Predict the output or error(s) for the following: Mrityunjay Kumar, M.Tech JNU Delhi, B.

Tech NIT Patna

1. void main() { int const * p=5; printf("%d",++(*p)); } 2. main() { char s[ ]="man"; int i; for(i=0;s[ i ];i++) printf("\n%c%c%c%c",s[ i ],*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s]); } Answer: Compiler error: Cannot modify a constant value. Explanation: p is a pointer to a "constant integer". But we tried to change the value of the "constant integer". Answer: mmmm aaaa nnnn Explanation: s[i], *(i+s), *(s+i), i[s] are all different ways of expressing the same idea. Generally array name is the base address for that array. Here s is the base address. i is the index number/displacement from the base address. So, indirecting it with * is same as s[i]. i[s] may be surprising. But in the case of C it is same as s[i]. Answer: I hate U Explanation: For floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values cannot be predicted exactly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession with of the value represented varies. Float takes 4 bytes and long double takes 10 bytes. So float stores 0.9 with less precision than long double. Rule of Thumb: Never compare or at-least be cautious when using floating point numbers with relational operators (== , >, <, <=, >=,!= ) . Answer: 54321 Explanation: When static storage class is given, it is initialized once. The change in the value of a static variable is retained even between the function calls. Main is also treated like any other ordinary function, which can be called recursively. Answer: 2222223465 Explanation: Initially pointer c is assigned to both p and q. In the first loop, since only q is incremented and not c , the value 2 will be printed 5 times. In second loop p itself is incremented. So the values 2 3 4 6 5 will be printed.

3. {

main()

float me = 1.1; double you = 1.1; if(me==you) printf("I love U"); else printf("I hate U"); } 4. main() { static int var = 5; printf("%d ",var--); if(var) main(); } main() int c[ ]={2.8,3.4,4,6.7,5}; int j,*p=c,*q=c; for(j=0;j<5;j++) { printf(" %d ",*c); ++q; } for(j=0;j<5;j++) { printf(" %d ",*p);

5. {

++p; }} 6. main() { extern int i; i=20; printf("%d",i); }

Answer: Linker Error : Undefined symbol '_i' Explanation: extern storage class in the following declaration, extern int i; specifies to the compiler that the memory for i is allocated in some other program and that address will be given to the current program at the time of linking. But linker finds that no other variable of name i is available in any other program with memory space allocated for it. Hence a linker error has occurred. Answer: 00131 Explanation : Logical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 . And also the logical AND (&&) operator has higher priority over the logical OR (||) operator. So the expression i++ && j++ && k++ is executed first. The result of this expression is 0 (-1 && -1 && 0 = 0). Now the expression is 0 || 2 which evaluates to 1 (because OR operator always gives 1 except for 0 || 0 combination- for which it gives 0). So the value of m is 1. The values of other variables are also incremented by 1. Answer: 12 Explanation: The sizeof() operator gives the number of bytes taken by its operand. P is a character pointer, which needs one byte for storing its value (a character). Hence sizeof(*p) gives a value of 1. Since it needs two bytes to store the address of the character pointer sizeof(p) gives 2. Answer : three Explanation : The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop. It is executed only when all other cases doesn't match.

7. {

main()

int i=-1,j=-1,k=0,l=2,m; m=i++&&j++&&k++||l++; printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,j,k,l,m); }

8. {

main()

char *p; printf("%d %d,sizeof(*p), sizeof(p)); }

9. {

main() int i=3; switch(i) { default:printf("zero"); case 1: printf("one"); break; case 2:printf("two"); break; case 3: printf("three"); break; }

} 10. { }

main() printf("%x",-1<<4);

Answer: fff0 Explanation : -1 is internally represented as all 1's. When left shifted four times the least significant 4 bits are filled with 0's.The %x format specifier specifies that the integer value be printed as a hexadecimal value.

11. {

main()

Answer: Compiler Error : Type mismatch in redeclaration of function display Explanation : In third line, when the function display is encountered, the compiler doesn't know anything about the function display. It assumes the arguments and return types to be integers, (which is the default type). When it sees the actual function display, the arguments and type contradicts with what it has assumed previously. Hence a compile time error occurs. Answer: c=2; Explanation: Here unary minus (or negation) operator is used twice. Same maths rules applies, ie. minus * minus= plus. Note: However you cannot give like --2. Because -- operator can only be applied to variables as a decrement operator (eg., i--). 2 is a constant and not a variable. Answer: sizeof(i)=1 Explanation: Since the #define replaces the string int by the macro char Answer: i=0 Explanation: In the expression !i>14 , NOT (!) operator has more precedence than > symbol. ! is a unary logical operator. !i (!10) is 0 (not of true is false). 0>14 is false (zero). Answer: 77 Explanation: p is pointing to character '\n'. str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p. "p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10, which is then incremented to 11. The value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1, str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98. Now performing (11 + 98 32), we get 77("M"); So we get the output 77 :: "M" (Ascii is 77). Answer: SomeGarbageValue---1 Explanation: p=&a[2][2][2] you declare only two 2D arrays, but you are trying to access the third 2D(which you are not declared) it will print garbage values. *q=***a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. Now q is pointing to starting address of a. If you print *q, it will print first element of 3D array.

char string[]="Hello World"; display(string); } void display(char *string) { printf("%s",string); } 12. main() { int c=- -2; printf("c=%d",c); }

13. #define int char main() { int i=65; printf("sizeof(i)=%d",sizeof(i)); } 14.

main()

{ int i=10; i=!i>14; Printf ("i=%d",i); }

15. #include main() { char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'}; char *p,*str,*str1; p=&s[3]; str=p; str1=s; printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32); } 16. #include main() { int a[2][2][2] = { {10,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8} }; int *p,*q; p=&a[2][2][2]; *q=***a; printf("%d----%d",*p,*q);}

17. #include main() { struct xx { int x=3; char name[]="hello"; }; struct xx *s; printf("%d",s->x); printf("%s",s->name); } 18. #include main() { struct xx { int x; struct yy { char s; struct xx *p; }; struct yy *q; }; } 19. main() { printf("\nab"); printf("\bsi"); printf("\rha"); } 20. main() { int i=5; printf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",i+ +,i--,++i,--i,i); } 21. #define square(x) x*x main() { int i; i = 64/square(4); printf("%d",i); }

Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: You should not initialize variables in declaration

Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: The structure yy is nested within structure xx. Hence, the elements are of yy are to be accessed through the instance of structure xx, which needs an instance of yy to be known. If the instance is created after defining the structure the compiler will not know about the instance relative to xx. Hence for nested structure yy you have to declare member.

Answer: hai Explanation: \n - newline \b - backspace \r - linefeed Answer: 45545 Explanation: The arguments in a function call are pushed into the stack from left to right. The evaluation is by popping out from the stack. and the evaluation is from right to left, hence the result. Answer: 64 Explanation: the macro call square(4) will substituted by 4*4 so the expression becomes i = 64/4*4 . Since / and * has equal priority the expression will be evaluated as (64/4)*4 i.e. 16*4 = 64

22. main() { char *p="hai friends",*p1; p1=p; while(*p!='\0') ++*p++; printf("%s %s",p,p1); }

Answer: ibj!gsjfoet Explanation: ++*p++ will be parse in the given order *p that is value at the location currently pointed by p will be taken ++*p the retrieved value will be incremented when ; is encountered the location will be incremented that is p++ will be executed Hence, in the while loop initial value pointed by p is h, which is changed to i by executing ++*p and pointer moves to point, a which is similarly changed to b and so on. Similarly blank space is converted to !. Thus, we obtain value in p becomes ibj!gsjfoet and since p reaches \0 and p1 points to p thus p1doesnot print anything. Answer: 50 Explanation: The preprocessor directives can be redefined anywhere in the program. So the most recently assigned value will be taken. Answer: 100 Explanation: Preprocessor executes as a seperate pass before the execution of the compiler. So textual replacement of clrscr() to 100 occurs.The input program to compiler looks like this : main() { 100; printf("%d\n",100); } Note: 100; is an executable statement but with no action. So it doesn't give any problem Answer: Some address will be printed. Explanation: Function names are just addresses (just like array names are addresses). main() is also a function. So the address of function main will be printed. %p in printf specifies that the argument is an address. They are printed as hexadecimal numbers. Answer: No output/error Explanation: The first clrscr() occurs inside a function. So it becomes a function call. In the second clrscr(); is a function declaration (because it is not inside any function).

23. #include #define a 10 main() { #define a 50 printf("%d",a); } 24. #define clrscr() 100 main() { clrscr(); printf("%d\n",clrscr()); }

25. main() { printf("%p",main); }

26. main() { clrscr(); } clrscr();

27.

enum colors

Answer: 0..1..2 Explanation: enum assigns numbers starting from 0, if not explicitly defined.

{BLACK,BLUE,GREEN} main() { printf("%d..%d..%d", BLACK,BLUE,GREEN); return(1); } 28. void main() { char far *farther,*farthest; printf("%d..%d", sizeof(farther),sizeof(farthest)); } 29. main() { int i=400,j=300; printf("%d..%d"); }

Answer: 4..2 Explanation: pointer the second pointer is of char type and not a far

30. main() { char *p; p="Hello"; printf("%c\n",*&*p); }

31. main() { int i=1; while (i<=5) { printf("%d",i); if (i>2) goto here; i++; } } fun() { here: printf("PP"); }

Answer: 400..300 Explanation: printf takes the values of the first two assignments of the program. Any number of printf's may be given. All of them take only the first two values. If more number of assignments given in the program, then printf will take garbage values. Answer: H Explanation: * is a dereference operator & is a reference operator. They can be applied any number of times provided it is meaningful. Here p points to the first character in the string "Hello". *p dereferences it and so its value is H. Again & references it to an address and * dereferences it to the value H. Answer: Compiler error: Undefined label 'here' in function main Explanation: Labels have functions scope, in other words The scope of the labels is limited to functions . The label 'here' is available in function fun() Hence it is not visible in function main()

32. main() { static char names[5][20]={"pascal","ada", "cobol","fortran","perl"}; int i; char *t; t=names[3]; names[3]=names[4]; names[4]=t; for (i=0;i<=4;i++) printf("%s",names[i]); } 33. void main() { int i=5; printf("%d",i++ + ++i); } 34. void main() { int i=5; printf("%d",i+++++i); } 35. #include main() { int i=1,j=2; switch(i) { case 1: printf("GOOD"); break; case j: printf("BAD"); break; } } 36. main() { int i; printf("%d",scanf("%d",&i)); // value 10 is given as input here } 37. #define f(g,g2) g##g2 main() { int var12=100; printf("%d",f(var,12)); }

Answer: Compiler error: Lvalue required in function main Explanation: Array names are pointer constants. So it cannot be modified.

Answer: Output Cannot be predicted exactly. Explanation: Side effects are involved in the evaluation of i Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: The expression i+++++i is parsed as i ++ ++ + i which is an illegal combination of operators. Answer: Compiler Error: Constant expression required in function main. Explanation: The case statement can have only constant expressions (this implies that we cannot use variable names directly so an error). Note: Enumerated types can be used in case statements.

Answer: 1 Explanation: Scanf returns number of items successfully read and not 1/0. Here 10 is given as input which should have been scanned successfully. So number of items read is 1. Answer: 100

38. main() { int i=0; for(;i++;printf("%d",i)) ; printf("%d",i); } 39. #include main() { char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'}; char *p,*str,*str1; p=&s[3]; str=p; str1=s; printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32); } 40. #include main() { struct xx { int x=3; char name[]="hello"; }; struct xx *s=malloc(sizeof(struct xx)); printf("%d",s->x); printf("%s",s->name); } 41. #include main() { struct xx { int x; struct yy { char s; struct xx *p; }; struct yy *q; }; } 42. main() { extern int i; i=20; printf("%d",sizeof(i)); }

Answer: 1 Explanation: before entering into the for loop the checking condition is "evaluated". Here it evaluates to 0 (false) and comes out of the loop, and i is incremented (note the semicolon after the for loop). Answer: M Explanation: p is pointing to character '\n'.str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p meAnswer:"p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10. then it is incremented to 11. the value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1 meAnswer:"str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98. both 11 and 98 is added and result is subtracted from 32. i.e. (11+98-32)=77("M"); Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: Initialization should not be done for structure members inside the structure declaration

Answer: Compiler Error Explanation: in the end of nested structure yy a member have to be declared

Answer: Linker error: undefined symbol '_i'. Explanation: extern declaration specifies that the variable i is defined somewhere else. The compiler passes the external variable to be resolved by the linker. So compiler doesn't find an error. During linking the linker searches for the definition of i. Since it is not found the linker flags an error.

43. main() { printf("%d", out); } int out=100; 44. main() { extern out; printf("%d", out); } int out=100; 45. main() { show(); } void show() { printf("I'm the greatest"); }

Answer: Compiler error: undefined symbol out in function main. Explanation: The rule is that a variable is available for use from the point of declaration. Even though a is a global variable, it is not available for main. Hence an error.. Answer: 100 Explanation: This is the correct way of writing the previous program. Answer: Compier error: Type mismatch in redeclaration of show. Explanation: When the compiler sees the function show it doesn't know anything about it. So the default return type (ie, int) is assumed. But when compiler sees the actual definition of show mismatch occurs since it is declared as void. Hence the error. The solutions are as follows: 1. declare void show() in main() . 2. define show() before main(). 3. declare extern void show() before the use of show(). Answer: 100, 100, 100, 2 114, 104, 102, 3

46. main( ) { int a[2][3][2] = {{{2,4},{7,8},{3,4}},{{2,2},{2,3},{3,4 }}}; printf(%u %u %u %d \n,a,*a,**a,***a); printf(%u %u %u %d \n,a+1,*a+1,**a+1,***a+1); } 47. main( ) { int a[ ] = {10,20,30,40,50},j,*p; for(j=0; j<5; j++) { printf(%d ,*a); a++; } p = a; for(j=0; j<5; j++) { printf(%d ,*p); p++; } }

Answer: Compiler error: lvalue required. Explanation: Error is in line with statement a++. The operand must be an lvalue and may be of any of scalar type for the any operator, array name only when subscripted is an lvalue. Simply array name is a non-modifiable lvalue

48. main( ) { static int a[ ] = {0,1,2,3,4}; int *p[ ] = {a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4}; int **ptr = p; ptr++; printf(\n %d %d %d, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); *ptr++; printf(\n %d %d %d, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); *++ptr; printf(\n %d %d %d, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); ++*ptr; printf(\n %d %d %d, ptrp, *ptr-a, **ptr); } 49. main( ) { void *vp; char ch = g, *cp = goofy; int j = 20; vp = &ch; printf(%c, *(char *)vp); vp = &j; printf(%d,*(int *)vp); vp = cp; printf(%s,(char *)vp + 3); } 50. main ( ) { static char *s[ ] = {black, white, yellow, violet}; char **ptr[ ] = {s+3, s+2, s+1, s}, ***p; p = ptr; **++p; printf(%s,*--*++p + 3); }

Answer: 111 222 333 344

Answer: g20fy Explanation: Since a void pointer is used it can be type casted to any other type pointer. vp = &ch stores address of char ch and the next statement prints the value stored in vp after type casting it to the proper data type pointer. the output is g. Similarly the output from second printf is 20. The third printf statement type casts it to print the string from the 4th value hence the output is fy.

Answer: ck Explanation: In this problem we have an array of char pointers pointing to start of 4 strings. Then we have ptr which is a pointer to a pointer of type char and a variable p which is a pointer to a pointer to a pointer of type char. p hold the initial value of ptr, i.e. p = s+3. The next statement increment value in p by 1 , thus now value of p = s+2. In the printf statement the expression is evaluated *++p causes gets value s+1 then the pre decrement is executed and we get s+1 1 = s . the indirection operator now gets the value from the array of s and adds 3 to the starting address. The string is printed starting from this position. Thus, the output is ck.

51. main() { int i, n; char *x = girl; n = strlen(x); *x = x[n]; for(i=0; i { printf(%s\n,x); x++; } }

Answer: (blank space) irl rl l Explanation: Here a string (a pointer to char) is initialized with a value girl. The strlen function returns the length of the string, thus n has a value 4. The next statement assigns value at the nth location (\0) to the first location. Now the string becomes \0irl . Now the printf statement prints the string after each iteration it increments it starting position. Loop starts from 0 to 4. The first time x[0] = \0 hence it prints nothing and pointer value is incremented. The second time it prints from x[1] i.e irl and the third time it prints rl and the last time it prints l and the loop terminates. Answer: Runtime error: Abnormal program termination. assert failed (i<5), , Explanation: asserts are used during debugging to make sure that certain conditions are satisfied. If assertion fails, the program will terminate reporting the same. After debugging use, #undef NDEBUG and this will disable all the assertions from the source code. Assertion is a good debugging tool to make use of. Answer: i = -1, +i = -1 Explanation: Unary + is the only dummy operator in C. Where-ever it comes you can just ignore it just because it has no effect in the expressions (hence the name dummy operator). Answer: stdin, stdout, stderr (standard input,standard output,standard error). Answer : a: The SEEK_SET sets the file position marker to the starting of the file. b: The SEEK_CUR sets the file position marker to the current position of the file. Answer: First it checks for the leading white space and discards it.Then it matches with a quotation mark and then it reads all character upto another quotation mark.

52.

int i,j; for(i=0;i<=10;i++) { j+=5; assert(i<5); }

53.

main() { int i=-1; +i; printf("i = %d, +i = %d \n",i,+i); } 54. What are the files which are automatically opened when a C file is executed? 55. what will be the position of the file marker? a: fseek(ptr,0,SEEK_SET); b: fseek(ptr,0,SEEK_CUR);

56.

main() { char name[10],s[12]; scanf(" \"%[^\"]\"",s); } How scanf will execute?

57. What is the problem with the following code segment? while ((fgets(receiving array,50,file_ptr)) != EOF) 58. main() { main(); }

Answer & Explanation: fgets returns a pointer. So the correct end of file check is checking for != NULL. Answer: Runtime error : Stack overflow. Explanation: main function calls itself again and again. Each time the function is called its return address is stored in the call stack. Since there is no condition to terminate the function call, the call stack overflows at runtime. So it terminates the program and results in an error. Answer: Compiler error (at line number 4): size of v is Unknown. Explanation: You can create a variable of type void * but not of type void, since void is an empty type. In the second line you are creating variable vptr of type void * and v of type void hence an error. Answer: 255 Explanation: In first sizeof, str1 is a character pointer so it gives you the size of the pointer variable. In second sizeof the name str2 indicates the name of the array whose size is 5 (including the '\0' termination character). The third sizeof is similar to the second one. Answer: 0 Explanation: ! is a logical operator. In C the value 0 is considered to be the boolean value FALSE, and any non-zero value is considered to be the boolean value TRUE. Here 2 is a non-zero value so TRUE. !TRUE is FALSE (0) so it prints 0. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The input program to the compiler after processing by the preprocessor is, main(){ if(0) puts("NULL"); else if(-1) puts("TRUE"); else puts("FALSE"); } Preprocessor doesn't replace the values given inside the double quotes. The check by if condition is boolean value false so it goes to else. In second if -1 is boolean value true hence "TRUE" is printed.

59.

main() { char *cptr,c; void *vptr,v; c=10; v=0; cptr=&c; vptr=&v; printf("%c%v",c,v); } 60. main() { char *str1="abcd"; char str2[]="abcd"; printf("%d %d %d",sizeof(str1),sizeof(str2),sizeof ("abcd")); } 61. main() { char not; not=!2; printf("%d",not); }

62.

#define FALSE -1 #define TRUE 1 #define NULL 0 main() { if(NULL) puts("NULL"); else if(FALSE) puts("TRUE"); else puts("FALSE"); }

Answer: 1==1 is TRUE 63. main() { int k=1; printf("%d==1 is ""%s",k,k==1?"TRUE":"FALSE "); } 64. main() { int y; scanf("%d",&y); // input given is 2000 if( (y%4==0 && y%100 != 0) || y%100 == 0 ) printf("%d is a leap year"); else printf("%d is not a leap year"); } 65. #define max 5 #define int arr1[max] main() { typedef char arr2[max]; arr1 list={0,1,2,3,4}; arr2 name="name"; printf("%d %s",list[0],name); } 66. int i=10; main() { extern int i; { int i=20; { const volatile unsigned i=30; printf("%d",i); } printf("%d",i); } printf("%d",i); } Explanation: When two strings are placed together (or separated by white-space) they are concatenated (this is called as "stringization" operation). So the string is as if it is given as "%d==1 is %s". The conditional operator( ?: ) evaluates to "TRUE". Answer: 2000 is a leap year Explanation: An ordinary program to check if leap year or not.

Answer: Compiler error (in the line arr1 list = {0,1,2,3,4}) Explanation: arr2 is declared of type array of size 5 of characters. So it can be used to declare the variable name of the type arr2. But it is not the case of arr1. Hence an error. Rule of Thumb: #defines are used for textual replacement whereas typedefs are used for declaring new types. Answer: 30,20,10 Explanation: '{' introduces new block and thus new scope. In the innermost block i is declared as, const volatile unsigned which is a valid declaration. i is assumed of type int. So printf prints 30. In the next block, i has value 20 and so printf prints 20. In the outermost block, i is declared as extern, so no storage space is allocated for it. After compilation is over the linker resolves it to global variable i (since it is the only variable visible there). So it prints i's value as 10.

67.

main() { int *j; { int i=10; j=&i; } printf("%d",*j);

Answer: 10 Explanation: The variable i is a block level variable and the visibility is inside that block only. But the lifetime of i is lifetime of the function so it lives upto the exit of main function. Since the i is still allocated space, *j prints the value stored in i since j points i Answer: i = -1, -i = 1 Explanation: -i is executed and this execution doesn't affect the value of i. In printf first you just print the value of i. After that the value of the expression -i = -(-1) is printed. Answer: Compiler error Explanation: i is a constant. you cannot change the value of constant

} 68. main() { int i=-1; -i; printf("i = %d, -i = %d \n",i,-i); } 69. #include main() { const int i=4; float j; j = ++i; printf("%d %f", i,++j); } 70. #include main() { int a[2][2][2] = { {10,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8} }; int *p,*q; p=&a[2][2][2]; *q=***a; printf("%d..%d",*p,*q); } 71. #include main() { register i=5; char j[]= "hello"; printf("%s %d",j,i); } 72. main() { int i=5,j=6,z; printf("%d",i+++j); }

Answer: garbagevalue..1 Explanation: p=&a[2][2][2] you declare only two 2D arrays. but you are trying to access the third 2D(which you are not declared) it will print garbage values. *q=***a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. now q is pointing to starting address of a.if you print *q meAnswer:it will print first element of 3D array.

Answer: hello 5 Explanation: if you declare i as register compiler will treat it as ordinary integer and it will take integer value. i value may be stored either in register or in memory Answer: 11 Explanation: the expression i+++j is treated as (i++ + j)