Solid State Physics by Kettel Chapter 4
Solid State Physics by Kettel Chapter 4
Solid State Physics by Kettel Chapter 4
one dimensional vibration one dimensional vibration for crystals with basis three dimensional vibration quantum theory of vibration
Dept of Phys
M.C. Chang
d 2 un M = (un +1 un ) (un un 1 ) 2 dt
Assume un = Aei ( kX n t ) , where X n = na , then we' ll get M ( 2 ) eikna = 2eikna eik ( n +1) a eik ( n 1) a ,
which leads to ( k ) = M sin( ka / 2) , M = 2 / M
dispersion relation ()
k -/a /a
The waves with wave numbers k and k+2p/a describe the same atomic displacement
un (t ) = Aei ( kX n t ) , X n = na
Pattern of vibration: k = 0, exp(ikXn)=1. k = p/a,exp(ikXn) = (-1)n. (Similar to Bragg reflection) Velocity of wave: w = (wMa/2)k w/kdw/dk k = p/a
More on the group velocity (Stokes, Rayleigh, 1876/77) The total energy E associated with a wave of amplitude f(x,t) is
E (t ) = ( Af 2 + Bf& 2 )dx f ( x , t ) = F ( k )ei ( kx t ) dk
Each harmonic wave has its own phase velocity k/w, which is different from the velocity of the energy flow when the medium is dispersive (i.e. w-k relation is not linear) If F(k) is narrow (if not, more complicated), then we can approximate d ( k 0 ) ( k ) = ( k0 ) + k k0 dk
FG x d (k ) t ,0IJ f H dk K
0
Therefore, the waveform f(x,t), and hence the energy flow, moves at the group velocity!
How many different vibrations with different k s? For travelling waves, use periodic boundary condition PBC: u0(t) = uN(t)
The value of k, like x, is discretized Dk=2p/Na 0 as N Each k describes a normal mode of vibration (i.e. a vibration with a specific frequency)
Crystal vibrations
one dimensional vibration one dimensional vibration for crystals with basis three dimensional vibration quantum theory of vibration
a
d u2 n +1 = (2u2 n +1 u2 n u2 n + 2 ), 2 dt d 2 u2 n + 2 M1 = (2u2 n + 2 u2 n +1 u2 n +3 ). 2 dt M2
2
2 M 2 2 2 cos(ka / 2) A1 = 0, 2 2 M 1 A2 2 cos( ka / 2)
F1 = G HM
1 + M2
IJ K
FG 1 HM
1 + M2
IJ K
4 sin 2 ( ka / 2) . M1 M 2
a d c b
Patterns of vibration
similar
See a very nice demo at http://dept.kent.edu/projects/ksuviz/leeviz/phonon/phonon.html
Crystal vibrations
one dimensional vibration one dimensional vibration for crystals with basis three dimensional vibration quantum theory of vibration
Sodium (bcc)
Crystal with atom basis Rules of thumb p, 3acoustic branches, 3(p-1)optical branches N Nnormal modes 3pN (= total DOF of this system)
Crystal vibrations
one dimensional vibration one dimensional vibration for crystals with basis three dimensional vibration quantum theory of vibration
FG H
1 h 2
IJ K
Classically, for a given k, it vibrates with a single frequency w(k). The amplitude ( and hence energy e) can be continuously changed. After quantization, the vibrational energy of the lattice becomes 1 discrete (see Appendix C) (k ) = nk + h (k ) 2 and the number of energy quanta (called phonons) is nk. There are no interaction between phonons, so the vibrating lattice can be treated as a free phonon gas. Total vibrational energy E of the lattice = summation of phonon energies.
{n , n ,...n }
1 2 N
FG H
1 1 O + h O ( k ) nk + 2 2 k
IJ K
FG H
IJ K
hk= hk + hG
(chap 2)
hk= hk hkphonon + hG
However, the physical momentum of a vibrating crystal with wave vector k is zero du P = M n , un = Aei ( kX n t ) n dt
= MA( i )e
it
e
n=0
N 1
ikna
uniform translation of the crystal 1 eikNa = MA( i )e 1 eika = 0 since k = 2m / Na ( 0 ONLY when k = 0)
it
no center-of-mass motion
Therefore, we call hk a crystal momentum (of the phonon), in order not to be confused with the usual physical momentum.