif? ravmufod
Akwfokuwdkif;jynfrSm? qa&mif;'a&mif; rif;vkyfpGmxuf qdk;bdkYod/

123

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

(b)
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bkef;BuD;vlxGuf wyGma,mh
bkef;BuD;csif; wumrac:a*h
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wuf? csacgif;eufaw
bkef;BuD;pqD? y&dwfraMumuf
bJOudk tp&Sma&ydkif
bdef;pm;rS? r,m;cspfaw
bk&ifr oeyfcg; ESdrf;&mrSm? ,ifr 0ifvl;a&ydkif
bm;bl[d,ifhqef[D,ifh? 'dkif;*sD[D,ifh? &D[d,ifh
bDcsyfwpf&m csxkwfaysmufvdkY vifr,m;&efjzpf&a&
bk&ifudkvJ? ,if&mxifa&
bDcsyfwpf&mydkif? zjzwfckefreDa*h (vavmhwufreDa*h)
bif;*sDrSmwpfcg? azmufusDusoda&
bk&m;rSwfvdkY udk;uG,fpGmrSm 0rf;yleefYusa&
bkef;BuD;pzdk0if? armif&Sifausmif;acgifwuf
bdef;pm;pdwful;ul;eDpGmydkif
bef'dbef'wf? ESzufuyf
(r)
jrwfarvm;ESif;cH? wpfodkufa,mha&
arsmufrSmtojym? 'Hk;rSmpnf& wpfjyjy
arsmufvufrSm? rD;p&&vdkY
ajrmufvufrSm? tojymqHk;a&
arsmufudkeef;wif? jynf&GmrtD;csrf;
arsmufydkif aMumufawjrif? NzJajcmufw,f
r[dawmifhw? [daMumifhMua&
rcsdvdkYoGm;MuJ? &,fa,mifxifa&
rpm;&bJ anmfcH? atmifAvrduH
rqdkifwpfqdkif uydkifom;? 'g;eefYdkif

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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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124

rdk;rjrifvDrjrifAsm,f
rsufpdxuf? 0S&m;rwif;
r[da*0rf;pm? [da*wef;qm
rsdK;Mum;opdrf;0if? ykyfMum;ecsD;0if
armifBuD;arwm? csD;arwm
r,m;udkowf? psD;udkjzwf
romvJw? omvJw
remvdkcscsm;zuf? emvdk'jyKwfzuf
rvmO EIwfawydkif rEIwfvDau? uif;ZGef; qdwfawydkif&m qdwfpm;vD
uwf
rpm;&pGmxuf? r0pGmucufaw
r,m;q&m? vifijym
rsufjzLqkdufvD? q&mBudKufvD
rif;BuD;tkef;oD;pm;pGmrSm? ivmatmifMum;u qdrfhqdrfhvdkY
r[dpGmxuf? rodpGmcufw,f
rzGyfaurjzL? rwla*r&
roufrom umvem
rma&opfvJ usdK;vG,fa&? wdkif;a&rdrmhvJ MuHvG,fa&
rw&mom; [efYzdkYtpm;? usm;rwHk;udk&m qGJvDzdkY
rMum;pzl; Mum;pzl;? qifyprSm eysdK;zl;
rif;Mwm;ighvif? bk&ifigha,Smuf? oabFmolBuD; igh0&D;
NrdKUom;uRef;a&muf? EGm;NcD&mrSm 'Hk;abmufaqmuf
rsufpdrSm&D em;rSmqD? 'EDrSmqm; 0rf;rSmysm;
ryD;csifa*r[d? rvm;csifa*rod
rsufESmr&? causmufus
rac:csifa*vGwfaw? rawmfcsifbJ rvGwf
>rD>rDcsif; NcDjrifa&
rif;Mwm;uRJ&DrSm? 0ifvm;ca&ydkif

125

toQifpudE

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rdk;,dk0g;pGwf? vl,dk;ig;iwf
r,m;udkcspfau? vleefYr,Hk
r,m;udkrEdkifpDa*h? rif;udk rNydKifvDa*h
rkom;ryg? vuFmracsm
rdrmhrSm &uef;eefY? a,musfm;rSm pmwef;eefY? abm&dwfypfaw
rdwfxuf0ufjcif;? vlvifr,m;? rif;xm;Opm? rudkif&m
rjynfha&tdk;? abmifbifcwfaw
romwpfacguf? ausmif;q,fcg
(,)
a,mufcroDpGmeefY? iclpl;pGmeefY wwdusa&
,m;pGmrSm? vmjcpfawydkif
,if;olUpum;? av;ESifhpm;
a,musfm;BuH? oHvJhrxGuf
,Mwmaumif;? rif;avmif;awmifray:Edkif
(&)
a&mufrvufjcif;udk? rId[if;cl;cguyifhod,ifh
&ifavmufwifrS? cg;avmufusa&
&Drjrifcifuyif? avmyifha&
&DjrifrS avmyifha&
&Ja&usm;? ckwfrSmusa&
&Gmom;nD? EGm;cGufpm;
l;uGefaqmifvdkY? 0atmifpm;a&
l;uGefaqmifvdkY? tdrf&SdrSmcsD;pdkufaw
&pGmudkvJ rvdk? vdkpGmudkvJ r&
&DrSmtqHk;(wHk;)? ukef;rSmwpf0uf
&DavmifyGef;rSm? cGD;oD;jzef;a&
&efvdkcvdk atmufpzdk
&DrSmvJtdk;r[d? rif;rSmvJ trsdK;r[d

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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

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126

&efudkqdk? N*dKoGD;vdkY&meDa&
&SufpeefY? bm,Dac:a&
&cdkifZmavmufajzmifhajzmifh? csif;aumufpGmavmuf&m[da&
&cdkifrSmr,m;? atmufom;rSm z&m;udka&Tqifa&
&cdkifaysmfa* ykvif;eefY? ukvm;aysmfa* aw;jcif;eefY
&mudk&mjrifa&? axmifudkum; rjrif
&Dr[da&uef? qefr[da&pyg;? w&m;r[da&rif;? tpd;k r[da&rD;ydik ?f ZmvJ
toHk;rus
a&m*grsm;tm;BuD; a*vJroDEdkifAsm,f? <uD;xltm;BuD;a*vJ rylEdkifAsm,f
HI;wHkjrwfwHkwpyfukef? r,Hkauprf; jymusvrf;
(v)
vlrsm;a*? csD;rsm;a&
vysufqGrf;wif? vysif;qGrf;qkwf rvkyfa*h
vlajzmifhpdwfwdka&
vlwnfusif? rcifvDa*h
vrGJ? ewfjrifa&
vleefYaygif? aumufnif;aygif;awmif raumif;
vlray:cif? csD;ay:a&
vludkcghpyfau? uRefpdwfaygufaw
vlajympum;eefY? cGD;a[mifa&
vlra&mufjrifhrdk&fawmif? cGD;ra&muf tdyfarmufacgif
vlydkifoQifydkifAsm (vlvJr[kwf oQifhvJr[kwf)
vlra&mufod? uwdk;oda&
vl&wwf0wfaua&T? qif;&Jom; 0wfauBuD; xifa&ydkif
vlcsD;eefY 0ufrGD;pyfpGm&m
avmif;twdkavSmfcufaw? vltwdk tajymcufaw
vm;vD&mrSm? aMumifeHYom
vkyfpm;a*rdk;acgif? cdk;pm;a*cGD;a[mifa&

127
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toQifpudE
vufomjrif? vufonf;&Snfa&
vJpGmudkwpfcg? zdaxmif;oda&
vufoJudkqdwfau? vufxdwfema&
vufndK;raumif; vufndK;udkjzwf? vufrraumif; vufrudk jzwf
vdyfMuHKpGm? vdyf&moDa&
avmif;uajcmufvH? aygif;ajcmufvH
vrf;udkxm;vdkY? aMumif;uvm; a&vlpm;&m
vl&Gmvm; EGm;w&m;yg? vltdrfvm; om;pum;yg
vufyHyifrSm Z&ufususvdkY uRuRwfdkufeDa&
v y uvefYydkif tcGef&m
vIyfwdkif;vnf; EIwfr&? avmhwdkif;vJ MuHr&
vldk;ocsKif;rSm
vlysdKydk;au vrf;udkavQmufaw? 0gBuD;ydk;au tdrfudka&mufaw
vlrsm;iBu;D ? itkypf m;cg t oHrMum;? id;k icH;k r? wpfaumif&w*sm*smeefY
vnf&mrSm? yifumtxufubk
vy vus,f? rvkyfeDa*h
vludkraumif;? rMuHaumif;? raumif;udk,frSm NAD;vdkY0ifa&
vlyg;u tyfwpfacsmif;,lau? ud,
k yhf g;u aygufqed w
f pfvufaysmufaw/
(0)
0g;wpf&mvlwpf&m
0ufrsufESm? wkwfrMunfhEdkif
0r&SdbJ? 0drvkyfvDa*h
0ufxD;tm;udk;? rvkyfvDa*h
0uif;yl? &ylususvdkY
0ufom;uifarmifaoQzdkY? iajcmufvSef;usuef;zdkY
0ufeyif;pG,f? tm;udk;rdvdkY tdrfjymusa&
0denf;wwfau? Muufowfpm;a&
0gacgifvrSm jrpfrSmvJ vIdif;wpfvHk;avQmha&? NrDBuD;vJ N*dK;w0yfpm;odGa&

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

128

10/ 0ufom;rpm;? 0ufa&aomufaw

11/ 0D;rSm wpfoufouf? yg;rSm wpfMuwfMuwf
(o)
1/ od&modpD? rjrifpDa*h
2/ ocdk;vufu? o0Sufvka&
3/ opfESpfyifMum; 0g;cspfaw? tdrfwGif&efrsm; {nfhyspfaw
4/ oDzdkYEGm;? awmp a,mifa&
5/ oD&moDa&? 0rf;usrwdwf
6/ oDvca& om;vJtvSy? vGwfvca& ig;xJtBuD;oef
7/ om;oDvifqHk;? ukefHI;<uD;wif? vdkvifr& olawmfr
8/ oHudkcGufvdkY rJom;rwwf? &DudkcGwfvdkY t&mrjrif
9/ om;orD;raumif;? rdbta*gif;udka&mif;
10/ oabFmysuf&mrSm csdKifaygif[if;a&mif;? rrSDAsm,f
11/ oQifBuD;vmvJowf? oQifaoQvmvJowf
12/ ocdk; wnOfhtdyfysufau? tdrfom;q,fnOfh tdyfysufaw
13/ ocdk;r,m; ridk0efU
14/ olUtdk;eefY olUudkxdk;a&
15/ odMum;rif; jrm;oHk;pif;eefYu,fvdkY awmifr&a&om;
16/ odMum;vufcs? ewfvufcs
17/ opfMum;0g;yspfrvkyf&
18/ oGm;eefYqHyif? tnDr[D (teDr[D)
19/ olrsm;twGuf? ig;0uf0rf;us
20/ oDa&vludk&m vdrfvdkYr&? &Sifa&vludk wpfcgr& wpfcg&a&
21/ owdrrla*? qifudkvJ? cvkyfwdkufaw
22/ opfBuD;trsuf? jyifudkrxGuf
23/ oHk;vifajymif;a& rdrmhvJvifrNrJ? oHk;ausmif;ajymif; bkef;BuD;vJ ausmif;
rNrJ
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

129

toQifpudE

24/ oNyDuefrSm oBuFefususvdkY? edefYvJ wa&mif;a&mif; nOfhvJwa&mif;

a&mif;eefY
([)
1/ [a&oduyif? vQmaoQudkjrifpGm&m
2/ a[mifa&cGD;vJrudkuf? BudK;a&rdk;vJr&Gm? NidK;a&vifvJ rowf
3/ [efudk,fzdkY? rmefolzdkY
4/ a[mif;avmif;xdkif edefNyD;a*? aygifay:ay:a&vdkY oa&mfedefa&ydkif
(t)
1/ tN*dKrEdkif? e&Gufudkif
2/ tzoQpfaomif;? om;udk;aomif;
3/ tdrfrSmvSDum;? avmif;rSm{&m? vSnf;rSm0ifdk;
4/ tzxuf? om;a&wpfvBuD;a&
5/ tBuDpyfoef? &efjzpfaw
6/ tBuDpyfeefY? usifjzpfaw
7/ tl;udkESif;awm wdk;wdk;vdkY
8/ tl;veyf? aiGwrwfawmifpdwfurSwf
9/ tl;pHk; zrf;zrf;vdkY
10/ tl;q,fcGef;ajymwpfcGef;rSefa&
11/ tajymrSmykyfavmufdkifavmuf? tvkyfrSm opfyGmawmifrjynfh
12/ t a&e a&ydkifjyifvdkY tludkEIwf,lzdkY
13/ tarmifvJa&muf ighEGm;aysmuf? tarmifocdk; ighr,dk;
14/ toHaMumifh zm;oDa&
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16/ tdrfrSm[da&EGm;vJ*kwfyD? vma&EGm;vJ*kwfyD
17/ tewvJ udk,fr[kwf? ZmwforvJ tysdKr[kwf
18/ tvkyfr[d? aMumifudk&DcsdK;a&
19/ tkef;rSm tojymuyfuyfvdkY
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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

21/
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tm;emvdkY 0rf;BuD;a&
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130

131
49/
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toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

132

1/ iref;

tom;vdkvdkY tdk;awmif;a&
tyGifhaumif;a* wpfcuf? tqif;aumif;a* wpfEG,f
tdrf&Sifraumif;? tdrfraumif;
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tjyifAef;udk&mjrifa& (twGif;yl vlrod)
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tpdrSmwpfcg? tqefxGufoda&
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todacgufcuf? t0ifeufaw/

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,if;ig;rsm;udk uRef;om;(awmom;)rsm;om pm;Muonf[k ESdrfhcsNyD; uRef;om;
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tpGjJ yKNy;D tMuifow
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rsm;onf Murf;wrf;,kwfrmojzifh xdkolrsm;tm; ykwfqm;e,fxm;aom
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yif jzpfonf/

(14) &cdkifwifpm;ac:aom
pum;pkrsm;ESifh &Sif;vif;csuf

3/ jymawmif;&Guf

wdkufdkuf'Jh'dk;rajymbJ wifpm;ajymavh&Sdaompum;rsm;udk ygVdpmaywGif

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udk,ftrlt&m? EIwftrlt&m? pdkuf? oGifjyifvuPmrsm;tm; wifpm;ac:a0:
jcif;rsm;? bkd;pOfabmifquf rsdK;dk;t& wifpm;ac:qdkjcif;rsm;? wpfcsdefu awm
om;? NrdKUom;[l cGJjcm;pdwf&Sdxm;cJhMujcif;jzifh NrdKUay:vlwef;pm;rsm;u awm&Gm
om;rsm;tay: Iwfcswifpm;ac:qdkMujcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ a&SUtcgu &cdkif
wGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; qJ&JajymqdkMu&mwGif txl;npfnrf;aom pum;rsm;ESifh
qJqdkavh r&SdMuyg/ azmfjyygwifpm;ac:qdkMuaompum;rsm;t& wpfOD;udkwpfOD;
wifpm;ac:qdMk ujcif;yif jzpfonf/ odaYk omf txufwiG af zmfjycJo
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jyvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/

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wpfpHkwpf&mr&Sdawmhojzifh jymawmif;udk &Gufaeonf[k EIdif;,SOfajymqdkMujcif;
yif jzpfygonf/

4/ uGypf ;l

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

&cdkifpum;jzifh vuform;wdkY opfwdkYudk xdk;azmuf&mwGif toHk;jyKaom

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jzpfonf/

133

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&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

134

5/ tif;ykwf

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tcH&cufatmif iHk;wdwdajymavh&SdMuygonf/ ,if;odkY pum;tqDtaigrwnfh
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onf/

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7/ yifxufajcmuf
opfyifwpfyifonf rvJrNydKbJ wpfckckaMumifhyif axmifaooGm;um
wpfppa&mif;vmNyD; ajcmufaoGUpdrf;vef;pdkajyrI r&SdEdkifawmhbJ yifaxmif
ajcmufa&mif;vmovdk tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonfvnf; wpfckckaom
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11/ [u&u
D saoQ
vHk;aphywfaph t"dym,fay:vGifatmif &Sif;jy&ef tawmfcufcJaom
pum;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ pum;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh rdef;rBuD;rsm;u (a,musfm;
uav;) uGavaoQwdkYtm; ukPma'gojzifh qJqdkaompum;wpf&yf jzpfav
onf/ vlysufuav;? vlrdkufuav;[k qdkvdkonf/ tysuftacsmfEdkifvSonf[k
qdkonf/ ,if;[u&DusaoQ[k qJqdkonfrSm qJolwGifvnf; a'goryg? tqJcH&
oluvnf; a'gorjzpfbJ tNyHK;rysuf cHEdkif&nf&Sdom wifpm;ajymqdkaom pum;
pkwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/

8/ *d*;l pm;
t&SifOD;OwrtpxGifcJhaom pum;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ OD;Owr\ EdkifiHa&;
w&m;yGJwGif &JtzGJU0ifrsm;onf wm0ef0w&m;t& txufrScdkif;aponfhtwdkif;
q&mawmf\ a[majymcsufrsm;udk a&;rSwf&ef t&yf0wf? t&yfpm;rsm;ESifh vQdKU
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avSmifwifpm;ajymqdkcJhaom pum;yif jzpfonf/

12/ vDwiwf
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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

135

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

136

13/ eEGi;f bl;arSmufw,f

18/ iydik ;f udik ;f wif

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pum;wpf&yf jzpfonf/

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wifaeaom ig;ydik ;f rsm;udk tMuifow
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t&G,f&Sdygvsuf ynmvnf;roif? 0rf;a&;twGuf tajccHynm rvHkavmuf
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onfudk ig;ydkif;udkif;wifaeonfESifh yHkEIdif; ig;ydkif;udkif;wif[k wifpm;ajymqdk
Mujcif; jzpfonf/

14/ t&dyrf us
wpfpHkwpfa,muftm; wpfpHkwpfckrSrod&Sd? t&dyft>rufrS rusonfudk
wifpm;vsuf? taumiftxnfudk rqdkxm;bd? t&dyftjcnfudkrQ rxifrjrifonf
[k qdkonfudk t&dyfrus[k ajymqdkMujcif;yif jzpfonf/

15/ r,lr(odrYk [kw)f ewfaumif;

&cdkifwGif ewfuawmfrdef;rrsm;udk ewfaumif;r? a,musfm;rsm;udk
ewfaumif;[l ac:qdkMuonf/ rdef;rvsm? *ef'l;rsm;udkvnf; ewfaumif;[k
ac:Muonf/ ZmaMumifhqdkaom rdef;rvsmrsm;rSmvnf; ewfuawmfrsm;vdk
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wGif emrnfxif&Sm;aom r,ljrpfapmifhewforD; (&cdkiftac: r,l&Sifr)tm;
qufpyf,loGm;cg r,lr ewfaumif;[k wifpm;ac:qdkMujcif; jzpfonf/

19/ AD&yS w
f &mr
AD&Syfw&mqdkaom ig;trsdK;rSm awmfawmfESifhraobJ? tvdkvdkae&if;
vIyf&Sm;aewwfojzifh vQyfay:avmfvDaom rdef;rtm; ig;ESifhwifpm; wifpm;
ajymqdkMujcif; jzpfonf/

20/ *siyf ifum

*sifrSmxdk;vdkufonfh csufcsif;? yifumrSm cvkwfESdyfvdkufonfh csufcsif;
vnfywfaeouJhodkY tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf Zmt&mudpwGifrqdk usif
vnf vnfywfonfudk wifpm;NyD; ajymqdkjcif;yif jzpfonf/ vnfonfudk &cdkifvdk
rTdefYonf[k ac:ygonf/ tvGefvnfywfaomolrsm;udk BudK;rygbJ rTdefYa&*sif
[l ajymqdkMuygonf/

16/ abmufuwwf
ae&mwumwdkif;wGif rqdkifvnf;ajym? qdkifvnf;ajym? rodvnf;ajym?
odvnf;ajym? pum;wdkif;wGif wwfodem;vnfoa,mif 0ifa&mufpyfpk ajymqdk
wwfolrsm;udk pum;wwf? abmufuwwf[k wifpm;ajymqkdMujcif; jzpfonf/

17/ acgif;aygif;uRwf
a&S;acwf &cdkifvlBuD;rsm;onf toufav;q,fausmf ig;q,fcefYqdkvQif
acgif;aygif; tNrJaygif;avh &Sdygonf/ odkYaomf aoaocsmcsmaygif;onfr[kwfbJ
jzpfuwwfqef; ywfxm;jcif;jzpfvQif tay:odkY enf;enf;armhMunfhygu acgif;
aygif;uRwfusavh &Sdygonf/ ,if;aMumifh acgif;aygif;uRwfusavmufatmif
armfMunfh&aomtjrifhudk cefYrSef;NyD; acgif;aygif;uRwfjrifhonf[k owfrSwfajym
qdkMuaom pum;pkwpfck jzpfonf/

21/ vufcwfrus
&cdkifrkefYwDonf rkefYvkyfaqmif;onfrsm;wGif [if;&nfcwf&ef tHk;rIwf
rmvmcGH) i,fi,fwGif 0g;jcrf;udk vufwpfudkifwwfvsuf jyKvkyfxm;onfudk
&cdkifvdk cufcwfrus[k ac:ygonf/ a&mif;aomolonf pm;aomufolrsm;ae
rem;wrf; [if;a&cwfae&ojzifh vufcwfudk vufurcsbJ&Sdonf yHkEIdif;
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

137

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

138

ta&mif; t0,faumif;onf? pnfpnfum;um; jzpfaeonf/ (wpfenf;) ta&mif;

aumif; vufrvnfEikd jf zpfaeonfukd vufcwfrus[k wifpm;ajymqdMk ujcif;yif
jzpfonf/

yHkEIdif;ajymqdkMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf

tdwfxJrS aiGrsm;udkpdkufxkwfvsuf t&rf;rJhauR;arG;pm;aomufaeonfudkvnf;
abmufomuseDa&[k wifpm;ajymqdkMujcif; jzpfonf/

22/ &Dra&m

26/ oHoydwf

EdkUa&mif;pm;aomolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYEdkUwGif a&a&ma&mif;avh&SdMuojzifh

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f nf?h EdUk ursm;avonf/ ,if;aMumifh a&mif;0,frI jyKvyk &f mwGif a&mif;ol
u rdrdypnf;trsdK;rSeftppfjzpfaMumif; ajymqdk&mwGif a&rygaom EdkUppfESifhyHk
EIdif; &Dra&m[k wifpm;ajymqdkMujcif; jzpfygonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rSwpfqifh ausmif;rS&GmodkY jyefYESHUvmjcif; jzpfonf/

a&S;acwfu bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;wGif oydwfrsm;ESifhpm;avh &SdMuygonf/
oHoydwfrSm dk;dk;oydwfxuf BuD;ojzifh qGrf;vnf; trsm;0ifygonf/ xrif;
pm;&mwGif tpm;Bu;D aom ausmif;om;onf ,if;oHoydwu
f rkd S a&G;,lpm;aomuf
ojzifh tpm;BuD;aom ausmif;omtm;? oHoydwf[k wifpm;ac:qdk&mrS &GmodkY
ul;vmum tpm;BuD;aomolrsm;udk oHoydwf[k ac:qdkMujcif; jzpfonf/

23/ tpdr;f (N*rd ;f )

t*Fvdyfpum;rS wdkufdkufbmomjyefay;qdkMuaom pum;yif jzpfonf/
kd nf;aumif;
Oyrm t*Fvyd pf um;wGif jrif;dik ;f udk (Green Horse) [k ac:onfuv
Green rSm tpdrf;a&mifudkvnf; ac:qdkygonf/ ,if;aMumifh vlxl;vlqef;ponf
wdkYudk vlpdrf;? tpdrf;N*drf;[k ac:qdkMujcif;yif jzpfygonf/

27/ vif;jyefrom;
t"dym,frodaomolrsm;taejzifh emusOf;zG,f&m[k odrnfr[kwfaomf vnf;
em;vnf a omol r sm;tzd k Y u m; tvG e f e musnf ; zG , f & mpum;yif jzpf o nf /
nvHk;aysmuf eHeufvif;rS jyefvmojzifh vif;rSjyefvm vif;jyefr[k ac:qdk
aom rdef;rrsm;? rdrayg? rdr&Tif? jynfwefqmrom jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkif
vdk bADrom;wdu
k f u
kd rf qJbJ oG,0f u
kd v
f suf vif;jyefrom;[k ajymqdak ompum;
wpfckjzpfonf/

24/ &m0ifa'g
t&uftrsm;aomufEdkifaomolrsm;udk wifpm;ajymqdkaom pum;yif
jzpfonf/ a'gqdkonfrSm pnfhtdk;BuD;udk qdkygonf/ a'gBuD;wGif a&xnfh
awmfawmfEiS hf rjynfEh ikd o
f uJo
h yYkd if tMuifow
l pfO;D wpfa,mufonf awmfkH wefkH
aomuf rrl;ojzifh olUcEmudk,fwGif &m0ifa'gvdk t&ufawG xnfhEdkifonf[k
yHkEIdif; wifpm;ajymqdkMujcif;yif jzpfygonf/

28/ oH;k yGm

&cdkifwGif av;yHkwpfyHkudk wpfyGm? xuf0ufudk odkufcGJ? av;yHkoHk;yHkudk
oHk;yGm wpfodkuf[k owfrSwfMu&mwGif 50d-om;ydm ydmcGJ? 75-usyf
ydmoHk;yGm[k ac:ygonf/ tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf pdwfaumif;pGm
rESHU? &cdkifvdk cykwfqGD cykwfoGwf? jrefrmvdk l;aygaygvlrsm;udk vlaumif;jzpf&ef
av;yHkwpfyHk(wpfyGm) vdkao;ojzifh oHk;yGm[k wifpm;ac:qdkMujcif;yif jzpfonf/

25/ abmufom
&cdik pf um;jzifh *Hek t
D w
d u
f kd qmvmtdw[
f
l vnf;aumif;? abmufom[l
vnf;aumif; ac:Muygonf/ abmufomrSm abmfqmqdkaom tdEd,pum;
rS qif;oufvmaom pum;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ pum;pkrSm zJorm;avmurS
qif;oufvmaom pum;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ abmufomwGif aiGtjynfhxnfhvsuf
vdkoavmufxkwf,loHk;pGJaebdodkY tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf zJ'dkifcHNyD;
t&rf;rJh avsmfaeojzifh abmufomwGif aiGtjynfhxnfhNyD; xkwfay;aeonf[k

29/ vlwnfusif
Muufaxmiforl sm;onf vufowfarG;xm;aom wnfMuufrsm;ESihf awm
Muufrsm;udk zrf;,lavh&SdMuygonf/ ,if; wnfMuufrsdK;udk wnfusif[l ac:Mu
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

139

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
33/ Aef;jya&

ygonf/ tMuifol wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf wHpdk;vufaqmif,laomfvnf;

aumif;? &mxl;&mwef wdk;wufa&;twGuf rsufESmvdkrsufESm& vkyfaomf
vnf;aumif;? ud,
k v
hf rl sKd ;ud,
k b
hf momudk rcifw,
G b
f J opmazmufcg trsKd ;bmom
epfemap&efjyKvkyfaom vlrsdK; EdkifiHopmazmufrsm;udk Muufrsm;wGif wnfusif
ac:ouJhodkY wnfusif[k Iwfcsac:qdkaompum;wpfckyif jzpfonf/

aps;a&mif;olrsm;onf rdrda&mif;ukefrsm;udk jrifEdkif&ef Aef;awmif;? Aef;cH

rsm;wGif cif;usif;jyoavh&SdonfrS qif;oufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ tMuifol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf rdrdwGif&Sdonfh 0wfpm;wefqmypnf;rsm;udk vlwumtm;
jrifatmifjyoNyD;? <um;0ifhwwfonfudk ukefa&mif;olrsm; Aef;awmif;? Aef;cHxJ
wGif jyoouJhodkY jyoonf[k Aef;awmif; Aef;cHudktpGJjyKum wifpm;ajymqdkMu
jcif;jzpfonf/

30/ abmif;aZmufwufaw? tm*gvDaqmifa&

,if;pum;rsm;rsm pGefYvTwfxm;jcif;rS qif;oufvmaom pum;pkrsm;yif
jzpfyg \onf/ pGefjzwfMu&mwGif jywfaompGefonf &cdkifvdk vGefaompGefonf
wpfcg wpf&aH tmufrS avwdu
k cf wfNy;D tay:odYk ajrmufwufomG ;onfukd &cdik v
f kd
abmif;aZmufwufaw? tm*gvDaqmifa&[k ac:ygonf/ tMuifol wpfOD;
wpfa,mufonf rdrde*dk&Sdonfh pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeaomf vnf;aumif;? &mxl;
&muef wdk;wufoGm;aomfvnf;aumif;? rdrd'Hk&if;b0udk rawG;awmhbJ *kPf
"ewufcg &cdkifvdk rdk;rjrifvDrjrif jrefrmvdk atmufajcvGwfoGm;onfudk wifpm;
ac:qdkaom pum;pkrsm;yif jzpfygonf/

34/ aAmif;'ifacs
q,fausmfywf0ef;usif &Sifvdifjyeft&G,frsm;udk ac:ygonf/ xdkt&G,f
ywf0ef;usifrSm &SifomraP jyKvkyfavh&Sd&m &SifvdyfjyefvQif acgif;wHk;(*wHk;)
udk a*gif;aygif; aygif;xm;onfudk tpGJjyKNyD;? aAmif;'ifacs[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/
a&S;&cdkifwGif "avhxHk;pHwpf&yfrSm axmifrSvGwfvmaomolrsm;onf a*gif;&dyf
NyD? *wHk;ajymifajymifESifhom tdrfokdY0if&onf/ xdkolrsm;onf a*gif;wGif a*gif;
aygif; aygif;rxm;&acs/ tjcm; taMumif;wpfckckESifh Oyrm-rrmrusef;jzpf
a*gif;&dwf&olrsm;rSm a*gif;wGif t0wfpwpfckESifhaomfvnf; aygif;xm;&onf[k
qdkygon f/

31/ vl*ef;'l;
vl*ef;'l;qdkonfrSm jrefrmvdk vlcGpmvlrsdK;yif jzpfonf/ Zmvkyfief;&yf
Zmpum;&yf odkYr[kwf bmtrIudprqdk? rnfolESifhrS ajymqdkvkyfudkif wnfhonfh
vl r[kwfay/ rqDrqdkif wpfenf;r[kwfvsif wpfenf;cGususajymqdk vkyfudkif
wwfom vlpm;rsdK; jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY usrdGudk x&H&ufvdkYr& (usnfayGUudk x&H
&ufvdkY r&)onfh vlpm;rsdK;udk *ef;'l;[k wifpm;ajymqdkaom pum;yif jzpfonf/

35/ wm,m
vleif;jym;udk ac:qdkjcif;yif? armfawmfum;? pufbD;wm,monf vnf;
aumif;? tjcm;,mOfrsm;rS bD;wm,mwdo
Yk nf vnf;aumif;? pD;eif;olw\
Ykd atmuf
wGif &Sdaeavonf/ ,if;aMumifh tMuifol wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf olwum
atmufwGif zdESdyfcHb0ESifh ae&onfudk wm,mrsm;ESifhyHkEIdif;um vlwm,m[k
wifpm; ajymqdkjcif;yif jzpfonf/

32/ cJcwf
&cdkiftvdk ta<utwkjyKvkyfxm;onfrSm (ig;jym;aph? q,fjym;? rwfaph?
ig;rl;aph)ponfwdkYudk cJcwf[k ac:ygonf/ ,if;twkjyKvkyfxm;aom ta<u
rsm;rSm oH;k r&ojzifh toH;k r0ifovdk tMuifow
l pfO;D wpfa,mufonf tcaMu;
aiGay; pD;aom,mOfrsm;wGif jzpfap? Munfh&aom yGJvrff;obifrsm;wGif jzpfap?
tcaMu;aiGray;bJ pD;eif;0ifa&mufMunfhIwwfaomolrsm;udk wefzdk;r&Sd? toHk;
r0ifol[l cJcwf[k wifpm;ajymqdkMujcif; jzpfonf/

140

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

141

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

15/ &cdkifyef;0Sufpum;rsm;
yef;0Sufupm;Mujcif;rSm &cdkifdk;&m,Ofaus;rIwpf&yfwGif tygt0if
jzpf a vonf / a&S ; tcgu yef ; 0S u f w rf ; upm;Muonf h tavh t xrS m
uav;rsm;csnf; r[kwfacs/ tysdK? vlysdK? wpfckvyf? rif;uRef? rif;uRefr?
rkqdk;rBuD;i,fwdkYyg upm;vmcJhMuonf/ jrefrmtac:t& pum;xmzGwfwrf;
upm;jcif;? ya[#dvkyf upm;jcif;? Pfupm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/
tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? tdrfrIAmh[D& vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&if;
vnf; aumif;? &ue;f &uf? Adik ;f iifv
h yk u
f ikd af e&if; vnf;aumif;? yef;0Suu
f pm;avh
&Sd cJhMuonf/ tdrfem;yg;eD;csif; wpftdrfESifhwpftdrf atmf[pfyif yef;0Sufwrf;
upm;avh&SdMuygonf/
yef;0Sufupm;jcif;oabmrSm tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;? pdwful;
MuH&nf zef&ef tpGrf;tprsm; xufoefvmEdkifaom upm;enf;wpfckyif jzpfav
onf/ yef;0Suyf pk m pum;rsm;udk rnfou
l rnfonft
h csed w
f iG f pwifpyfqckd o
hJ nfukd
um; ajzqdk&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf/
yef;0Sufupm;jcif;rsm;rSm wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; PfpGrf;Pfp NydKifMuonf
[lvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/
&cdkifyef;0Sufykpmrsm;rSm ae&ma'o? a&ajr? vlrsdK;"avhxHk;pH ajymdk;ajym
qufrsm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf trsm;tjym;yif &Sdygonf/ ,if;yef;0Sufwrf;upm;
Mujcif;rsm;rSmvnf; wpfpwpfp wdrfaumvkeD;yg; jzpfvmavNyD/ &cdkifdk;&m
,Ofaus;rIwpf&yfrSm wdrfaumvkeD; jzpfvmavNyD/ &cdkifdk;&m,Ofaus;rI wpf&yf
rwdrfaum ryaysmufapvdkonfh oabmjzifh tenf;tusOf; wifjyvdkygonf/
yef;0Sufwrf;wGif yHkoPmefokyf[efudk ajymqdk 0Sufaom pum;rsm; qdkvQif
odkYjzpfacs\/
1/ tdrfwdkif;tdrfwdkif;? 'dkif;wpfcsyf
2/ tdrfwdkif;tdrfwdkif;? y'dkif;qGJ
3/ tdrfwdkif;tdrfwdkif;? MuufcsD;pk

(pHaum)
(EdkUoD;? om;jrwf)
(ESD;0g;)
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

142

4/ tdrfwdkif;tdrfwdkif;? taoQwpfa,muf
ikwfpkwfpkwf
(qDrD;cGuf)
5/ uavGraoQa'gifhwdk? cg;BudK;vdk
(aumufvIdif;pnf;)
6/ qifrBuD;0rf;acgif;? avmufwpfaomif;
(xrif;tdk;)
7/ xdkjynfrSma&muftrJ? atjynfrSm a&mufteD
(*Pef;vHk;)
8/ psD;uvmrrJ? tdrfudka&muf&J&J
(*Pef;vHk;)
9/ tNcD&Spfacsmif;? b&aemif;? tacgif;ryg?
b&csm? &SmygvDzd? Avcsd
(*Pef;vHk;)
10/ xdkjynfuvm&&J? atjynfrSm a&mufrrJ
(ajrtdk;)
11/ t0D;uvmt&J? tdrfudka&mufrrJ
(ajrtdk;)
12/ tawmifpdrf;jym ysHvdkUvm? ZmiSufac:vJ?
rvSat;
(rpdkif;iSuf)
13/ uGrf;oD;vHk;BuD;? ydk;rxdk;? r[m&mZm? rif;trsdK;
(apwD)
14/ oHwHcg;- &DwHcg;? tv,faumifrSm? oQifraoQ
vifr,m;
(vQm)
15/ EdkUcsOfwpftdk;? vufrxdk;
(rpifacs;)
16/ iSuf0gaoQ? NrDrSmO
(qEGif;O)
17/ ewfr,ft0wf? &DrpGyf
(Nydef;zuf)
18/ tbdk;tdrfESifh tabmiftdrf? xkwfcsif;ayguf
(rD;rIwfajymif;)
19/ irJwif? ieD,uf
(tdk;ESifhrD;)
20/ av;bufav;pD? a'gifhav;buf? av;buf
av;pyf? eifhrsufESmighpGm[yf
(aMu;rHkrSef)
21/ ipdkifaoQ0rf;yl? ttlr[d
(a&tdk;cGuf)
22/ tbkaoQwpfa,muf? csD;vl;vl;ESifhckefvdkYeD
(ikyfBudwfausmufom;)
23/ vQmuyg,ifh? pm;zdkYrwwf
(csdfefcGif? &mZl)
24/ MunfhvD? 0D;vD
(em;&Guf)
25/ vdkifzif;yg,ifh? rvIyfEdkif
(&Dwaumif;)
26/ EIwfoD;yg,ifh? rqdwfEdkif
(a&c,m;)

143
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/
33/
34/
35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
43/
44/
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
50/

toQifpudE
ighysOfyufvuf? watmifoGD;au? t&nfxGuf (oeyfcg;ausmufysOf)
oHk;rsdK;zkef;qdk;? 0ufrwdk;
(pm;zdk)
tdrfxJoif;csdKif;? vlraMumuf
(pm;zdk)
tbdk;aygif;- acgif;aygif;BuD;? tbdk;udkif
wufrBuD;/ tbdk;xdkif - wifysOfBuD;
(cHkavmuf)
uavGraoQwifaumuf? &DrSmaysmuf
(rQm;csdwf)
tbdk;ajymoGm;wpf&m
(acgif;zD;)
tbdk;tdrfatmuf? avmif;wHk;arSmuf
(tdrf&dyf)
tbdk;oGm;BuJ? v?T(&T)xrf;NyD;a&
(ig;ref;)
qlvdkYnHvdkY? vSHxrf;vma&
(jcifaumif)
xdk&Dat&D? vSoHk;pif;ESifh? NyD;ca&
(ipifdkif;ig;)
vldkif;wpfaumif? vSHusDoHk;pif;ESifh xdk;zdkYvm
(ipifdkif;ig;)
&pfcg&pfcg? eDvD,ifh? NidauNidau? pm;vD,ifh
(yifhul)
qifajymifBuD;ig;&m? &Daomufvm? NcD&mvnf;aysmuf
&Dvnf;aemuf
(qefaq;&nf)
tjyifuMunfhau? tpl;wHk;? txJrSmu wdk;ESpf
(ydEJoD;)
vlvmwdkif;yif? igh&ifbwfudk wufeif;a&
(avSum;)
rjznfhbJjynfh? ewf&Dtdk;
(tkef;oD;)
ewforD;&DwGif;? rjznfhbJESifhjynfh
(tkef;oD;)
ewforD;tdrfwdkif? ydk;razmufEdkif? azmufjyefauhvJ
wpfaygufxJ
(tyfezm;)
vm;au>cD>cD? eDauppefY
(acgif;cl)
vm;auppefY? eDau>cD>cD
(a>r)
ac:vJrac:? &GufvJr&Guf? olUaemufighaemuf
vdkufca&
(t&dyf)
txyftxyf? Mumuvyf? tyGifhrwl? yGifhMumjzL
(pmtkyf)
igdkUtdrfu? armifoQifoHk;yg;? qGrf;rpm;
(cGifcHkavmuf)
aowmaoQtwdkufwdkuf? cdk;olvmvSHESifhvdkuf
(ysm;)

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
51/
52/
53/
54/

55/
56/
57/
58/
59/
60/
61/
62/
63/
64/
65/
66/
67/
68/
69/
70/

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

71/
72/

144

tbdk;a,irGJ? oD;wGJqGJ
(iSufaysmoD;)
&SdueD? eDwm&J? ZmvJwGJvGJ
(iSufaysmoD;)
pkwfuDpkwfuD? x&Haxmif? yif;0gurD;avmif
(aq;wef)
wDwpfaumif"m;avmif? ydef;aumavmif;BuD;
wufaomif;NyD;
(ydk;eoHaumif)
(tNcDwpfoef;0g;b&rf;)
(ydk;eoHaumif)
tbdk;rkwfqdwfjzL? wpf&GmvHk;udk? auR;a&vl
(qef)
ckvDckvyf? cGufig;csyf
("jyKwfoD;)
aumif;uifrSm? cGufaoQig;csyf? xyfvdkYeD
("jyKwfoD;)
ighEGm;wpfaumif bdkYwpfaxmif
(Muuf[if;cg;oD;)
tyifuvvdrf? toD;uxxpf
(Muuf[if;cg;oD;)
rif;om;ig;&m? qif;vdkYvm? awmifzdkYrSma&muf
ikwfpkwfpkwf
(awmifydkYrId)
xdkzufurf;? armif&Sifw&Gd? &yfvdkYeD
(AvdeD)
tbdk;csD;wHk;? vmrqHk;
(v,fuefoif;)
iawmifol &DrSmarsmeDa&
('Da&)
armifdkUwu,f? vmvwfaw? vm;vdkYrqHk;
ikwfwpfwHk;
(yifv,fjym)
tdk;r[D? t&Dyifv,f ul;ca&
(arQmhaumif)
tbdk;MuufoGefjzL? vlroHk;
(wHaxG;? ovdyf)
tmumjynfrSm 'aumufqGJ
(refusnf;oD;)
bDvl;vdkifwdkY? vludkrsdK
(tus)
wpftdrfvHk;om;? Murf;aygufuusvdkY &DrSm
epfoDa&
(rkefUwD)
t,kwftykwf ,if;oHk;ykwf
(0ufykwf?O,smOfykwf
0ykwfacsmif;)
tawmifpdrf;jymiSuf? ta*gif;NrDrSm0Suf
(iSufaysmyif)
tyifxufutoD;? oD;xufutyif
(emewfoD;)

145

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

73/ toD;aqmufcwf? tyifydpyf

(emewfoD;)
74/ ausmufwef;pD?nDyg,ifhvm;? qHNrdwfcsvSyg,ifhvm;?
ydk;y0gjcHK? vHkyg,ifhvm;}}
(ajymif;zl;)
75/ wpfESpfwpfcg yGifhvdkYvm? igvJrif;avmif;xD;jzLaqmif;
(rId)
76/ xuftmum? Mu,faoQjyNyd? vr[d
(qef0g)
77/ 0l;0l;vJysH? y'loH? 0JumvJus? a&Tvif;w
(av,mOfysH)
78/ olUyg;pyfu edwdkif;xGuf? igdkU,lvdkYcsuf
(aps;jcif;awmif;)
79/ tBuD;atmufueD? taoQtxufwuf
(oabFmoD;)
80/ t&dyfxiffrSefvJ r[kwf? udkifr&vDvJ r[kwf?
&omr[d? ayghysufr[kwf
(a&)
81/ awmifBudKawmifMum;? avmif;aoQwpfpif;vm;
(uGef;oD;)
82/ ausmufzsmxufrIdwpfyGifh
(v)
83/ uRJEdkUwpfvHk;? jynfwdkif;0
(v)
84/ awmifwpfvHk;u? t'gMumndK? [pfvdkYidk
(csm;&[wf)
85/ xdk&SdueDwm&J? oGD;wjzef;jzef;ESifh
(ae)
86/ j*ifh[if;cg;oD;? wpfjcrf;cGJ? xdkifrSmuyf? ZmvJ
(yufusd)
87/ awmifxufu rIdif;p&D? vDxvdkY r<uD
(qefyif)
88/ xkd&Sduvm? &wemiSufBuD;? oGD;csif;csif;ESifh
(qGrf;tkyfeD)
89/ awmifusdKifMum;uwkwfvdkYvm?
vlvJrjrif? ewfvJrjrif
(av)
90/ axm---axm----axm? vm;ca&ZmvJ
(av)
91/ tbdk;ikwfwkwf? vbDjcKwf
(zm;jyKwfaumif)
92/ oJaomifjyifrSm? &ifbwfpnfwD;/ edwdkif;NyD;
(*Pef;eD)
93/ aus;Zl;&SifvJjzyfc,ifh? tom;pm;vdkY t&D,l
tdk;udkvJ oHk;vD,ifh
(EGm;)
94/ jcnfoD;jcnfrQif? prjrif? jcnfrQifjcnfoD;?prpd
(bJO)
95/ tmumjynfrSm? qefpdBuJ
(Mu,f)

146

96/ yGifhwefrvm? rHkwefrxdk;? 0,smOfomrSm/

yef;wpfrsdK;
(aygufayguf)
97/ MunfhvD? 0D;vD
(em;&Guf)
98/ bk&m;rwif? yef;ajcmufyGifh? ighudkwpfcsufzGifh/
(yef;wdrf? yef;bJ? yef;&H? yef;csD? yef;yk? yef;warmh)
99/ tvif;q,fvif;? ighyef;yD; (ykvif;? wvif;? vif;SL? vif;w? vif;a>r?
vif;uGuf? vif;av? vif;jym;? vif;,kef? rdk;vif;)
100/ &Dr[d? &DuefoHk;uef/
(um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH)
101/ trduNrDxJol? tzu awmif&if;om? om;upsmefESifhvm;
(ajraq;tdk;? 0g;dk;wef? rD;cdk;)

tjyeftvSef tcsDtcsprf;enf;
aemufwpfrsdK;rSm pum;rsm;udk zGJUEGJUum um&efpDvsuf zGwfqdkavonf/
ajzqdkoluvnf; tvm;wlzGJUEGJU um&efpDvsuf? pmaypyf? um&efpyfjzifh jyefvSef
ajymqdkxm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ uAsmPf&nf jzpfap&monf/
ar; = opfikwfwdk? NcdK;ndKvJO? cdkvJO/
ajz = xdktysdK? tudkvJvk? nDvJvk/
ar; = oayghxuf? yufusdwuf/
ajz = eifESifhigESifh? orufwuf/
ar; = wHwm;uRef;wHk;? aMumifavQmufaw/
ajz = raoQvGrf;wHk;? armifa&mufaw/
ar; = tnm&DrSmxif;ygvm? jzm;&Djyif;,ifh? q,f&cuf
ajz = xdktysdKqdkzdkU&m? kyf&nfvS,ifh? pum;xuf

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

ar; = rif;xm;Opm? vdkcsifyg,ifh? aMumufpdwfzsuf/

ajz = xdktysdK? ,lcsif0g,ifh? 0rf;&D;cuf/

147

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

ar; = tyifjrifhu oZifnm? iHka&cg wpfzufu? yGifha&cgwpfzufu

ajz = tdrfBuD;xufu ysdKunm? BudKufawcg nDaoQESifh? &a&cgtudkESifh/

ar; = wdkufwmaoQ- ajymif;jyef

ajz = armifa,vm? vefYqef

ar; = c&rf;oD;? bma,mif;? bma,mif;

ajz = qHawmufr? vifawmif;? vifawmif;/

ar; = wdkufwmaoQ- wpfawmifavmuf

ajz = armifa,vm? oef;aumifavmuf/

ar; = xuftmumrSm? om,mvSa&? pEmvvJ? rD;&dyfzHk;au? rdkufca&/

ajz = tdrfBuD;xufu? cspfvSyga&? tdkESrvJ? rdzzsufau? ysuf&a&/

ar; = wdkufwmem;rSm? zvm;cs/

ajz = ,lygESr? Murf;aygufu/

ar; = jzKwfpdwfauaoQ? oHk;vHk;? rdk;&dyfzHk;/

ajz = vif;jyefrom;? vlroHk;/

ar; = xdk;wdkif;xdk;wdkif; - bkef;/

ajz = &D;pm;xm;wdkif; - qHk;/

ar; = vomaqmif? rvif;wpfcsuf? vif;wpfcsuf

ajz = xdktysdK? r,lvJcuf? ,lvJcuf/

148

oHk;xyfpum;

ar; = rSif;usdK;yif? "m;awmif/

ajz = awmifuukvm;? em;axmif

aemufwpfrsKd ;rSm awm&GmZrf;pum;rsm;udk ajzqdo

k uJo
h ?Ykd um&eft"dyg ,f
udk aumuf,lNyD;vQif pum;um&efudkvdkuf ajzqdk&avonf/ oHk;cgzGuf azmf
xkwfajzqdk&ojzifh oHk;xyfpum;[kvnf; ac:qdkMuonf/

ar; = aumufp&Dwpfykwf? vrff;rSmjrKwf

ajz = xdkuavGaoQ? ukwifatmufxkwf? yg;udkykwf

ar; = &Duefwef;qm? wHigvufoHk;/

ajz = &Duefwef;qm (Mum)/ wHig;vufoHk; (ydkufuGef)
Mum+ ydkuf (BudKufyg)

ar; = aumufp&Dwpfykwf? uRJwpfvkyf

ajz = wyfjyifudkxkwf? yg;udkykwf
ar; = rdk;rif;ndK r&Gmwpfcsuf? &Gmwpfcsuf? aMumif;ysufawav/
ajz = armifvlysdK? rvmwpf&uf? vmwpf&uf? pdwfysufawav/

ar; = jyefpGmr[kwf? aemufqHk;us/

ajz = jyefpGmr[kwfaw (vm;)/ aemufqHk;usau (rvsif)/
vm; + rvsif = (vifr,m;)

ar; = rdk;rif;ndK&Gmcsifyg,ifh? xuftmumrSm? vDoifxkef;udk? rkefwdkif;zsufaw

ajz = armifvlysdKvmcsifyg,ifh? eifhzoQif? eifhrdoQif? Mum;0ifzsufysuf&a&/

ar; = Murf;ydk;xdk;a& ? vGefxdk;a&

ajz = Murf;ydk;xdk;au (,m;)? vGefxdk;au (azmuf)/
,m; + azmuf = (a,mufz)

ar; = acsmif;zsm;&D? zsm;&Dwpfxl;? tnmcGifr0ifzl;au? jzm;l;a&au/

ajz = n&DwvD? nOfhyDwpfxl;? armifvlysdKav? arhtdrfaMumufudk r0ifbl;au?
pdwfl;a&av/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

149

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

150

tar;ykpmjyKvkyf 0Sufjcif;

ar; = pyg;axmif;? &DESifhcsufzdkYjyif/

ajz = pyg;axmif;au (qef)? &DESifhcsuf (jyKwf)/
qef + jyKwf = (qkyfjyef)

ar; = bkef;BuD;armifESr? vlvifr,m;? rkefYoHk;,Sufudk? 0DvdkYpm;avmh

ajz = bk e f ; BuD ; ES r rS m vl \ r,m;jzpf o nf / xd k Y a Mumif h bk e f ; BuD ; wpf y g;?
vlvifr,m;ESpfa,muf? aygif;oHk;OD;om jzpfoGm;ojzifh wpfa,muf
w,SufuspD aphiSpGmpm;oHk;Edkifonf/

ar; = &DrSmavSmfvdkY? urf;ausmfwufaw/

ajz = &DrSmavSm (avmif;)/ urf;ausmfwufau (wif)/
avmif; + wif = (vifaumif;)

ar; = csif;ru ig;axmif? yavmifru ig;odrf;? (ig;odef;)? uGrf;ESpf,mudk

0DvdkYpm;avmh/
ajz = csif;rqdkolu ig;axmifzrf;aeonf/ yavmifrqdkolu ig;udkodrf;
qnf;aeonf/ if;wdkYESpfa,mufonf uGrf;ESpf,mudk wpfa,muf
wpf,muspD cGJa0pm;oHk;avonf/

ar; = wyfayguf? [if;usH

ajz = wyfayguf (rzmvm;)/ [if;usH (rodk;vm;)/
zm; + odk = (zdk;om)
ar; = y'krm? ,kefaxmif
ajz = y'krm (Mum)? ,kefaxmif (ydkuf)/
Mum + ydkuf = (BudKufyg)/

ar; = vlwpfa,mufrmS twlyg jruf? qdw?f usm;wdyg/ vrf;c&D;Mum;? ukwjYkd cm;?

oHk;ckruefum;/ usm;qdwfxm;u? qdwfusm;pm;/ jrufqdwfxm;u? jruf
qdwfpm? pm;zdkYtrSefyg? vlcrsm tcufwGd? ul; zdkYcufygbd? rpm;&atmif?
ydkYaqmifzd/
ajz = usm;ESifhjrufudkxm;/ qdwfudkwif,lvm;/ NyD;aemufwpfcg usm;udk,l?
wpfzufurf;rSm usm;udkxm;/ qdwfudkjyef,lvm? qdwfudkxm;vdkY?
jruf,lvm? wpfzufurf;rSm usm;? jrufxm;? a&Smif&Sm; z,f&Sm;?
ul;wwfvm;/

ar; = tdyfraysmf? xdyfay:cJus

ajz = tdyfraysmf (rEdk;vm;)/ xdyfay:cJus (raygufvm;)
Edk; + ayguf (aemufydk;)
ar; = trIdufvSnf;? aoewfypf
ajz = trdIufvSnf; (rajymifvm;? aoewfypf ('dkif;rjrnfvm;)/
ajymif + 'dkif; = (NydKif;axmif)
ar; = b,rmvm
ajz = o, (aMumuf)onf/ rmvm (yef;)
aMumuf + yef; = (Murf;ayguf)
ar; = wpDajcmuf? apmufreuf/
ajz = wpDajcmuf (aMumuf\)/ aMumufvQif atmf\/
apmufreufvQif (wdrf\)/
atmf + wdrf = (tdrfawmf)/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

ar; = bkef;BuD;ausmif;em;? uefaxmifhrSm? 0gBuD;tqdk; "m;udkxrf;vdkY? ESD;udkxdk;?

bDvl;? ewf? cGD;apmifhuwfjyef? usefaxmifhoHk;ckrusef? tarmifvlom;
&Dvm; aomuf? xGufvdkY0ifvdkY? Zmydkifa&mufaw/
ajz = abma'0ykwt
ekd wfom;? bke;f Bu;D ausmif;om;pmtHjim;? ewfem;rSmMum;/
olUac:xifvdkY ausmif;udkvm;? ,if;axmifhu0ifvdkYvm;/ olUrac:vdkY
ewf jyefvm? xGuzf Ykd cufe,
D m? 0g;Bu;D vufukd "m;xd;k jyef? uRwu
f Rwef mvdYk
BudKif;BudKif;a&toH/ cGD;wpfcgMum;rdjyef? olUac:xif ,if;axmifhvm;
tarmifvlom; xGufa&mufvm;/

151

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

152

yef;ay;yef;wifjcif;

ar; = AsdKif;wpftkyfysHvm? opfikwfrSm wpfaumifpDem;pOf? opfikwfwpfikwf

ravmuf/ ESpfaumifpDem;jyefaomtcg? opfikwfwpfikwf vGwfusef
aeonf/ AsdKif;urnfrQ? opfikwfu rnfrQ ajzqdkyg/
ajz = AsdKif;wpftkyfwGif 4aumifygonf/ opfikwfu 3-ikwfjzpf AsdKif;wpf
aumiftzdkY wpfikwfvdkaeonf/ ESpfaumifpDwpfikwfus em;Muaomtcg
opfikwfu wpfikwfydkaeygonf/

rajzEdkifolu yef;ay;cHvQif Oyrm- ESif;qDyef; ay;onfqdkygawmh/

yef;0Suf olu ]]ESif;qDyef; oefYoefY? qD;vdkYbk&m;wif? yD;olwpf0uf? igwpf0uf}}
qdkNyD; tajzudk azmfajym&onf/ if;udk yef;ay;yef;wif yef;azmfonf[k
qdkavonf/ yef;ay;oludkvnf; bk&m;wif&usdK;? ukodkvftbdk;wpf0uftrQ
,lapao;\/ wpf0ufom yef;azmf (yef;ajzqdk)c? ykpmajzqdkc- &,l&mus\/
wpf e nf ; oZifyef;ay;vQif
]]tolyD;a&? oZifyef;/
(trnfazmfvsuf) - yD;a&? oZifyef;/
eduwif? ncgpGefY yk&Gufqdwfxd? trQ0Dyg,ifh/

ar; = a&wGi;f wpfwiG ;f udk BuKd ;wpfyifcsvu

kd &f m? wGi;f u wpfawmifvakd eonf/
BudK;uwpfawmifydkaeonf/ BudK;udk ESpfacgufacguf csjyef&m? BudK;u
wpfawmifvdkae? wGif;uwpfawmifydkaeonfxdkYaMumifh wGif;urnfrQ?
BudK;u rnfrQ&Sdrnfenf;/
ajz = a&wGif; 3-awmif? BudK; 4-awmif jzpfonf/
a&wGif; 3-awmifrSm BudK; 4-awmifudk csvdkufvQif BudK;wpfawmif
ydkae? a&wGif;wpfawmif wdkaernf jzpfonf/ BudK;udk ESpfacgufcsdK;csvsuf
wGif;u wpfawmifydkae BudK;uwpfawmif wdkaernfjzpfonf/

odkYvQif ow0ga0ae,swdkYtm;vHk;udk a0iSavhvnf; &Sd\/ wpfcsdKU

qdkvQif bk&m;oQifq,fzdkY? ighwzdkY[lvnf;aumif;? yef;oQifwzdkY? igq,fzdkY[l
vnf; aumif;? bk&m;yg;rSma&T? ighyg;rSm aiG? eifh(rif;) yg;rSmyGifha[mif;? ighyg;rSm
yGifhopf [lvnf;aumif;? yef;wifyHkqdkenf;rsm;vnf; toD;oD;&SdMuay\/

&cdkifa'oe,fajrt& yef;0Sufpum;rsm;pGm &Sdavonf/ &cdkif&mZ0if?

odkuf usrf;wdkYwGifvnf; ya[Vdqefaom &mZoHrsm? uAsmrsm;? wrf;csif;rsm;?
odkufpm rsm;udk awGU&ayao;onf/ &cdkifyef;0Suf? Pfprf;csuftrnfjzifh
ewfjrpf-ndKZH armifausmf&SDu &cdkifr*Zif;trSwf(8) wifjyzl;avonf/
tar;ykpmudk yef;ESifhEIdif;,SOfwifpm;xm;&mum; rajzEdkifqdku yef;ay;
(tHI;cH)&onf/ yef;trnf wpfrsdK;rsdK;udkajym EIwfjzifhyif yef;ay;&jcif;
jzpfavonf/ xdkyef;udk twif&onfjzpf bk&m;rSmwifEdkif? acgif;rSmyefEdkif
toH;k csEikd o
f nf/ wpfenf; atmifyef;qifEEJT ikd jf cif; txdr;f trSwjf yKr[
I k qdEk ikd \
f /

(16) &cdkifawm&Gm Zrf;pum;rsm;

&cdkifawmaus;vufwkdYwGif pum;prf;onf? EIwfprf;onf oabmjzifh
Zrf;pum;udk ajymqdkwwfMu&onf/ Zrf;pum;onf tcspfprf;jcif;yif jzpfav
onf/ &cdkifajrmufydkif;wGif tysdKtdrfodkY vlysdKvSnfhjcif;udk taygufEIdufonf
ac:avonf/ awmifydkif;wdkYwGifum; vufaygufEIdufonf[k ac:avonf/
xdo
k Ykd tysKd vn
S phf Of wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D d;k d;k pum;jzifh rajymbJ? eabum&ef
pyfvsuf? uAsmvuFmqefpGm pum;wefqmqif ajymcJhMuavonf/ xdkodkY ajym
aompum;udk Zrf;pum;[k ac:avonf/ Zrf;pum; tcsdwftquf taxh
taigh? tapmif;tiJph um;rsm; yg&So
d nf/ ynmprf;pum;rsm; yg0ifojzifh ,Ofaus;
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

153

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

rl azG&mwpfckyif jzpfavonf/ wpfcsdKUu qef;vuFmpum;jzpfonf[k qdkav

onf/
1969-ck E S p f u (22)Bud r f a jrmuf jynf a xmif p k a eY txd r f ; trS w f
tcrf;tem;yGJwGif Zrf;okyfudk rmefatmifNrdKUe,frS vSysdKjzLrsm;u wifquf
azmfaqmifujy cJhMuayao;\/ pum;rwuf Zrf;rwwf[k pum;qdkdk;&Sdonfh
twdkif;? pum;uRrf; usifrSyif Zrf;wwfEdkif&monf/ umvom; umvorD;wdkYu
xdkZrf;pum;udk avhvmoif,lcJhMuonf/ Zrf;wwfrSvnf; tav;xm;Mu?
tdrfaxmifzufjyKvdkMuonf/
Zrf;um; ESpfOD;om;cspfwif;aESm? cspfa&;qdk&momruao;? tvSL
twef;paom yGJvrf;obifwdkYvnf;? vlysdKtysdKrsm;u tcsif;csif;Zrf;pum;
ajymwwf Muavh&Sdavonf/ oHk;wyfpum;? yef;0Sufpum;rsm;wdkYyg toHk;cs
Mu&avonf/ wpfa,mufEiS w
hf pfa,muf Zrf;ac:aw;uAsmjzifh ajymqdq
k ufqyH kH
rsm;udk erlem tjzpf wifjyvdkay\/
vlysdK =

wpfcGef;ac:? ac:vdkYrxl;? ESpfcGef;ac:- ac:vdkY rxl;? wpf&yf&Gm?

wpf&Gmom;udk? tl;vkyfauvm;? tdkykaoQ/

tysdK =

Zmuvm? Zm&Gmom;a&mif/ rdk;uvJarSmif? nOfhuarSmif? arSmifa&

Mum;rSm? tdkarmif;armif/

vlysdK =

tom;t&nfajymifajymif? vla&mifavvSvS? wpfuRef;ae wpfjynf

csKyf? ql;ykwfa&&yfu? wpfcGef;qdk? e*dka&vS? cspfESrxH? armifBuD;rSm
av? NcDusifavQmuf wpfa,mufwnf;vma&? usm;udk rxD? >rDudk
raMumuf? awmeufacsmif*Edkif a&atmufrSm? wpfa,mufau
armif;armif? ESr[d&m? vdu
k v
f v
Ykd m? ud,
k rf mS EGr;f &d? wpfywfc?DG wqGrD ?d
rcsd,mum;? tdkykaoQ/

tysdK =

atydkifqdk tpfudkBuD;vdkif? tpdkifpdkif &GmpdkifavQmuf,m? pum;qdk?

rsKd xm;aweif/h tajymqdyk w
kd wfaweif/h cspaf wqdk ysKd ardUk rSm ,H&k rSm
vm;? tdkarmif;armif/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

154

usm; =

rdk;OD;us,m? awmifvDvmau? &ifrdkUrdkUeifh? cspfzdkUrsufESm? vpEm

udk? &csifyg,uf? xuftmumudk? vufESifhra,mif? wpfcGef; ac:ac:vdkYrxl;? ESpfcGef;ac:- ac:vdkYrxl;? wpf&GmeDwpfjynf om;udk?
pdwfjcm;vdkYvm;? rcspfqdk rvdkvdkYvm;? prf;prf;ndK? ysdKESr av/

Zmuvmav? Zm&G m om;a&mif ? pum;t&mrS m ? ysm;oumod k Y ?

csdKyga&um;? tdkarmif;armif/

usm; =

ausmufjzLe,f? pdkifNcHKwdkufrSm? pdkifNcHK'Gdef? atmufNrDcsrf;vdkY? awmif

wef;&yfu/

OD;a'gif;auBudK;Mum? omvdum? [oFmiSufr? tcgcg? armifudkw

vdkY? vGrf;qeDa&? rajym0efUwHk? ajym0efYwHk? yef;rHktkyfkyf? yef;tkyf
kyfav/

usm; =

armifvufudkudkif? arvufudkqGJ? aiGwlyifrSm? a&Twl&pfa,mif?

&pfywfuwfar/ qHpndKU? tdkESrav? udk,fh&yf&Gm? udk,fh&GmxufrSm?
vufzsm;wif? Muifoltm;vdkY? [dxm;a&vm;/

tBuD;qdk- ctdkarmifvdkif udk,fh&yf&Gm udk,fh&GmxufrSm? vufzsm; wif?

Muifoltm;vdkY? [drxm;yg/

usm; =

rsufpdujrif? 0rf;uMuif? pdwfwGifucspf? unmarudk? arwm&pf

vdkY? tcspfcGJum? Mum;uvl atmifolzsufau? ysuf&zdkYvm;/

a&TrdcifESifh a&Tzcif? zcifzsuf? ysuf&ygpD/ Mum;uvlatmif olzsuf

rysuf0Hhyg/

vlysdK =

vD,if,if? tjyifprSm? ,ufoJhabmif? udkifcg;xdk;vdkY? ig;&a& vm;?

tdkykaoQ/

tysdK =

wpf & uf & S m ? eyf p mrjynf h ? xd k ; a&uG e f c sm? yk Z G e f j zL arrpm;vd k Y ?

NcdK;om;&SmcD? NcdK;&SDawmif? awmiftem;udk a,mifygvD/

155
vlysdK =

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

156

yJ,molESifh &efatmifcspfwif;Zrf;jcif;

Gwfq,fyifwpfyifjywf? armifvufcs,m? tdkykaoQ/ opfcGyGifhjzL?

qGwfr,l rtlyifzsm;? tudkif;aoQ? iSuf0gem;au? &nf;pm;[dvm
tdkykaoQ/

atmif =

MuufoGefyif t&SifrJhav? iSuf[oFmysHum0J? &nf;pm;[dygacsmav/

oJaomifoJaomif? a&ToJaomif? oJaomifxdyfrSm? AsdKif; a[mufau
qdkifidkufvdkY? wvif;jyif ig;udkacsmif;? a&aMumif; rjrifacsmav/

cGD;rajymau? om;oHk;q,f/ cGD;rSmxifay:? aemif&Jausmf/ csD;ajcmuf

rpm;? cGD;ykPm;/ rdk;oD;rrD? oH*kvD? yJ,moltjzL[if;jcif;? zsufuwfcD
apmifvm; uwfcdar/

ol

[dik ;f cG;D -[dik ;f cG;D / yJyiG yhf efau? yefygvDvm;/ yJo;D pm;au? pmygvDvm;/
yJ&nfaomufau? aomufygvDvm;/ cGD;rSmcGD;ykwf? cGD;pufqkwfau?
cGD;,kwftoQif? rygvDvm;/

atmif =

w&dyf&mwaysmf? pufawmfac:av? armifawmfvmEdk;? unmysdK

jzLardkUrSm? pdwfqdk;a&vm;? wpfcGef;ac:av? atmfatmfa&Tem;?
armifac:oHudk? x&Hem;rSm? rMum;vdkYvm;/

yJyGifhyefau? em;vefa&av? acsmESr/ yJoD;pm;au? vQmyg;a&av?

acsmESr/ yJ&nfaomufau? vQmaygufa&av? acsmESr/

ol

cGD;,kwfzsufau? yJcif;wpf0uf? ysufvD,mav? cGD,kwfjzKef;au?

wpfjcif;yJvHk;? jyKef;vm;,mav/ cGD;rSm (vl&m)rygvDvm;/

tysdK =

nOfheufoef;acgif? wdkifrSmarQmif? tarmifZmua&mif/

atmif =

vlysdK =

o&ufyifndK? t&dyfcdk? vlysdKaygufp? wef;vTJu (iSufaysm&m wpfyif

*&if&m wpfykwf? ESif;rdk;&Gm? vDrokwfau? qifykwfu&m)

wdrfrSef;a,rxif? eufrSef;a,rod? BuD;bdqdkau? v[macsmif;udk

wl;cDrSm;vdkY? 'a,mwxnf? pGwfca&av/ cspfawolau? tjzLESr?
'a,mwpfxnf? iSm;ygvwfvm;/

ol

tuRefdkUrSmum;? MuufaoQeif;wHk? cGD;eif;wHk/ olaumif;0wfwHk?

uRef0wfwHk? bkef;awmfarmif? &efatmif0wfau? zkef;arvm;av/

atmif =

cspfcifrufESifh MuifemrufvdkY ESpfyg;twl? yJ,molau? tjzLNyD;au?

0wf&arav/

ol

aumufuvDa umufuavmuf/ MumjzLtif; ESi fhM umndK tif; rSm ?

ig;oHk;aumifudk? AHk;axmif,lcD? cGwfvdkY0Dau? rnDygbJ? tjzmjzmav?
oHk;jzmuGJvdkY? vnf&GJarmifvS? arqifNcDudk? rNzDbJESifh? rxGuf&av/

atmif =

aumufuvD(av)oHk;jzmuGJvdkY? vnf&GJESr? tmumjynfrSm? eDESifh

vav/

ol

rdk;rif;ndKav? r&Gmwpfcsuf? &Gmwpfcsufau? aMumif;ysufawav/

armifvlysdKav? rvmwpf&uf? vmwpf&ufau? pdwfysufawav/

tysdK =

vlysdK =

acsmif;zsm;ykZGef? vdrmpH? ykZGefvdrm? AsdKif;tpmav/

tysdK =

rusnf;&moHk;Budrf? aus;oHk;Budrf? ajcmufBudrfus,m? cspfaw armif?

ZmcifyGef;udk rTrf;eDca&mif/

vlysdK =

(vTm;udkvnf;jzKwf? armift[kwf? ewfqdwfckefykwfu? (tdk-ESr)

(u&0dwif u
S af wmf? aomif;aomif;ausm?f arsmufatmfrpJ;? a[0Em*Edik x
f rJ mS ?
usm;udkrxD? >rDudkraMumuf? cspfawarmif- oefaumifavmuf? nOfheufa&mufvdkY?
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&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

toQifpudE

157
atmif =

rdk;rif;ndKav? &Gmcsifyg,uf? xuftmumrSm? vDoif;wkef;udk?

rkefwdkif;zsufvdkY/ armifvlysdKav? vmcsifyg,uf? eifrdcifESifh eifhzcif
udk? tjrifwHk;au? igrkef;a&av/

ol

acsmif;zsm;&Du? acsmif;&Dwxl;? tnmcGifudk? r0ifzl;au? jzm; l;a&

av? n&D;wwGD? nOfh&D;wxl;? armifvlysdKav? arhtdrfaMumufudk?
r0ifbl;au? pdwfl;a&av/

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

(17) &cdkifpum;tm; bmompum;

okawoDwdkY ,lqcsuf
wd;k wufaomEdik if BH u;D rsm;wGif ordik ;f okawoDwo
Ykd nf rdrw
d pYkd w
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aom vkyf&yfrsm;udk aiGaMu;tajrmuftrsm; tukeftuscH urmt&yf&yf
EdkifiHwum vSnfhvnfoGm;a&mufvsuf okawoejyKvsuf&SdMuonf/
wpfc sdKUtaejzif h a&S ;ord k if ; taqmuf tOD; ausmufu rn f; pmrsm;
a&S;a[mif; aiGaMu;'*Fg;rsm; ypnf;rsm;udk okawoejyK&SdMuavonf/
wpfcsdKUtaejzifh tquftEG,f? ouf&Sdwd&dpmefwdkY\ kyf<uif;j'yfrsm;udk
,ckvl wd&pd m efwUkd ud,
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f ufpyfvsuf okawoe
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&yfrsm;udk odyHenf;us okawoejyKvkyfvsuf &SdcJhMuygonf/
&cdkif "n0wDaESmif;acwf? &cdkifa0omvDacwf ausmufurnf;pm?
Adokum vuf&m? aiG'*Fg;rsm;udk okawoejyKvkyfcJhMuaom tD-tdyf(csf)*Refpwif?
(John stone E.H) ? at-yD-az,m (Phryer A.P) ?qD-at-&pwef (Ruston C.A)
?'D-qD-qm&fum (Sircar D.C) tp&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkY\ okawoejyKvkyfcJhMu&mrS
&&Sdaom aMumif;&yfwdkYrSm ,if;tcsdefumvordkif;aMumif;&yfrsm;\ taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhMuavonf/
&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

158

wpfcsKd U okawoDwrYkd mS urmt&yf&yfEikd if t

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pum;rsm;udk avhvmokawoejyKvkyf&SdcJhMuavonf/ &cdkifjrefrmpum;rsm;udk
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 170-cefYu avhvmokawoejyKcJhaom trf-'D-vD'ef
(Leyden M.D) \ tm&SokawoepmapmiftwGJ (10) (1811) (A Siatue Researches Volx (1181) wGif (On the longueges and literature of the lmdo chinese
nation) qdkaom aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkufygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif
jrefrmudk (Myama) ? &cdkifudk (Rekine) [k a&;om;&Sdygonf/
&cdkifpum;onf &cdkifjynfwGif a&S;ya0oeDtcsdefuyif aexdkif&Sd
cJhMuaom &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkYajymaompumyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\ a&S;a[mif;
pmaywdkYwGif Ak'taMumif;ESifh Ak'a[mMum;cJhaom usrf;pmrsm;udk tav;xm;rI
rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
a&S;vGefcJhaom c&pfawmfray:rD &mpkESpfrsm;pGmu &cdkifjynfonf tdEd,
EdkifiH rm*"tifyg,mxJwGif yg0if&SdcJhaom rm*"jynfom;wdkY wnfaxmifcJhaom
wdkif;jynfwpfjynfjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh tdEd,jynfom;wdkYu &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkYudk
(Magh) armuf? (Mag) ruf[
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a&mufEdkifygonf/)
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(Monosy llabie) wpfoHwnf;xGufaom pumoHyif jzpfonf/
&cdik w
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kd v
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f m;jzifh wlnED ikd Mf u ygonf
[k vufcHEdkifMuygonf/ odkYaomf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY\
,Ofaus;rIxuf a&S;usonf[k em;vnf&ayonf/ jrefrmwdkY udk,fwdkif uvnf;
olwdkY&if;jrpfonf &cdkif[k,lqaomaMumifh &cdkifudk jrrmBuD; (Myanmagui) [k
ac:a0:cJhonf[k qdkygonf/

159

toQifpudE

&cdkifpum;onf tvGefa&S;usaom bmompum;wpfckjzpf ,Ofaus;rI

vnf; tvGefa&S;usaom vlrsdK;wpfrsdK; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
rl & if ; trf - 'D v D ' ef \ rS w f w rf ; aqmif ; yg;rS m tawmf & S n f v sm;pG m
yg&SdcJhaomf vnf;? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tusOf;aumufEkwfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/
trf-'D-vD'efonf aqmif;yg;udk c&pfou&mZf 1811-ckESpfwGif a&;om;
cJhjcif;jzpf&m? olonf 1809-10-ckESpfcefYwGif avhvmcJhjcif;jzpfrnf[k cefYrSef;
,lqrdygonf/
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avhvmEdkifMuyg&ef qufvufrSwfwrf;tcsdKUudk wifjyvdkufygonf/
rSwfwrf;rSm 1947-ckESpf (S.S Tureit) twf(pf)? twf(pf)wm&yf
trnf&Sd *&dwfoabFmrS oabFmt&m&SdwpfOD;xHrS &&SdcJhaom *&dwfbmomjzifh
a&;om;xm; aom xl;qef;aom a&S;acwftwwfynmrsm;qdkaom pmtkyfrS
,if;t&m&Sdonf rSwfpktenf;i,fudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;ay;cJhjcif;yif
jzpfygonf/
rl&if;pmtkyfrSm 1869-ckESpf *&dwfpmay&Sif 'l;vufpf (Dulux) qdkaom
yk*dKvf a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ wm&yfoabFmt&m&SdxHrS awGU&aom
pmtkyfrSm ,if;'l;vufpfpmtkyfudk 1936-ckESpfu pmay0goem&SifwpfOD;u 6Budrfajrmuf jyefvnfdkufESdyfjcif;rl jzpfonf/
rl&if;rSwfwrf; a&;om;cJholrSm c&pfou&mZf 1629-ck? oD&dok"r&mZm
(&cd k i f - ajrmuf O D ; bk & if ) rif ; vuf x uf qd y f u rf ; a&aMumif ; wm0ef r sm;ud k
xrf;aqmifco
hJ nfqakd om *&dwv
f rl sKd ; tDvufZE'kd aD z,m (Elex Zendro Defain)
qdkol\ rSwfwrf;udktajccH a&;om;xm;&SdcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
f iG ;f vufrI
pmygtaMumif;rSm &cdik t
f *de d (Auetgince) ac: a&Trsm;udk tdrw
ynmwpf&yftaejzifh jyKvkyfcJhaom wdkif;jynf[k jzpfygonf/ ,if;tcef;wGif
&cdkifpum;ESifhywfouf 'Daz,m\ rl&if;rSwfwrf;wGif awGU&onfrSm]]uREkfyftm; &cdkifbk&if &SD&dqk'ef (Shiri Suden) (oD&dok"r&mZm)rif;\
qD'yef'ef (Sidapanden) ac: bk&if\aiG'*Fg;oGef;vkyfaomvkyfief;rSm tBuD;
tuJwpfOD;jzpfaom tdEd,EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ ajymjycsuft&? t*dedqdkonfrSm

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

160

tdEd, a&S;a[mif;pum;wGif rD;udkac:onf/ tdEd,a&S;a[mif;pum;ESifh &cdkif

a&S;a[mif;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? Ak'usrf;pmaypmrsm;ygpum; (ygVdbmom
udk qd[
k efwo
l nf) rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? tvGew
f al Mumif;? t*de q
d akd om ynm
rSm rD;udkt"duxm; a&Tazmfpyfaom a&S;acwftdEd,EdkifiHrS qif;oufvmaom
ynm&yfwpfckjzpfaMumif;[k od&Sd&ygonf/
'l;vufpfaemuf? ,if;pmtkyfudk jyefvnfa&;om;cJhMuaom *&dwf
pmay&Sif wpfOD;u? ,if;rSwfwrf;wGif rSwfcsuftaejzifh jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;
onfrSm]]a&S;c&pfray:rD &mpkEpS rf sm;pGmuyif? &cdik o
f Ykd tdE,
d tif'rkd eG *f v
kd KdG urf sm;
onf 0ifa&muf&SdcJhaMumif;? ,if; tif'dkrGef*dkvGdKufEG,f0ifwdkYrSm &cdkifwdkY ,HkMunf
udk;uG,f&Sdaeaom Ak'\rsdK;EG,frsm;yif jzpfonfqdkygonf/ ,if; tif'dkrGef*dkvGdKuf
rsm;onf (cd&m# Khirata rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/) tdEd,ajrmufydkif;wGif tapmydkif;
uyif 0ifa&mufvsuf a'owpfckvHk;ysHUESHUaexdkif&Sdaom t&D,mefvlrsdK;wdkY\
pum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk ajymqdkusifhoHk;&Sdaomolrsm;jzpf tdEd,
ajrmufydkif;pum;rsm;ESifh a&S;a[mif;acwf &cdkifpum;rsm; wl&Sdjcif;jzpfayvdrfh
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wdkY tvHk;t&if;0ifa&mufcJhNyD; &Sd&if;vlrsdK;tay: vTrf;rdk;oGm;jcif;jzifh &cdkifpum;
onf ta&SUbufEdkifiHpum;rsm;ESifh wlnDcJhjcif;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ Zmwd rl&if;
&cdkifwdkY\ajympum;rSm a&S;acwf tdEd,ajrmufydkif;om;wdkY ajympum;om jzpfEdkif
zG,f&Sdonf[k} a&;om;xm;&Sdygonf/
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onf/ pmtkyfjyKpkolrsm;taejzifh a0zefwifjyjcif; rjyKvdkyg/ avhvmolwdkY
taejzifhvnf; pdppf tuJjzwfEdkifMuayonf/
&cdkifpum;rsm;ESifhywfouf odoifhodxkdufzG,f&mrsm;udk u@&yfrsm;
vnf; pHkvifap&ef odrf;usHK;vsuf tenf;tusOf;pDpkaqmif; wifjyvdkufjcif;yif
jzpfygonf/
,if;aMumifh &cdkifom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY rsdK;Zmwd,Ofaus;rIr@dKif udk,fh&cdkif
pum;udk pOfvmrysuf xdef;odrf;oGm;Mu&ef vdktyfMuayonf/

toQifpudE

161

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef
17/

(18)udk;um;csufusrf;rsm;

18/

(pmtkyf?pmwrf;? aqmif;yg;rsm;vnf; yg0ifMuonf)

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/

rmefatmifyD,
at;MumGefY
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toQifpudE
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(1974? &cdkifr*Zif;? trSwf(1))
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trSwf 1)
armifZifa,mf
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armifwifvS
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(&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf-6)
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(&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf 14)

20/
21/
22/
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25/

26/
27/

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

162

- &cdkifa0g[m& tbd"mef
(&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf 11)
armifMunfwif - &cdkifpum;aemufquf (12-12-67 aeYxkwf
Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm)
jynfaxmifpkaeY jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHrsm; (&cdkif)
wefcdk;q&mxGef; - O'dEomjcif;
toQifpudE
- &cdkifobm0aw;uAsm
OD;pHomatmif - tmeEpjE&Spf&mpk a0omvDrif;
trf? 'D? vD'ef\ tm&Soak woepmapmif (twGJ 10?1811)yg aqmif;yg;
*&dwf-tDvufZEdk'Daz,m\rSwfwrf; (6-Budrfajrmufxkwf)
taemufb*Fvm;EdkifiHwGif oDwif;oHk;aexdkif&SdaeMuaom &[ef;awmf
wpfcsKd UxHr&S &Sad om a&S;acwf&cdik pf um;yHrk sm;ESihf aiGaMu;toH;k taqmif
rSwfpkrsm;/
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tbufbufrS ulnDay;cJhMuaom q&mowdk;vS? OD;OD;apm usef;rma&;
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jyKjyifay;cJah om OD;csed x
f eG ;f (tNird ;f pm;? vrf;buftif*sief ,
D m)uG,v
f eG f
wdkYtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/

163

toQifpudE

&cdkifbmompum;vrf;Tef

(19) ed*Hk;
pmtkyfonf &cdkif\tajccHbmompum;rsm;udk avhvmEdkif&ef vdk&if;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyqdkxm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
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f rl sKd ;wd\
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a&mufc&D;onfrsm;? &cdkifoGm;vdkolrsm;? vufpGJjyKxm;&rnfvnf; jzpfygonf/
pmtkyfudk tajcjyK &cdkifESifhqdkif&m odoifhod&mwdkYudk qufvuf
avhvmEdkifNyD;&mum; &cdkif\tazmf {nfhrdwfaqGvrf;Teftjzpf vufudkifEdkifay
NyD[k ,HkMunfarQmfvifhygownf;/

toQif p ud E
(&cd k i f a jr)

&cd k i f o m;BuD ; pmay

152