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Parametric Test

This document discusses important parametric tests used in research: (1) The z-test is used to test hypotheses about population means and proportions with large samples or known variances. (2) The t-test is used for small samples with unknown variances to test means and correlations. (3) The chi-squared test compares sample variances to theoretical population variances under certain conditions. (4) The F-test compares variances of independent samples and is used in ANOVA to test multiple means. These parametric tests assume normal distributions and are important statistical tools in research.

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337 views2 pages

Parametric Test

This document discusses important parametric tests used in research: (1) The z-test is used to test hypotheses about population means and proportions with large samples or known variances. (2) The t-test is used for small samples with unknown variances to test means and correlations. (3) The chi-squared test compares sample variances to theoretical population variances under certain conditions. (4) The F-test compares variances of independent samples and is used in ANOVA to test multiple means. These parametric tests assume normal distributions and are important statistical tools in research.

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Pankaj2c
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IMPORTANT PARAMETRIC TESTS

The important parametric tests are: (1) z-test; (2) t-test; (*3) 2-test, and (4) F-test. All these tests are based on the assumption of normality i.e., the source of data is considered to be normally distributed. In some cases the population may not be normally distributed, yet the tests will be applicable on account of the fact that we mostly deal with samples and the sampling distributions closely approach normal distributions.

z-test is based on the normal probability distribution and is used for judging the significance of
several statistical measures, particularly the mean. The relevant test statistic*, z, is worked out and compared with its probable value (to be read from table showing area under normal curve) at a specified level of significance for judging the significance of the measure concerned. This is a most frequently used test in research studies. This test is used even when binomial distribution or t-distribution is applicable on the presumption that such a distribution tends to approximate normal distribution as n becomes larger. z-test is generally used for comparing the mean of a sample to some hypothesised mean for the population in case of large sample, or when population variance is known. z-test is also used for judging he significance of difference between means of two independent samples in case of large samples, or when population variance is known. z-test is also used for comparing the sample proportion to a theoretical value of population proportion or for judging the difference in proportions of two independent samples when n happens to be large. Besides, this test may be used for judging the significance of median, mode, coefficient of correlation and several other measures.

t-test is based on t-distribution and is considered an appropriate test for judging the significance
of a sample mean or for judging the significance of difference between the means of two samples in case of small sample(s) when population variance is not known (in which case we use variance of the sample as an estimate of the population variance). In case two samples are related, we use paired t-test (or what is known as difference test) for judging the significance of the mean of difference between the two related samples. It can also be used for judging the significance of the coefficients of simple and partial correlations. The relevant test statistic, t, is calculated from the sample data and then compared with its probable value based on t-distribution (to be read from the table that gives probable values of t for different levels of significance for different degrees of freedom) at a specified level of significance for concerning degrees of freedom for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis. It may be noted that t-test applies only in case of small sample(s) when population variance is unknown.

2 -test is based on chi-square distribution and as a parametric test is used for comparing a
sample variance to a theoretical population variance. The following conditions should be satisfied before 2 test can be applied: (i) Observations recorded and used are collected on a random basis. (ii) All the itmes in the sample must be independent. (iii) No group should contain very few items, say less than 10. In case where the frequencies are less than 10, regrouping is done by combining the frequencies of adjoining groups so that the new frequencies become greater than 10. Some statisticians take this number as 5, but 10 is regarded as better by most of the statisticians. (iv) The overall number of items must also be reasonably large. It should normally be at least 50, howsoever small the number of groups may be. (v) The constraints must be linear. Constraints which involve linear equations in the cell frequencies of a contingency table (i.e., equations containing no squares or higher powers of the frequencies) are known are know as linear constraints.

F-test is based on F-distribution and is used to compare the variance of the two-independent

samples. This test is also used in the context of analysis of variance (ANOVA) for judging the significance of more than two sample means at one and the same time. It is also used for judging the significance of multiple correlation coefficients. Test statistic, F, is calculated and compared with its probable value (to be seen in the F-ratio tables for different degrees of freedom for greater and smaller variances at specified level of significance) for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis. The table on pages 198201 summarises the important parametric tests along with test statistics and test situations for testing hypotheses relating to important parameters (often used in research studies) in the context of one sample and also in the context of two samples. We can now explain and illustrate the use of the above stated test statistics in testing of hypotheses.

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