NEW GPS SURVEYING & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY, DATA USE & IMPLEMENTATION

Alexandru Voinescu
September 14, 2012

Abstract REPORT TITLE: AUTHOR: DATE: ABSTRACT: This report includes a simple introduction to some of the GPS surveying systems available on the market, a basic explanation of the technology behind them that makes them work, pros and cons to the technology and application for which it can be used for, data collection and implementation to the existing GIS and CAD systems available at the County of Brant, as well as the database management and practical uses for the data accumulated. New GPS Surveying Technology, Data Use and Implementation Alexandru Voinescu September 12, 2012

Letter of Transmittal 28 Holimont court Hamilton, ON L9C0A9 September 10, 2012 Mohawk College Fennell Avenue & West 5th Street P.O. Box 2034 Hamilton, ON L8N 3T2 ATTENTION: Mr. Chris Blackwood Associate Dean Building & Construction Sciences

Dear Mr. Blackwood, This report entitled New GPS Surveying Technology, Data Use and Implementation has been prepared in accordance with the requirements and terms of reference for course COMM10096 Technical Report.

This report explores the various types of new GPS surveying systems, how they work, and what sets them apart from traditional surveying systems. It will also explore the new ways in which the digital data can be manipulated to save countless work hours and increase data accuracy.

This report is my own work and has not been submitted for credit at any other educational institution. Yours sincerely,

Alexandru Voinescu

NEW GPS SURVEYING & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY, DATA USE & IMPLEMENTATION

Alexandru Voinescu #000101807

A Technical Report Submitted to Building and Construction Sciences Mohawk College, Hamilton, Ontario In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Advanced Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology September 14, 2012

Table of Contents Acknowledgments (ii) Executive Summary..(iii) Chapter 1: Introduction.... 1 Chapter 2: General GPS Surveying Systems and Functionality.....................................4 Chapter 3: Old and New System Comparison ...............................................................7 Chapter 4: Incorporation to Graders and Heavy Machinery............................................9 Chapter 5: Use of Collected Data..................................................................................11 Chapter 6: Conclusions.................................................................................................12 Chapter7: Recomendations...........................................................................................13 References.....................................................................................................................14

List of Tables: Table 1

List of Figures: Figure1: Grand river in Paris Figure 2: Brant County court house Figure 3: Overlook of Paris Figure 4: Downtown Parris facing the Grand River Figure 5: The Leica AR25 Figure6: The Sokkia GRX1 Figure 7: The Ike 1000 portable GPS unit Figure 8: A typical total station Figure 9: A total station data collector ready to upload data Figure 10: A simple illustration of multipath propagation

(ii)

Acknowledgements I would like to thank several people working at the County of Brant for taking their valuable time to help me gather, as well as provide information and expertise on the subject. Id like to thank James Ricket for showing me the different GPS surveying systems used by the county as well as informing me of their features and characteristics which set them apart.

My supervisor Jason Demunk took time out of his day to teach me how to use some of the GPS systems and has allowed me time to gain valuable experience using them, as well as provide me with official documentation from the systems manufacturer.

Colin was very helpful in telling me about the various ways in which the digital data can be used with GIS to better manage large geographical databases as well as pull specific information which save time and money which would not have been possible with the traditional systems.

And last but not least my colleague Sean Laffan who has shared a great deal of his personal experiences on surveying and the systems he used, as well as brain storming ideas for this report.

(iii)

Executive Summary The County of Brant is over 843 square kilometers with many assets such as water mains, storm and sanitary sewers, crash barriers, water valves spread all across this vast area. As well as these assets, the County has to keep track of all the property lines within the County. Due to the rapid development of the County, the constant changes of all of these aspects need to be tracked in a fast and accurate manner. To do so the County has purchased several brand new global positioning systems or GPS for short, specially designed for surveying purposes as well as created a new Geographic Information System (GIS) database.

The purpose of this report is to examine these new systems and see how they help improve the way the County obtains and manages the information. To gain a better understanding of the systems, these technologies and others that are available for use will be described. This report will cover the ways the County uses the data to manage its assets which was not easily possible with the old systems.

As all of these upgrades are very new to the County and this report was fortunately written during the primary phases of their implementation and development. The writer of this report was involved in the main development of some of these systems, but primarily in the transfer of data into the new GIS database. Because a lot of the countys plans are very old and inaccurate some field surveying using these new GPS systems was required in order to obtain accurate information. During the writing of this report the water distribution system was the main focus of the upgrade, and data was collected on various parts of these systems such as water valves and hydrants.

Data acquired for this report was obtained from the people in charge of operating and maintaining these systems. The author of this report has also had firsthand experience going in the field to acquire data on things such as water mains, valves, hydrants and curb stops.

Thanks to some of these new GPS surveying units the entire County of Brant water distribution system was input into a GIS database accurately and in less than 4 months. (iv)

Despite being new these systems in combination are already making the work of the water distribution system easier. The storm and sanitary sewer systems will also be brought over to the GIS system in the future.

In conclusion the new GPS systems are helping update and maintain the new GIS data base in a much faster way than using conventional surveying methods, they are also currently also being used to gather data on cracked sidewalk slabs to be marked for repair. There are many other uses which theses systems can be used for which may be utilized in the future. Because of the speed these systems can be used at and the need for only one operator with minimal training, these systems are proving to be a good investment for the county.

If possible it is recommended that the county purchase another one or two of these systems with even greater accuracy. It would also be recommended to purchase a base station which can be installed onto the roof of one of the county service centers to further increase the accuracy of the GPS systems. These upgrades would be very beneficial because they would almost entirely eliminate the need to use more traditional surveying methods such as the total station. The new systems could be used on almost any survey project in the county and they would complete the job in a much smaller time period as well as with fewer operators. This time saving could also avoid potential project delays as any survey needs would be quickly eliminated and work can begin promptly after.

(v)

Chapter 1: Introduction
The County of Brant amalgamated into a single tier municipality in 1999. A single tier municipality means that is governed by one municipal administration, there are no other sub divisions above or below it. Despite its name of the County of Brant it is not considered a county by definition because all of the municipal services are handled by one level of government. The county contains several small towns which comprise the majority of the Countys population. A great percent of the county is rural area. The five main towns in the county are Burford, Mount Pleasant, St.George, Kainsville and Paris. There are three service offices in the county located in Paris, Burford and St.George.

Burford town hall is organized into several divisions. The engineering department is made up of smaller sections created to deal with roads, water and wastewater management. The GPS systems are available for use for any department in need of them.

Figure 1: Grand river in Paris1

Figure 2: Brant County court house2

Figure 3: Overlook of Paris3

The author of this report was in charge of transferring the positions of the water distribution system from as-built drawing to a newly implemented GIS system. However the as built drawings available vary greatly in age and therefore some tend to be inaccurate and cannot be transferred to the GIS database and some areas lack as built drawings all together. Because of this a trip with the GPS surveying unit to the site is necessary to acquire any missing information.

In the past couple of years there has been a great advancement in GPS surveying technologies. Not only are GPS systems becoming more accurate, they are now being used in combination with other technologies such as laser range finders, accelerometers, Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR), and cellular networks. These combinations allow for 1

very creative and interesting results which could have barely been conceived of 20 years ago. Because of these recent and rapid advancements in this type of technology there are great changes in the field of surveying as a result.

Figure 4: Downtown Parris facing the Grand River4

The purpose of this report is to educate and inform the reader about these new types of technologies, how they are affecting the civil and surveying field, as well as exploring some practical applications for them. It is also made to serve as a general outline or summary of the various methods and systems now available, for which information is scattered. This information is important because this new technology will be rapidly taking over the great majority of the classic two or three man total station crews, and will be seen in almost every construction site and any other application where surveying or data collecting is required.

This report is organized in a manner which will give a brief explanation of GPS functionality as well as an idea of the variety of systems available today. This report will then explain the implication of this new technology in the field and how it affects whatever the project in which it is used. It will give several applications for some of the capabilities of these systems and discuss in detail how the data collected is used in combination with GIS software to help with the organization and accessibility of the data collected, as well as how its used to manage some of the countys assets.

This report can be used for information by any company or organization wishing to possibly upgrade to such a system, or for general knowledge to anyone who is interested in reading it. Please note that references are noted with a superscript number5. The reference to that specific topic can be found on the reference page under the corresponding number. 2

Chapter 2: General GPS Surveying Systems and Functionality

GPS works by using a series of 24 satellites launched by the United States Department of Defence1. The GPS receiver calculates the users position by measuring the amount of time it takes for the radio signal sent by each satellite to reach the receiver. The satellites know their positions from several base stations on earth as well as reference to some distant stars. They require clocks accurate to a few nanoseconds. The clocks have to be synchronized to the base stations on earth and to each other. The clocks even have to account for the time dilation caused by the high speed of the satellite and the weakened gravitational field at the satellites altitude of approximately 20,200 km above the earths surface. If even this small dilation was permitted the position inaccuracy would be several kilometers after a few hours4. In order to get a good position on the earths surface, there needs to be at least three satellites within range of the receiver. However, the satellite orbits are arranged in such a way that there are always at least six visible at any time and at any point on the earth. However some of the satellite signals can be blocked before they reach the receiver by being absorbed by buildings, foliage or any other obstructions that might block the line of sight.

There are a variety of different GPS receivers ranging in accuracy and in price. Below is a chart showing some of these price to accuracy ratios6.
Performance Basic Intermediate Advanced Experimental Accuracy ~10m ~1m ~0.01m ~1mm Price $300 - $4000 $500 - $14,000 $14,000 - $100,000 (Scientific use only)

Table 1: Accuracy and price ranges for GPS receivers6.

There are now a large variety of GPS surveying systems which have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the tasks for which they are intended to be used. If great accuracy is needed, there are powerful GPS receivers that incorporate the use of a choke ring as shown in Figure 5. These choke rings help improve the accuracy by eliminating multi-path reduction. Multi-path reduction is a common problem in the processing of the radio signal. It occurs from the reflection of the signal off of other objects and different layers of the atmosphere. The choke ring helps narrow down the phase and frequency which can be altered by one of these reflections, and allows the receiver to get only the clearest signals. However, 3

Figure 5: The Leica AR25 is a good example of a choke ring using GPS receiver 7

These choke ring receivers are better suited as reference stations and lose accuracy when on the move.

For an overall balanced surveying system there are systems which use a real time kinetic (RTK) feature which connects the GPS receiver to a base station with a known location via the cellular network. This signal helps align the frequency of the receiver with that of the satellite and thus increase the accuracy to about 1cm horizontally and 2cm vertically8. This feature also allows the system to maintain a coordinate lock even if a portion of the satellite signal is lost. This can be useful when trying to acquire targets under light obstructions such as trees or other foliage.

These types of systems are best for surveying purposes as they combine a sufficient amount of accuracy with a good amount of mobility and position retention. An example of such a system is the Sokkia GRX1 which is the system used by the County of Brant, (see Figure 6).

Figure6: The Sokkia GRX117

These systems can also utilize laser range finders, internal

compasses and accelerometers. With these technologies combined the system determines its own position, and then uses triangulation, by getting the angle of the device between the

accelerometers, the way it points from the compass and the distance between the object being shot from the range finder. These systems dont have nearly the same amount of accuracy as the systems mentioned previously as they are only accurate to about half a meter. However it is much more convenient and can do a variety of different tasks such as: finding positions of objects which are beyond dangerous or unreachable obstacles; finding the heights of objects such as buildings or trees; finding the surface area of signs or buildings; and finding the volume and diameter of trees9. An example of this system is the Ike 1000 as shown in Figure 7

Figure 7: The Ike 1000 portable GPS unit9

Chapter 3: Survey Technologies Comparison

However innovative, these systems are, they are not without their limitations. This part of the report will compare the traditional total station methods of surveying to the modern GPS systems.

The traditional surveying method is the total station. The total station is tripod mounted telescope. The telescope can rotate both vertically and horizontally. The tripod must be properly setup over a point of known location (benchmark) after which it can be aimed at a chosen point along a rod held by an operator. The position and elevation of the rod is calculated using triangulation. Some newer total stations come equipped with a data collector which does all the position calculations automatically. Some total stations use a laser which is aimed at a prism instead of a rod. The prism reflects the laser back to the total station and it calculates the position of the prism by measuring the amount of time it takes for this reflection. However total stations are accurate they tend to be relatively slow. Two well trained operators are required to operate the system properly and there is room for human error. A typical total station cost around $3000-$5000 depending on quality. Total stations are good overall surveying systems but they are now starting to be replaced by a new kind of surveying system.
Figure 8: A typical total station.18 Figure 9: A total station data collector ready to upload data.17

Perhaps one of the main limitations of the GPS systems are the loss of signal when in heavy brush or within cities with tall buildings. Because the GPS relies on radio waves to reach the receiver, any large obstructions will block, reflect or absorb the signal before reaching the receiver. Another way that the GPS can lose accuracy is by multipath reduction which occurs when the signal is reflected off of a window or shiny surface. This indirect signal takes longer to reach the GPS than if it were to reach it directly it and reduces the accuracy12. A simple diagram of how multipath works is provided in Figure 10. Some GPS systems have choke rings which

absorb or reflect the inaccurate signal and only allow for the most direct waves to hit the receiver, this results in mm accuracy11.

Figure 10: A simple illustration of multipath propagation.13

Because most GPS systems are only accurate to a few centimeters they should not be used when high accuracy is needed such as laying out curbs or building foundations. However this may change in the future as Europe and Asia are also launching their own satellite networks. Future GPS systems will be able to use signals from these new systems as well which will further increase accuracy.

One of the best aspects of these systems is that they only require one person to operate. Instead of having one person on the rod and another on the instrument there is just one person doing everything. This is beneficial because it reduces labour costs through only having one person in the field collecting data. All that has to be done to collect the data is place the GPS on the desired point and push a button.
Figure 11: A GPS surveying unit in use.19

The speed of work depends on the type of work being done and what kind of system is being used. At Brant County one of the employees took only two days of work using the Ike 1000 GPS to collect data on all of the broken sidewalk tiles in the town. To do the same amount of work using a traditional method took two employees five days of work. On a seven hour work day this would have saved the County over $700.00 dollars and three days of work to collect the same data on the sidewalks.

GPS systems would also make tasks such as laying out the position of highways easier and possibly even more accurate. If a total station were to be used over a very long stretch of road where there are few benchmarks, there would be a small loss at every setup point which could add up to a significant amount by the end of the road. However, since the GPS isnt based on a previous benchmark every shot will only carry its own accuracy and wont compile it after every setup. The work would also have a lower labour cost because there are less people operating it, and take less time because its faster to shoot points.

The data collected by a GPS can have attributes set to specific types of points directly in the field. If someone is surveying water infrastructure they can give an attribute to every kind of asset they are surveying. For example they can set attributes for valves, man whole covers, curb stops, catch basins, etc. This makes the data much easier to handle when input into a GIS or CAD software.

Another feature that some of these systems have is the ability to take geo tagged photos of areas of interest. A geo-tagged photo contains position coordinates of where it was taken. These photos can be stored on the systems data collector or input to a larger GIS data base where they can be seen when browsing certain areas of the GIS map.

Figure 12: The data collector used by the Count of Brant

Figure 13: The same data collector from Figure 12 attatched to a computer ready to upload data

Chapter 4: Incorporation into Graders and Heavy Machinery

This chapter will discuss the use of GPS systems with heavy machinery to help with grading and compacting. A large number of earth moving machine manufacturers are now starting to incorporate GPS into machines such as graders, pavers, bulldozers, compactors and excavators14. These implementations can save a lot of time and money as the construction area does not have to be staked before the work can begin14. Aside from being very accurate this technology also helps in the preparation of daily work reports as all of the work done is automatically recorded. This feature allows for very complete, accurate and up to date information on what is happening on the work site, accessible electronically either from the work site or the office11.

The technology uses GPS to accurately position the machines bucket or blade in the most efficient position in real time. This helps reduce over extraction and scrapping and increases productivity while lowering extra material disposal cost14.

Some new technologies developed by Topcon can turn the function of a bulldozer into the function of a grader by using an advanced 3-way gyro system. Topcon claims that with this technology a bulldozer can grade just as accurately as a grader while running at its full speed. The system allows this because it can calculate real time position algorithms ten times faster than conventional methods14.

An example of a similar system has been recently used in the highway expansion of the I-96 highway running through the U.S. state of Michigan16. The contractor Calin Construction was using three dozers and two graders for the project. They were all equipped with Trimble GPS systems. Every machine had a control box on board which calculated the exact position of either side of the blades. This allowed them to calculate the exact amount of cut and fill which was specified on the design plan. The machine operator has a light bar feedback monitor which guides him/her to the right position. Calin Construction claimed that these systems helped them achieve the +/- 12mm accuracy which was required for the job16. A picture of this system in use is shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14: A GPS equipped bull dozer12

Figure 15: A GPS equipped grader20

When contractors have this type of technology at their disposal and are familiar with the time and cost saving, they can calculate the amount they can save on projects before construction even begins. Contractors can become more competitive bidders on jobs if they can do the work faster and cheaper. Differences like these can mean bidding more competitively on construction projects.

These types of systems are not practical for smaller contractors or municipalities as the upgrades cost upwards of $100,000. There is also a need to purchase up to date software in order to properly operate these GPS systems. Once the GPS system is properly installed and running with the appropriate software, grading plans can be uploaded to the device by a trained individual before work can begin. The operator of the earth moving machine also needs to be trained in order to operate the machine properly. Because of the large capital cost to these technologies, they are only practical on large projects and therefore are only a good investment for large contractors or municipalities which can afford to purchase, maintain and operate such technologies.

Figure 16:A view from the drivers perspective in a GPS grader.20

Figure 17: The instrument board inside a GPS grader.20

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Chapter 5: Data Collection GIS Databases and Applications

The County of Brant is in the process of updating the majority of its infrastructure to the new GIS database. To do so the information has to be taken from the Countys as-built drawings, some of which are too inaccurate to add to the database. Because of this someone is needed to go out in the field to collect the position of any missing items in a fast and accurate manner. The items captured can be anything including water valves, manholes, hydrants, etc...

With the GPS surveying unit collecting data was fast and easy. Once all the data is collected, uploading it to GIS database is easy. The captured points show up on the right location and can be used as benchmarks or points of reference to other objects in close proximity.

This chapter will discuss the data collected, the use and management of the data collected in the field and how it can be used with software such as GIS and Auto CAD.

The data format of the GPS system is very versatile when it is time to make use of the data. There are many advantages to having the data in a digital format. Large data bases can be compiled over time on almost any kind of data. The County of Brant has recently created such a database in GIS. This database allows them to track their assets and makes it accessible to anyone who needs it. This report will now look at some of the benefits and draw backs to using such a database.

Figure 18: This pictures show how the GPS points show up when uploaded to a GIS database. The points seen are water main valve locations.

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Because the data can be assigned attributes directly on site, when returning to the office to upload the data to the database, the points will already have that identification attribute attached. The data also gets turned directly into a layer file or could be merged with another layer which has similar characteristics. Using an older system such as the total station, the data would just show up as points and would then have to be assigned attributes. This can be very confusing when trying to assign identifications to a large variety of different objects because it may not be clear what an object is when viewed on a map.

Once the data is input into the database it can be manipulated in creative ways to help acquire a large variety of information. An example of this could be estimating pipe replacement times. If information is known about the type of pipe material and the year it was installed as well as other factors such as the type of soil in the specific area, one can calculate when it will be time to repair or replace the pipe.

Tracking of infrastructure assets becomes easier. An example of this is finding the lengths of steel beam guard rails. A surveyor can shoot the location of either end of a rail as well as any major bends. In the office the GIS software can immediately calculate the length of the guard rail, and show other information such as the date it was installed, who installed it and what kind of material it is. Other assets such as traffic control signals, water valves, hydrants, crash barrels and even park equipment such as benches and trash cans can all be tracked in a similar fashion. Since pictures can also be attached to points it can be very helpful to have pictures attached to broken equipment such as head lights or crash barbells, or objects that need to be identified.

Having the data in this format allows for much easier extraction of data and reports can be assembled in a much quicker time. Paper is also saved because all of the data is digital.

These GPS and GIS systems have a few draw backs. Currently they are relatively expensive but they are sure to get cheaper as the technology becomes more available and enters the main stream. The initial setup can be challenging because it takes time until enough data is collected for the GIS system to start being useful. The upgrade to such a system also means that there need to be people who are trained in using and maintaining it. The data base has to have a secure and dynamic backup. If there is physical damage to the servers on which the data is held, there needs

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to be a backup at another location to avoid loss of important information. Since the data is digital, proper security software needs to be implemented to avoid the leaking of sensitive information to anyone who could use the data for their own benefit.

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Chapter6: Conclusions
For a contractor or a municipality that has allot of surveying needs a GPS surveying system could be a very smart investment considering the amount of time and money saved. Over a long enough period of time the system would pay for itself because of the time and money saved from only having one operator. However some GPS systems do not have sufficient accuracy to be used for jobs such as laying out foundations they can still be used for a large variety of tasks such as infrastructure asset management.

A GIS database used alongside a GPS unit can also save a great deal of time as any data can be directly manipulated to fit specific requirements or needs. A GIS database can also be much better organized in making and finding reports if it is managed properly, and is more environmentally friendly as les paper is used.

However new the technology discussed in my report may seem, it is only a matter of time before it replaces the majority of the previous method, much like how software such as Auto CAD has replaced traditional hand drafting. There are also new technologies which are going to come out in the near future.

For example the company Trimble who manufactures surveying equipment is coming out with a system which uses an integration of GPS and optical technologies. This LIDAR system can scan and produce three dimensional drawings of the object or building scanned. The system can now live stream video to a handheld data collector so the operator doesnt even have to look into the sight. The orientation of the machine can also be operated from the data collector with a stylus and points can be shot directly when the system is pointed at the target area.

GPS surveying technologies are now hitting the main stream in construction sites all over the world. However small companies may not need GPS to carry out their daily operations, as it is in practical and very expensive to be used for surveying in a small lot or subdivision. Large companies however need to use GPS on larger projects to remain competitive.

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Chapter 7: Recommendations
Since one of the biggest downfalls to using GPS systems is the loss of signals when entering an area of high brush or a large city with many obstructions, an improvement to the reception of signal and therefore the maintenance of a good amount of accuracy is important. One way this could be done is through the development of a portable real time kinematic or RTK. Currently when using a GPS system with the RTK feature built in, it is possible to maintain ones current position when the GPS signal is lost for a certain amount of time until the RTK signal loses accuracy. A solution to this could be setting up a small RTK system at (a benchmark a point with an accurately known location). This setup would provide a strong signal because of the proximity to the GPS receiver and would maintain accuracy even when the satelite signal is temporarily lost.

Another possible solution would be to setup several small GPS transmitters at areas with known locations. This setup would function much like the satellites in orbit, but instead of satellites sending signals it would be the small transmitters. Although this method could provide a very accurate position to the receiver it can be impractical and expensive, especially in areas where there are little or no benchmarks. If possible it would be advisable to have backup servers at as many of the County of Brants service centers. This would allow for work to be done faster because having servers at your current location will greatly reduce lag time. It would also be beneficial because if anything happens that can damage the servers or if they have to be taken down for maintenance the database can be accessed from one of the other available servers.

A great amount of time can also be saved if the County could purchase another more powerful GPS unit along with an RTK base station mounted at one of the service centers. This combination would completely void the need to use the total station as any surveying job could be done with this new GPS unit as it would satisfy any accuracy requirement. The amount of time saved using this system as opposed to the total station would save the county a great deal of time as there is allot of projects going on in this developing County. Project delays may also be

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avoided as any surveying work would be completed quickly with sufficient accuracy and with fewer people required.

With the GIS system paper data records can start being replaced with electronic copies. However for this to be done the GIS database has to be updated further until a majority of the information can be switched to the digital version. A conversion to digital data records would be very beneficial because the County office is currently starting to have to accommodate extra space for the boxes of paper documents which are rapidly accumulating.

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References

1. Figure 1: http://www.flickriver.com/places/Canada/Ontario/Paris/ 2. Figure 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Brant 3. Figure 3: http://www.findthepostalcode.com/location.php?province=ON&location=Paris 4. Figure 4: http://gracegospelparis.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/directions/ 5. http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/gps.html 6. Duncan Moss, Senior Consultant, Ordinance Survey April 16 2007 7. http://www.geometer-center.ru/default.aspx?page=127 8. http://www.resourcesupplyllc.com/pdfs/RTKBasics_SurveyGradeGPS.pdf 9. http://www.ikegps.com/ 10. http://www.geosoluciones.cl/equipos/page/2/ 11. http://meridware.com.tw/NOVATEL/Documents/Papers/3D_choke_ring.pdf 12. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15782/1/Bruce_Hannah_Thesis.pdf 13. http://www.ni.com/white-paper/6427/en 14. http://www.worldhighways.com/categories/measurement-survey-designsoftware/features/latest-innovations-in-gps-and-machine-control/ 15. http://www.worldhighways.com/categories/measurement-survey-designsoftware/features/gps-technology-developments/ 16. http://www.worldhighways.com/categories/measurement-survey-designsoftware/features/gps-machine-control-boosts-road-surface-quality/ 17. Photos By Alexandru Voinescu 18. http://rkmsurvey.blogspot.ca/ 19. https://www.benchmarkarizona.com/GRX1_Sokkia_RTK_Rover_Kit_GNSS___GPS_Su rveying___Construction_System__UHF___CDMA_or_GSM_Modem__Network_capabl e__-8-2-219.html 20. http://www.trimble.com/gcs900sg-mg.shtml 8 New stuff: Figure 1: http://www.flickriver.com/places/Canada/Ontario/Paris/ Figure 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Brant Figure 3: http://www.findthepostalcode.com/location.php?province=ON&location=Paris Figure 4: http://gracegospelparis.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/directions/ GPS grader: http://www.trimble.com/gcs900sg-mg.shtml Grader cockpit: http://www.positionpartners.com.au/news/position-partners/topcon-automatesaustralias-first-cat-m-series-and-t-series-machines/ Table 1: http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/pdf/ts_13_5_green_etal_ppt.pdf

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