INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGERS PRACTICAL FILE

Submitted for partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of:-

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA 2011-2013)

Under the supervision of MS Ranjeeta Popli

Submitted by AJAY JAIN ENROLLMENT NO. 075
GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL (Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) Madhuban Chowk, ROHINI, DELHI - 110085

TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics 1. MS-DOS 2. HTML 3. SPREADSHEETS 4. SQL Page No. 03 - 18 19 - 28 29 - 48 49 - 62

MS-DOS

Disk Operating System (DOS)

DOS was developed by Microsoft Primarily as a single user operating system working on Personal Computers. From 1981 till now many versions starting version 1.0 till 6.2 have been released. Each successive version had its enhancements aimed at improving the management of the computer resources available to the users.

Components of MS-DOS
MS-DOS consists of four essentials programs and a set of additional utilities. Four main programs are: Boot Record IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS COMMAND.COM

DOS Commands
A DOS command helps you to give instruction to the operating system in Character User Interface (CUI) environment. Using DOS commands, you can perform various tasks, such as creating and managing files and folders and monitoring your system resources. To create and manage files and folders, perform the following steps:
1. 2. 3.

Click the Start button, and then select Run. In the Run dialog box, type cmd in the Run box. Click the OK button.

The Command Prompt window is displayed.

In the Command Prompt window, the command is given after the command prompt and the enter key is pressed to execute the command. As the drive displayed is the user directory, change the drive to D: drive by giving following command at the command prompt. C:\Users\user>D:

Directories
In the DOS, each disk is organized into directories. Each Directory holds file. The default directory is the Root Directory and contains the minimum DOS files. The Root Directory cannot show more than 132 siles in its directory listing.

Create Directory
MD or MKDIR command is used to make direcotry.
5

Syntax: MD [drive:] [path] [directory name] Or MKDIR [drive:] [path] [directory name] Example: To create new directory names Tom under C: drive, give following command: C:\>MD Tom Or C:\>MKDIR Tom

Changing Directory
You can change your working directory by issuing the CD command. Syntax: CD [drive:] [directory name] Example: To make Tom current directory, give following command: C:\>CD Tom

Deleting Directory
RD command is used to remove a directory. Syntax: RD [drive:] [path] Example: To remove Tom directory from the C: drive, give the following command: C:\>RD Tom

Displaying Contents of a Directory

DIR command is used to display the contents of the directory. Syntax: DIR [drive:] [path] [/option] /option stand for various options that can be used with DIR command which are displayed in the following table: Option /p /w /s Description Pause after each screenful Uses wide list format Also look in subdirectories

Example: To list the files and directories present under C: drive C:\>DIR/p
7

Creating text File

COPY CON command is used to create a text file. Syntax: COPY CON [filename] After the command is given at the command prompt, the cursor goes to the next line. Write the text and press Ctrl+Z key together to save the contents in the file. Then, press <Enter> key. Example: To create a file client.txt under the current folder Tom, give the command. C:\Tom>copy con Client.txt Now, write Hi, How are you? Then press Ctrl+Z and then, Enter key.

Displaying the Contents of a File

TYPE command is used to display the content of a file. Syntax: Type [drive:] [path] [filename]
8

Example: C:\Tom>type Client.txt

Renaming File
REN command is used to change the name of a file. Syntax: REN [drive:] [path] [filename] [new filename] Example: To change the name of the file Client.txt to Client1.txt, give following command: C:\Tom>REN Client.txt Client1.txt

Copying Files
COPY command is used to copy one or more files to an alternate location. Syntax: COPY [source] [destination] Source Specifies the path of the file or the files to be copied. Destination Specifies the path of the destination directory. Example: To copy Client1.txt the current Tom directory to giBS directory, give following command: C:\Tom>copy Client1.txt C:\giBS

Deleting Files
DEL command is used to delete file or files from the disk. Syntax: DEL [drive:] [path] [filename] Example: To delete Jacob.txt from the giBS folder, give following command: C:\giBS>DEL Jacob.txt

10

Displaying Current Date

DATE command is used to display the current system date and prompt for entering new date. Syntax: DATE <Enter> Example: C:\> Users>date

Displaying Current Time

TIME command is used to displays the current system Time and prompt for entering new time. Syntax: TIME <Enter> Example: C:\> Users>time

Clearing Command Prompt Screen

CLS command is used to clears the cluster screen.
11

Syntax: CLS <Enter> Example: C:\> CLS <Enter>

Displaying the Path of the Directory

PATH command defines a list of directories DOS Searches for external commands. Syntax: PATH (Display the current Search Path) Example: C:\Users>path

External Commands Copying Files

XCOPY command is faster than Copy Command and allows you to copy entire directories/disk including all the sub directories and files to destination. Syntax: XCOPY Source [Target] [/Y] [-Y] [/P] [/E]
12

Switches: /-Y : Prompts before copying over existing files. /y : Overwrites existing files without prompting. /p : Ask before copying each file. /e : Copying empty directory also. /s : Copying subfolders. Example: XCOPY C:\tom D:\bob /S/E

Moving Files
MOVE command is used to move a file or files from one location to another location. Syntax: MOVE [drive:] [source] [drive:] [target] Example: To move media.txt file from Tom to the directory giBS, give following command: C:\Tom>move media.txt C:\giBS

13

Comparing Files
FC Stands for File Compare. If you wish to compare two files or two sets of files then you may use this command. This command has the capability to differentiate between the files and display the difference Syntax: FC <files spec 1> <files spec2> [/a][/b][/c][l][/n] Switches: /a : This switch displays only the first and last line of each group. /b : Compare the files in library mode ( byte-by-byte) /c : Ignore the case of letters. /l : Compare the files in text mode. /n : Displays the line number for lines that are different. Example: FC first.txt second.txt\n

DOSKEY
Dos can remember only the last command you had entered. But in order to make DOS remember all the commands you enter you will have to load a DOSKEY utility. Also Used To Create Macros Syntax: DOSKEY and Press <Enter> Display message on the screen. DOSKEY Installed. NOTE: - To display all commands from the history list on the screen. Example: DOSKEY / History or /h
14

ATTRIB
Every File on the Disk has its own description like size, space occupied, the type, the date it was created, etc. Likewise, every file has few attributes. The attributes of a file indicates whether it is a i) Read-Only File: r iii) Hidden File: h ii) Archive File a iv) System File s

With the ATTRIB command you can check the attributes of a file. Syntax: ATTRIB [+r] [+a] [+h] [/+s] [filename] Switches: +r, -r : +r Read-Only attribute or, -r turn of Read-Only attribute +a,-a : +a archive attribute, or -a turn of archive attribute +h,-h : +h hidden attribute, or h turn of hidden attribute +s, -s : +s system attribute and it should not be used generally. Note: While creating a new file every file gets read only attribute and archive attribute by default. Example: C:\> ATTRIB my.txt +R Example: C:\> ATTRIB my.txt +H

15

DELTREE
This command used for deleting an entire directory whether in that directory contains files or subdirectories and also it will delete hidden files. Syntax: DELTREE [drive:] [path] directories [/y] EXAMPLE: C:\> DELTREE my.txt

BATCH FILES
It is a collection of DOS commands to perform a certain task. or A batch file is nothing but sequence of commands to perform sequence of operations step by step. Look at the following commands you give step by step to perform an operation. Suppose your job is First - Check the directory Tom Second Make a new directory Job Third - Change directory to Job If you do all this steps daily after your hour, then the commands you give would be: i) C:\tom> DIR iii) C:\tom>cd job ii) C:\tom> md job

Instead of heating up your head daily giving the same set of commands you can do it in a much simpler manner. All you do is put all the commands in a Batch file. How to create a batch file: C:\tom> COPY CON A.bat <Enter> Note: Here Con means Console that is Keyboard, A the file name and .bat is extension. It is compulsory that a batch file must have extension .BAT.
16

You will find the cursor below A now type C:\tom> DIR <Enter> C:\tom>md job <Enter> C:\tom> cd job<Enter> ^Z

EDIT
This is the DOS Editor, which you can use to edit the text file and also creating new file. Syntax: Edit [drive:] [path] [filename] Example: C:\tom> EDIT jack.txt

17

18

HTML

19

Introduction
Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages. It is developed by World Wide Web consortium (W3C). It is not a programming Language. HTML is the set of markup tags. Extension of HTML files is .htm or .html. HTML Tags HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html> HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag The element content is everything between the start and the end tag Some HTML elements have empty content Empty elements are closed in the start tag Most HTML elements can have attributes

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes Attributes provide additional information about an element Attributes are always specified in the start tag Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Getting started with Examples.

HTML Headings
20

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Save this file in [filename].html.

HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
21

Output

HTML Text Formatting

<b> tag is used for bold the text.
22

<i> tag is used for italic the text. <u>tag is used for underline the text.

Output

HTML Fonts
23

Output

HTML Style

24

Output

HTML Links
<a href> is used for HTML link.

25

Output

HTML Images

26

Output

27

HTML Tables
A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Output

28

SPREADSHEETS

29

INTRODUCTION

Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply as spreadsheets) are computer programs that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of data is in each cell and how different cells depend on one another. The relationships between cells are called formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels. Some examples of spreadsheet usage:

Spreadsheets act like a calculator by automatically doing calculations. Spreadsheets are used for tracking personal investments, budgeting, invoices, inventory tracking, statistical analysis, numerical modeling, address books, telephone books, printing labels, etc. Spreadsheets are used in almost every profession to calculate, graph, analyze and store information. Spreadsheets are used for What-if calculations. Change one number in a spreadsheet and all the calculations in a large spreadsheet will re-calculate, will automatically change.

There are a number of spreadsheet on the market, Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel being among the most famous. The more powerful spreadsheet applications support graphics features that enable you to produce charts and graphs from the data. Here we will discuss about MS-EXCEL. Microsoft Excel is a proprietary commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X.

30

Step of Opening Ms-Excel

Start All Programs - Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel Or Start Run type excel and press OK The first page of Microsoft Excel 2007

31

Worksheets

Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576.
The Formula Bar

If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are in displays in the Name box which is located on the left side of the Formula bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula bar.

32

The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it.

Excel Formulas
A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel to perform calculations. Formals are started in the formula box with an = sign.

33

There are many elements to and excel formula. References: The cell or range of cells that you want to use in your calculation Operators: Symbols (+, -, *, /, etc.) that specify the calculation to be performed Constants: Numbers or text values that do not change Functions: Predefined formulas in Excel To create a basic formula in Excel:

Select the cell for the formula Type = (the equal sign) and the formula Click Enter

Calculate with Functions A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name and arguments (the mathematical function) in parentheses.

34

Common functions in Excel: Sum: Adds all cells in the argument Average: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument Min: Finds the minimum value Max: Finds the maximum value Count: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a range of the argument To calculate a function:

Click the cell where you want the function applied Click the Insert Function button Choose the function Click OK

Complete the Number 1 box with the first cell in the range that you want calculated Complete the Number 2 box with the last cell in the range that you want calculated

35

Function Library The function library is a large group of functions on the Formula Tab of the Ribbon. These functions include:

AutoSum: Easily calculates the sum of a range Recently Used: All recently used functions Financial: Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional financial functions Logical: And, If, True, False, etc. Text: Text based functions Date & Time: Functions calculated on date and time Math & Trig: Mathematical Functions

36

Sort and Filter

Sorting and Filtering allow you to manipulate data in a worksheet based on given set of criteria.

Basic Sorts To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on one column:

Highlight the cells that will be sorted Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab Click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button or Sort Descending (Z-A) button

37

Custom Sorts To sort on the basis of more than one column:

Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab Choose which column you want to sort by first Click Add Level Choose the next column you want to sort Click OK

38

Filtering Filtering allows you to display only data that meets certain criteria. To filter:

Click the column or columns that contain the data you wish to filter On the Home tab, click on Sort & Filter Click Filter button Click the Arrow at the bottom of the first cell Click the Text Filter Click the Words you wish to Filter

39

To clear the filter click the Sort & Filter button Click Clear

Charts
Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a graphic format. Excel offers many types of charts including: Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more. To view the charts available click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon. Create a Chart To create a chart:

Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon Click the type of Chart you want to create

Modify a Chart Once you have created a chart you can do several things to modify the chart.
40

To move the chart:

Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same worksheet, or Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab Choose the desired location (either a new sheet or a current sheet in the workbook)

To change the data included in the chart:

Click the Chart Click the Select Data button on the Design tab

To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:

41

Click the Chart Click the Switch Row/Column button on the Design tab

To modify the labels and titles:

Click the Chart On the Layout tab, click the Chart Title or the Data Labels button Change the Title and click Enter

Chart Tools The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The tools are
42

located on three tabs: Design, Layout, and Format. Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, and location.

Within the Layout tab you can control inserting pictures, shapes and text boxes, labels, axes, background, and analysis.

Within the Format tab you can modify shape styles, word styles and size of the chart.

Copy a Chart to Word

43

Select the chart Click Copy on the Home tab Go to the Word document where you want the chart located Click Paste on the Home tab

Pivot Table
An Excel pivot table is a special kind of table that assembles and summarizes information from a designated data source. That data source can be an external file or it can be a selection of cells in a worksheet. When creating the pivot table, you specify what fields need to appear and how to organize the data in the table. Once created, you can change the way that the data is summarized to give you a different view of your information, and it is this feature that puts the pivot in pivot table.

In this example the source data contains information about property insurance policies. Each row has the details about one insurance policy, such as the region, state, construction type and the value of the insured property.

44

Creating a Simple Pivot Table

After your source data is prepared, you can create a pivot table. We'll create a pivot table that shows the total insured value in each of the four regions where we sell insurance. 1. Select any cell in the source data table. 2. On the Ribbon, click the Insert tab. 3. In the Tables group, click PivotTable.

45

4. In the Create PivotTable dialog box, the address of your source data table should be automatically entered in the Table/Range box. If not, click on the worksheet, and select the range manually.

5. Next, select New Worksheet or Existing Worksheet as the location for your pivot table, and then click OK.

Adding Fields to the Pivot Table

An empty pivot table is created in your workbook, either on a new sheet, or the existing sheet that you selected. When you select a cell within the pivot table, a PivotTable Field List appears, at the right of the worksheet.

46

We want to see the total insured value in each of the four regions, so we'll add the Region and Insured Value fields to the pivot table. 1. In the PivotTable Field List, add a check mark to the Region field. The Region field is automatically added to the pivot table, in the Row Labels area.

2.

Add a check mark to the Price field, and it will be automatically added to the Values area. You can now see the total price value in each region.
47

Modifying the Pivot Table

After you've created a pivot table, you can add more fields, remove fields, or move the fields to a different location in the pivot table layout. We'll remove the Region field, and add the Gender field, to see the boys sales compared to Girls. 1. To remove the Region field, click on its check box, to remove the check mark. 2. To add the Gender field, click on its check box, to add a check mark. The pivot table now shows the totals for Boys and Girls.

48

SQL

49

Database
A database is a structured collection of data. The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Database-oriented approach of organizing data provides a set of programs to facilitate users to organize, create, delete, update, and manipulate data in a database. All these programs together form a Database Management System (DBMS).

Database models
Database model defines the manner in which a database links its various data element together. There are three models in use: Hierarchical Network Relational

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. Most popular databases currently in use are based on the relational database model. Example: ORACLE, INGRESS, SYSBASE, Dbase 3+, DB2

50

SQL Introduction
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and can be pronounced as SQL or sequel (Structured English Query Language). It is a query language used for accessing and modifying information in the database. IBM first developed SQL in 1970s. Also it is an ANSI/ISO standard. It has become a Standard Universal Language used by most of the relational database management systems (RDBMS). Some of the RDBMS systems are: Oracle, Microsoft SQL server, Sybase etc. Most of these have provided their own implementation thus enhancing its feature and making it a powerful tool. Few of the sql commands used in sql programming are SELECT Statement, UPDATE Statement, INSERT INTO Statement, DELETE Statement, WHERE Clause, ORDER BY Clause, GROUP BY Clause, ORDER Clause, Joins, Views, GROUP Functions, Indexes etc. In a simple manner, SQL is a non-procedural, English-like language that processes data in groups of records rather than one record at a time. Few functions of SQL are:

store data modify data retrieve data modify data delete data create tables and other database objects delete data

Types of SQL statements

There are three basic types of SQL statements:

Data definition language (DDL) statements Data manipulation language (DML) statements Dynamic SQL statements

51

SQL Data Types

Every field or column in a table is given a data type when a table is defined. These data types describe the kind of information which can be stored in a column. Some of the common data types that we shall be using in this chapter are: CHAR VARCHAR2 NUMBER DATE LONG

CHAR(size)
A column defined with a CHAR data type is allowed to tore all types of characters which include letters both uppercase and lowercase letters such as A,B, ..,Z, and a, b, .., z, special characters like @ # $ %, etc and numerals that are perceived by the system as letters.

VARCHAR2(size)
It is similar to CHAR but can store variable sized string having a maximum length determined by size. Maximum value the size can have is 2000 characters.

NUMBER(p.s)
It is used to store variable length numeric data. The value of p determines the total number of digits possible to the left of decimal point. The second syllables, determines the total number of digits possible to the right of decimal point.

52

DATE
This type of data is used to store date and time information. Default format is YYYY-MM-DD.

LONG
LONG data type stores variable length character strings containing upto 2 gigabytes size. But use of LONG data type has got the following limitations: A table cannot have more than one LONG type of data field. It cannot be indexed. It cannot be used with SQL functions. It cannot appear in WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY clauses.

53

Create a Table
Syntax: CREATE TABLE <table name> (<table element>, <table element>, . . . ); Example: Create table student (Student_id number(2), Student_Fname varchar (10), Student_Lname varchar(10), Student_address varchar(20), Student_dob date);

54

Insert values into Table

Syntax: Insert into <table_name> values (<value>, <value> , .); Example: Insert into student values (01, raj, kapoor, delhi, to_date(04-dec-1987,ddmm-yyyy));

Retrieving Data from Table

Syntax: Select * from <table name> Retrieve some specific data. Select <table element > from <table name> where <condition> Example

55

Alter Table
To add a new column in tableSyntax: Alter table <table name> Add <table element> Example: Alter table student Add student_number varchar (20)

To drop a column from table Syntax: Alter table <table name> DROP column <COLUMN_NAME> Example: Alter table student DROP column student_number ;
56

To change datatypeSyntax: Alter table <table name> MODIFY column_name datatype; Example: Alter table student DROP column student_number ;

57

Update Table
To change the content of column SyntaxUPDATE table_name SET column1=value,column2=value2.. WHERE some_column=some_value Example-

DELETE
Syntax: DELETE from <table name> WHERE some_column=some_value Example-

58

Desc TABLE
To display the structure of table SyntaxDESC table_name; ExampleDesc student;

Drop Table
To remove or delete the table Syntax: DROP table table_name; Example:

59

SQL Constraints
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement). We will focus on the following constraints:

NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values. The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value to this field.

SQL UNIQUE Constraint

The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns.

60

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot contain NULL values. Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE primary key.

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another table. Example: Create table cust_orders ( O_Id int PRIMARY KEY, OrderNo int NOT NULL, Cust_id varchar(20) REFERENCES customer(cust_id) );
61

SQL CHECK CONSTRAINT

A CHECK constraint is used to control the values entered into a field. Example: Create table student_detail ( RollNo varchar2(3) PRIMARY KEY, Name varchar2(20) NOT NULL, Age number(2) CHECK (Age > 18) );

SQL DEFAULT CONSTRAINT

A DEFAULT constraint is used to assign default values to a column, before any value is assigned to it. Example: Create table Employee ( Emp_code Number(4) PRIMARY KEY, Emp_name Varchar2(25) NOT NULL, Desig char(10) NOT NULL, Basic Number(6,2) DEFAULT 0 );

62