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MAHARISHI MARKANDESHWAR UNIVERSITY

Assignment of Tribology on types of bearing materials and wearing resistant materials

Submitted to: Mr. Arun Kumar Sir Submitted by: Devender Singh

Section: Eb2 (sem. 6th) Date: 4 May, 2012

BEARING MATERIALS
For successful operation of bearing system, it is necessary to select proper material for particular operation. Following are important bearing materials which are commonly used.

METALLIC GROUP 1. Babbitt metal (or white metal) a. Lead-based babbitt b. Tin-based Babbitt 2. Bronze 3. Copper lead alloys 4. Tin-aluminium alloys 5. Silver 6. Porous metals 7. Hard materials

Figure 1: metallic bearings

NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon graphite Plastics Rubber Wood

Figure 2: non-metallic bearing These non-metallic bearings are made of various composite materials like polymers, petroleum products and have vast application.

BABBITT METAL BEARINGS

Figure 3: BABBITT BEARING

Babbitt metal is an antifriction metal alloy first produced by Isaac Babbitt in 1839. These are most important alloys as bearing materials. These alloys consists relatively hard crystals embedded in softer matrix. They are composed primarily of tin, copper and antimony, with traces of other metals added in some cases and lead substituted for tin in others. Theses have silver appearance and hence the can be sometimes called as White metals. There are general two classes of babbit :

a. Lead-based alloys. b. Tin-based alloys.

Tin-based white metal is an alloy with minimum 88% tin (Sn) , the rest of alloy composition is Antimony (Sb), copper, cadmium and small amounts of other elements that are added to improve the fineness of grain structure and homogeneity during the solidification process. This is important for load carrying and sliding properties of the alloy. Lead content in this alloy composition is an impurity, as the fatigue strength deteriorates with increasing lead content, which should not exceed 0.2% of cast alloy composition.

ADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Excellent bond ability Good conformability High score resistance Non-corrosive Ability to embed dirt Low coefficient of friction

DISADVANTAGE 1. Low compressive strength 2. Low fatigue strength 3. Low-load carrying capacity

BRONZE BEARINGS

Figure 4 : BRONZE BEARINGS These are common type of bearing materials which are generally used in those working conditions where loads, speeds and temperature are moderate (medium level). These are widely used as bearing material for aircraft and railways and other heavy machines. ADVANTAGES

1. Great strength 2. Helpful in moderate load, speed, temp. 3. Excellent cast ability

4. Good machining characteristics They can be made as a single solid unit and hence have max reliability

DISADVANTAGES

1. Adhere to shaft surfaces at higher temperatures 2. As the rubbing speed increases due poor lubrication steel journals get heated and bronze score to the
surface 3. Poor conformability 4. Poor embeddability 5. Used in case when alignment b/w shaft and frame supporting bearing is good

Figure 5: bronze heavy bearings

COPPER-LEAD ALLOYS

These are generally made of mixture of copper and lead and small amount of other elements like nickel, tin, zinc , etc . These can carry more load (high carrying capacity) as compared to babbitts . Also, these are basically bonded in thin layers to a backing or steel. These are prepared by casting or by sintering powders which result in a phase of continous phase of copper and unalloyed lead dispersion. ADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. High compressive strength High fatigue strength They can be used in load carrying Work in high temperatures

DISADVANTAGES 1. Poor conformability as compared to babbitts 2. Low embeddability 3. These are basically used in the case of rigid shafts where deflection and end rubbing are not encountered

TIN-ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Figure 6: tin aluminium alloy Tin-aluminum bearings were developed to provide bearings that carry high loads. As a bearing material, unalloyed aluminium has a tendency to seize to steel mating surfaces . it was found that 20% of tin added to aluminium improves seizure resistance, cold working and annealing helps to prevent brittleness. These are generally used in tractors, and diesel engines. ADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Good resistance to corrosion High thermal conductivity which helps in removing the heat away from the bearing surface. High fatigue strength High ductility High load carrying capacity Excellent service life in engine bearings with loas upto 27.5 MPa These bearings have comparatively cooler operations These are not expensive

DISADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Moderate embedding properties Poor compatibility High coefficient of thermal expansion If used as a solid un-backed bearings, these alloys are weak to maintain an interference fit On cooling theses may shrink and may cause cracks Have limited range of working temperatures

SILVER

Figure 7: silver bearings Pure silver has many disadvantages. So, silver bearings with overlay have found extensive use in highly loaded aircraft engine bearings with overlay have found extensive use in highly loaded aircraft engines bearings and other heavy duty applications. An overlay is thin galvanic coating of mainly lead and tin , which is applied directly on bearing material . The over-layer is soft and ductile coating, its main objective is to ensure good embeddability and conformity between the bearing sliding surface and the pin surface geometry.

ADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Improved embeddability More reliable High fatigue High thermal conductivity High load carrying capacity

DISADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Low conformability Low embeddability Poor score resistance High cost of silver Low availability of raw material They are expensive to manufacture Expensive to buy

POROUS METALS (SINTERED METALS)

Figure 8: porous bearing

These are prepared as follows: Two fine metal powders are mixed together and pressed in dies. After compression, they are sintered by heating at high temperature. The temperature used for this process is between the melting points of two metals. Bearing are submerged in oil for impregnation before use. A bearing of this kind is self-lubricating supplying oil through the interconnected pores and providing an oil film on bearing surface.

ADVANTAGES 1. These are used when there is lack of space 2. The sintering operation causes powdered metal bearings to fuse into a strong compact.

3. These bearings are suitable for light loads and moderate speeds

DISADVANTAGES 1. These can be applicable for low pressure 2. Low heat 3. No lubrication so life is less

CARBON-GRAPHITE

Figure 9: carbon-graphite

These bearings are available in simple or complex type housing and can be pressed fitted or mechanically fitted to shaft housing. These are self-lubricating bearings which can operate within wide range of temperatures in air as well as in inert atmospheres. They themselves are also chemically inert. These bearings find application in water pumps, pistons, piston rings, seal valve, valve parts, pump blades, ovens, driers, mixers and filters.

PLASTICS

Figure 10: plastic bearings These are most important non metallic bearing material found in daily use. It find use in industrial machinery. The plastic bearings provide better overall performances. ADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Low value of coefficient of friction Less wear Good resistor of shocks Low cost Water can be used as lubricant

DISADVANTAGES 1. Poor thermal conductivity 2. Cant operate in high temperatures 3. Not strong mechanically

RUBBER

Figure 11: rubber bearings These bearings work well in circumstances where abrasive materials are present as lubricants. These bearings are used in ships , centrifugal pumps, deep-well pumps, etc. It has number of parallel faces to support shaft in symmetry with axis of shaft. ADVANTAGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Resistant to dust and sand Low coefficient Of friction Works well above 500 rpm High conformability High embeddabilty

WOOD

Figure 12: wood bearing They find their application in light machinery as well as heavy machinery. They provide high resistance to wear. They are non-contaminating and hence cab be used in food industry. They are also self-lubricating.

WEAR RESISTANT MATERIALS

MATERIAL SELECTION

Very generally speaking the property required of a wear-resistant material is the right combination of hardness and toughness. Since these are often conflicting requirements , the selection of the best material will always be a compromise. Apart from the two properties mentioned above, there are few general properties. Usually the right material for a given wear-resistant application can only be selected after taking into consideration other factors that determine the rate of wear. Of these the most important are: Ambient temperature , or temperature of material in contact with the wear surface .Size distribution of particles flowing over the wear Abrasiveness of these particles. Type of wear to which wear surface is subjected (i.e. gouging, sliding, impact, etc.)

Velocity of flow of material in contact with wear surface moisture content or level of corrosive conditions. General conditions (e.g. design of equipment, head room available, accessibility, acceptable periods of non-availability of equipment). Some general guidance on material selection and methods of attaching replaceable components. gives examples of actual wear rates of various materials when handling abrasive materials. The subsequent tables give more detailed information on the various wear resistant materials.

VARIOUS TYPE OF WEARING MATERIALS

In daily life we deal with many type of wearing resistant materials. They are called composite materials. Main wearing resistant materials are:

CERAMICS
These are one of the most prominent type of wear-resistant materials now days. We can find use of ceramics in industry as well as in house hold use. These are used in industry in various machining applications now days these have a vast use. These are more cheap and easy to manufacture and reliable.

Main advantages of ceramics are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Easy to manufacture Causes no pollution Low cost Non-reactive with chemicals

Main disadvantages of ceramics are:

1. They are very brittle 2. Cant be used in places were heavy loads are applied 3. They cannot be used where there is more fatigue and stress METALS Various metals are used in composite materials. Metals with good properties can used in composite materials. Metals like hard steel , tungsten, tin are used in composite materials.

Metals are combined to manufacture composites which have vast application in heavy insustries.

POLYMERS

Various petrochemical by-products can be used to make wear resistant composite materials. They have vast application in todays world.

Some of its application sectors are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Automobile industry Space technology Aircraft industry Defence research In interior designing Sports goods Editor: DEVENDER