Autocad Full Report
Autocad Full Report
Autocad Full Report
& Technology
A Training Report On/In
AUTOCAD
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Award of the Degree of
BACHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By MANDEEP (University Roll No. 5609251) Submitted To Er. Somvir Arya Assistant Professor Er. Deepak Gaur Assistant Professor & Head
help without which it would not have been possible to accomplish this training work. I would like to thank Mr. (Names of the Persons who helped you during your training) who gives their support during my training work.
MANDEEP
Chapter-2
Overview of software
Chapter-3
Chapter-4
Chapter-5
Draughting (sometimes known as cadd). Generally, it is the use of computers in design and drawing process. Traditionally, technical drawing are made using manual drafting. It is often require a lot of effort and time consuming particularly for large complex drawing. CAD is being used widely in modern practice. The ability of computer that enable engineers to produce, revise, store and transmit original drawings has made it very important.
2.
way we design mechanical products or machines. CAD techniques offers benefits such as rapid prototyping, less revisions in design, automatic update of drawings, rapid turnaround time and low operating cost. One of the most popular tools used in manufacturing industry is AutoCAD by Autodesk Inc. With AutoCAD you get the best 2D and 3D design modules in one package which renders a central 3D model to clearly visualize the final product. AutoCAD software facilitates faster digital prototyping by allowing direct read and write of native DWG files. This results in accurate format translations and greatly improves overall efficiency of mechanical design. AutoCAD comes with variety of comprehensive and customized set of 3D modeling modules for generating/documenting/visualizing different 3D digital prototypes. The 3D model allows manufacturer or product designer to check design, possible interference and relevant data across all design stages. This feature eliminates the need of physical prototypes and helps avoid costly revisions usually discovered after the design has been sent to the fabricator or manufacturer. With AutoCAD you
3. History of cad
AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting. It is developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. First released in December 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers. The various CAD technologies represent the gamut of promises, possibilities, and problems. Over the years, a few authors, mainly academicians or former company executives, have attempted to document segments of CAD history, either by a range of years or a specific company's contributions. However, as far as I know there was never a comprehensive history of the mechanical CAD industry, including its academic roots. That is, until now. A new book titled The Engineering Design Revolution: The People, Companies, and Computer Systems That Changed Forever the Practice of Engineering, by Dave Weisberg, was recently released. Most of you who have followed the CAD industry to any degree are probably familiar with Dave. He is first and foremost an engineer (he has BS and MS degrees in civil engineering from MIT), and that adds significant credibility to a book of this nature. I've personally known Dave for almost 20 years, and I know that by the time he received his graduate degree, he had a much greater desire to work in the emerging computer industry than to practice civil engineering. Over the years he did stints at a number of
5. How AutoCAD is used? Electronic Paper with Drawings and Editing Tools - Analogous to Manual Drafting Valuable and More Efficient in Modifying Drawings. Object can be moved, copied, rotated, erased, redrawn, etc. Editing in AutoCAD is faster than in manual drawing. Drawing Layers to Enhance Drawing and Visibility. AutoCAD provides a set of drawing layer which is equivalent to the engineering layers on working drawings. Storage/database of Commonly used Object. Complex objects that are frequently used can be stored as symbol in the library. This would increase the productivity in the drafting work.
6. Advantages of CAD
No need for scaling. All drawing is done full size. The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a butto.n All of the tools needed are supplied by the program. Absolute accuracy can be maintained. Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing. Eliminates the need for full size set outs. The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a button. All of the tools needed are supplied by the program. Absolute accuracy can be maintained. Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing. Eliminates the need for full size set outs. Everything you learn about manual drawing technique applies to CAD/CAM drawing development.
Overview of Software
SOFTWARE VERSIONS
is now primarily used for option selection. and options from the keyboard. The command line prompts you for input and provides status on the results of AutoCAD commands, even when those commands are issued by the menus.
AutoCAD has hundreds of commands, most of which feature numerous options. Almost all these commands relate to specific functions, such as drawing, editing, or dimensioning. Because it is difficult to remember the hundreds of AutoCAD commands with all their options and modifiers, the menu system offers an efficient alternative. AutoCAD's menu is organized for simple navigation through the software. All menu items are organized in a hierarchical data structure.
The units of measurement for coordinates may refer to inches, feet, or metric units, such as millimeters. Coordinates specified for absolute point locations can be positive or negative (depending on their location in relation to the origin) and are known as absolute coordinates. When used for basic 2D drafting applications, the Cartesian coordinate system is divided into four quadrants and points are measured in relation to the origin (0, 0). A point located in the upper-right quadrant has a
COMMANDS USED IN AUTOCAD:There are many commands which are used in AutoCAD drawing. The commands are follows:--
LINE COMMANDS:- This commands is used to draw line by mouse. The syntax is L and then press Enter.
MULTI LINE:- It is used to draw many lines. It is also called M-line. The syntax is Ml and press Enter.
POLY LINE:- It is also called P-line. The syntax is PL and press Enter. POLYGON LINE:- It is used to draw hexagonal shapes. RECTANGLE :- It is used to draw Rectangles. The syntax is REC. ARC:- It is used to draw Arcs. Syntax = ARC. CIRCLE:- It is used draw circle for desired radius Syntax = C. SP LINE :- It is used to draw smoother and more controllable curves Syntax = S .
ELLIPSE: - It is used to draw ellipse in horizontal or vertical Syntax = E . HATCH :- It is used for Hatching after drawing. The hatching can be done through many types.
Double Line
Some CAD packages provide a Double Line command, although it may not have this name. This command is useful in creating grooves on parts and in similar applications
Where parallel lines are required. The Double Line command is especially useful in architectural drafting for drawing walls on a floor plan. Most CAD programs allow you to set the distance between the double lines. In addition, some programs allow you to control how the corners and intersections are formed. AutoCAD Example: Command: line
Point
Points define exact coordinate locations. In addition to serving as coordinates for lines and other entities, points can also be created as objects in most CAD programs. Points are helpful as a reference for making constructions and placing other objects. They can typically be created with the Point command. After entering the command, you can enter coordinates or pick a location on screen. Most CAD programs provide different visibility modes for displaying points on screen. For example, you can display points as small crosses or boxes. AutoCAD Example: Command: point Current point modes: PDMODE = 0 PDSIZE = 0.0000 Specify a point: 3,0 (or pick a point on screen)
Circle
The Circle command automates the creation of a circle object. Instead of drawing several small straight-line segments to approximate a circle, this command draws an object based on the mathematical definition of a circle. Most CAD software allows you to select from several common methods of defining a circle. These methods include: Center and radius. Center and diameter. Three points on the circle. Two points on the circle. Radius and two lines or two circles to which the circle should be tangent.
Figure. There are several ways to define a circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0 (or pick a center point on screen) Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: diameter Specify diameter of circle: 4 (or pick a point on the circle on screen) .
Arc
An arc is a portion of a circle. Just as the Circle command automates the creation of a circle, the Arc command automates the creation of an arc. Most CAD software allows you to select from several methods of defining an arc. Examples include: Three points on the arc. Starting point, center, and endpoint. Starting point, center, and included angle. Starting point, center, and length of chord. Starting point, endpoint, and radius. Starting point, endpoint, and included angle. Starting point, endpoint, and a starting direction.
Figure. There are several ways to define an arc. AutoCAD Example: Command: arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 0,2 (or pick a point on screen) Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: 0,2 (or pick a point on screen) Specify end point of arc: 2,0 (or pick a point on screen)
Spline
A spline is a smooth curve that passes through a series of points. Usually, the points can be edited to change the fit of the curve after creating the spline. This provides greater accuracy for approximating irregular curves and other shapes that are difficult to draw as arcs. Splines are drawn with the Spline command. There are two common ways to create splines. One way is to pick or enter points to establish control points along a curve. Another method is to convert a series of existing lines into a spline. AutoCAD Example: Command: spline Specify first point or [Object]: 2,3 Specify next point: 5,4 Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: 8,3 Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: Specify start tangent: (or pick a point to specify the beginning direction of the curve) Specify end tangent: (or pick a point to specify the ending direction of the curve)
Figure. Creating splines. APicking points to establish control points for the fit of the curve. BCreating a spline from connected lines.
Ellipse
An ellipse is a closed circular object with an oval shape. The arcs making up the shape are defined by the intersection of a major axis and minor axis. The axes intersect at the center point of the object and divide the ellipse into four quadrants. The Ellipse command draws the shape automatically based on points specified for the major and minor axis endpoints. Ellipses can be drawn by several methods. One method is to locate the two axes by selecting two endpoints of one axis and one endpoint of the other axis. Another method is to locate the ellipses center, and then specify one endpoint of each axis. A third method is to pick the ellipses major axis endpoints and then enter a rotation angle. AutoCAD Example: Command: ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 4,4 Specify other endpoint of axis: 8,4 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 6,5 Command:
Figure. There are several ways to create ellipses. In this example, points are picked to identify the major and minor axes.
Rectangle
A square or rectangle can be drawn using the Line command. However, the Rectangle command automates the process of creating a square or rectangle. Most CAD software provides at least two methods for constructing a rectangle. These are specifying the width and height of the rectangle or specifying opposite corners of the rectangle. AutoCAD Example: Command: rectangle Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/ Thickness/Width]: 1,5(or pick a point on screen) Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 6,3(or pick a point on screen) Command:
Polygon
The Polygon command automates the construction of a regular polygon. A regular polygon is an object with sides of equal length and included angles. The Polygon command can create an object with three or more sides. A common approach used by many CAD programs is to either inscribe the polygon within a circle or circumscribe it about a circle. The information required in these instances includes the radius of the circle, method desired, and number of sides for the polygon. Another
Text
You can add text to a drawing using the Text command. This is important for placing notes, specifications, and other information on a drawing. Most CAD packages provide several standard text fonts to choose from. Text generally can be stretched, compressed, oblique, or mirrored. Placement can be justified left, right, or centered. Text can also be placed at angles. AutoCAD Example: Command: mtext Current text style: Standard Text height: 0.2500 Specify first corner: 2,3(or pick a point on screen) Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: 9,5(or pick a point on screen) (enter the text in the text boundary that appears and then pick the OK button)
Hatch
Hatching is a fundamental part of drafting. In both mechanical and architectural drafting, hatching is used in section views to show cutaway parts and to represent specific materials. Hatching is also used on pictorial drawings to represent surface texture or other features. The Hatch command is used to hatch an area of a drawing. Areas to be hatched are selected with the pointing device and elements within the boundary can be excluded, if desired. Most CAD software includes several standard hatch patterns for use with the command. Some programs also provide other types of fill patterns, such as color gradients. In addition, most CAD software allows you to add more patterns and define your own. AutoCAD Example: Command: hatch (In the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, select a pattern. Then, select the Add: Pick points or Add: Select objects button. When the dialog box is temporarily hidden, select internal points or pick objects to hatch. Then, press [Enter] to redisplay the dialog box. Pick the OK button to apply the hatch.) Command:
Figure. Hatch patterns can be used to represent different materials in a section view.
Erase
The Erase command permanently removes selected objects from the drawing. Many CAD programs provide a select option in the command that allows you to select the objects to erase. Also, some programs provide a last option that erases the last object drawn. AutoCAD Example: Command: erase Select objects: last 1 found Select objects: (or pick other objects on screen) Command
Undo
The Undo command reverses the last command. If the last command was Erase, the objects that were deleted are restored. You can sequentially step back through previous commands, but you cannot jump a command in the sequence. Certain limits are usually applied to this command. AutoCAD Example: Command: erase Select objects: last 1 found Select objects: (the last object drawn is erased) Command: undo Current settings: Auto = On, Control = All, Combine = Yes Enter the number of operations to undo or [Auto/ Control/BEgin/End/Mark/Back] <1>:
Move
The Move command allows one or more objects to be moved from the present location to a new one without changing their orientation or size. Generally, you must pick a starting point and a destination point. Relative displacement is often used for this operation. With relative displacement, you pick any starting point. Then, you specify a displacement from that point in terms of units, or units and an angle. AutoCAD Example: Command: move Select objects: (pick any number of objects using the cursor) Select objects: Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: (pick any point on screen) Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: @2,3 (the @ symbol specifies relative displacement; the object will be moved 2 units on the X axis and 3 units on the Y axis) Command:
Copy
The Copy command usually functions in much the same way as the Move command. However, it is used to place copies of the selected objects at the specified location without altering the original objects. Many CAD programs offer a multiple option with this command. This option is sometimes the default option and allows multiple copies of the selected objects to be placed in sequence. AutoCAD Example: Command: copy Select objects: (select the objects to copy)
Mirror
The Mirror command draws a mirror image of an existing object about a centerline. This command is especially useful when creating symmetrical objects, Figure 4-13. The Mirror command in most CAD programs allows you to either keep or delete the original object during the operation. The mirror line can generally be designated. AutoCAD Example: Command: mirror Select objects: (select the objects to mirror) Select objects: Specify first point of mirror line: (enter coordinates or pick an endpoint of the line about which to reflect the objects) Specify second point of mirror line: (enter coordinates or pick the second endpoint of the line about which to reflect the objects) Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: n Command:
Figure. The hole pattern shown was created using mirror operations. The pattern was first mirrored vertically, then the original and the mirrored copy were mirrored horizontally. The mirrored copies are shown in color.
Rotate
The Rotate command is used to alter the orientation of objects on the drawing. Typically, you must specify a center for the rotation. This command is perhaps one of the most used editing commands. AutoCAD Example: Command: rotate Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0 Select objects: (pick the objects to rotate) Select objects: Specify base point: (enter coordinates or pick a point about which to rotate the objects) Specify rotation angle or [Copy/Reference]: <0>: (enter an angle or drag the cursor to the desired rotation) Command:
Scale
The size of existing objects can be changed using the Scale command. When using the Scale command, most CAD programs require you to specify a base point for the
Fillet
A fillet is a smoothly fitted internal arc of a specified radius between two lines, arcs, or circles. A round is just like a fillet, except it is an exterior arc, Figure 4-14. Most manufactured parts, including those for architectural applications, have some fillets or rounds. The Fillet command is used to place fillets and rounds onto the drawing. After drawing the curve, the command trims the original objects to perfectly meet the curve. AutoCAD Example: Command: fillet Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.2500 Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/ Multiple]: radius Specify fillet radius <0.2500>: .50 Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/ Multiple]: (select one of the two objects between which the fillet or round is to be placed) Select second object or shift-select to apply corner: (select the second of the two objects between which the fillet or round is to be placed) Command:
Chamfer
The Chamfer command is very similar to the Fillet command. However, instead of a curve, a straight line is placed between the chamfered lines. Just as with the Fillet command, the original lines are trimmed to meet the straight line (chamfer). Depending on the CAD program, this command may require that the two objects to be chamfered are lines, not arc segments. AutoCAD Example: Command: chamfer (TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.5000, Dist2 = 0.5000 Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: distance Specify first chamfer distance <0.5000>: .25 Specify second chamfer distance <0.2500>: Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: (pick the first line to chamfer) Select second line or shift-select to apply corner: (pick the second line to chamfer) Command:
Figure :- chamfer
Trim
Extend
Extending an object lengthens the object to end precisely at an edge called a boundary edge. The Extend command sequence is similar to the Trim command sequence. The boundary edge is defined by one or more objects in the drawing. There are usually limitations on which types of objects can be extended or used as boundary edges. AutoCAD Example: Command: extend Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=Extend Select boundary edges Select objects or <select all>: (pick the objects to use as a boundary) 1 found Select objects: Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: (select the objects to extend to the boundary)
Array
The Array command is essentially a copy function. It makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular or circular (polar) pattern. See Figure 4-15. CAD programs that have 3D drawing capability typically have an option of the Array command to create arrays in 3D. To create a rectangular array, you typically select the object(s) to array, specify the number of rows, specify the number of columns, and then enter distance or offset values for the spacing of the rows and columns.
The highlighted bolt head was arrayed to create a pattern of two rows and three columns. An offset value of 2.0 (equal to the spacing between objects) was used for both the row and column distances. To create a polar array, you typically select the object(s) to array, specify a center point about which to array the object(s), enter the number of objects in the array, and enter an angular rotation value. the highlighted circle was arrayed about the center point of the part in a 360pattern, with a total of 12 objects specified. AutoCAD Example: Command: -array (If you enter the command without the hyphen, the array settings are made in a dialog box.) Select objects: (pick the objects to array) Select objects: Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <P>: r Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: 2
Figure. Creating rectangular and polar arrays. AA pattern of bolt heads drawn as a rectangular array. The arrayed objects are shown in color. B The bolt holes in this part were drawn as a polar array. The arrayed objects are shown in color.
List/Properties
The List and Properties commands show data related to an object. For example, the properties for a line may include the coordinates of the endpoints, length, angle from start point, and change in X and Y coordinates from the start point. These commands can be useful in determining the type of object, which layer it is drawn on, and the color and line type settings of the object. AutoCAD Example:
Distance
The Distance command measures the distance and angle between two points. The result is displayed in drawing units. This command is very useful in determining lengths, angles, and distances on a drawing without actually placing dimensions. AutoCAD Example: Command: dist Specify first point: (pick the first endpoint of the distance to measure) Specify second point: (pick the second endpoint of the distance to measure) Distance = 9.1788, Angle in XY Plane = 29, Angle from XY Plane = 0 Delta X = 8.0000, Delta Y = 4.5000, Delta Z = 0.0000 Command:
Area
The Area command is used to calculate the area of an enclosed space. Often, you can select a closed object or simply pick points on an imaginary boundary. Most CAD programs allow you to remove islands, or internal areas. The Area command has many applications in technical drafting, such as calculating the area of a surface to determine the weight of an object, or calculating the square footage of a house. AutoCAD Example: Command: area Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: add Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: (pick the first point of the area Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area
Pan
The Pan command moves the drawing in the display window from one location to another. It does not change the magnification factor. If you think of the drawing as being on a sheet of paper behind the screen, panning is moving the sheet so a different part of the drawing can be seen. The Pan command is useful when you have a magnification factor that you like, but there are objects that are off the screen. AutoCAD Example: Command: pan Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut menu. (This is AutoCADs real time pan function; pick, hold, and drag to pan the drawing; then press [Enter] or [Esc] to end the command.) Command:
Redraw/Regenerate
The Redraw command cleans up the display by removing marker blips, etc. Some Commands automatically redraw the screen, as when a grid is removed or visible layers are changed. However, sometimes it is useful to request a redraw when other operations are being performed. The Regenerate command forces the program to recalculate the objects in the entire drawing and redraw the screen. This operation takes longer than redraw, especially on large or complex drawings. AutoCAD Example: Command: regen Regenerating model. Command:
Dimensioning Commands
One of the advantages of using CAD is automated dimensioning. In almost all drafting applications, the drawing must be dimensioned to show lengths, distances, and angles between features on the objects (parts). There are five basic types of dimensioning commands. These are Linear, Angular, Diameter, Radius, and Leader. A linear dimension measures a straight line distance. The distance may be horizontal,
Snap
Snap is a function that allows the cursor to grab on to certain locations on the screen. There are two basic types of snap. These are grid snap and object snap. A grid snap uses an invisible grid, much like the visible grid produced by the Grid command. When grid snap is turned on, the cursor jumps to the closest snap grid point. In most CAD programs, it is impossible to select a location that is not one of the snap grid points when grid snap is on. Just as with a grid, you can typically set the snap grid density or spacing. AutoCAD Example: Command: line Specify first point: mid Specify next point or [Undo]: (move the cursor to the second endpoint of the new line and pick) Specify next point or [Undo]: Command:
Ortho
Ortho is a drawing mode used to ensure that all lines and traces drawn using a pointing device are orthogonal (vertical or horizontal) with respect to the current drawing plane. Ortho is useful in drawing square lines that will be later extended or trimmed to meet other objects. Ortho is activated with the Ortho command. Ortho must be turned off to draw a line at an angle unless coordinates are manually entered. AutoCAD Example: Command: ortho Enter mode [ON/OFF] <OFF>: on (Lines can now only be drawn horizontally and vertically at 90 angles unless coordinates are entered.) Command:
3D Views
CAD software that is 3D-capable typically has a Hide command to remove lines that would normally be hidden in the current view. These are the lines that would be drawn as hidden lines in a 2D drawing. Hiding lines can help visualize the 3D model
SHAPE
COMMAND
ICON
DESCRIPTION Creates a solid box after you provide 2 opposite corners and a height.
BOX
BOX
SPHERE
SPHERE
Creates a solid sphere from a center point and radius. Creates a straight cylinder from a center point, radius and height. Creates a tapered cone from a center point, radius and height. Creates a triangular wedge from 2 opposite points. Creates a torus (donut shape) based on center point, radius and tube radius. Draws a solid object with a polygon (3-32 sides) base that rises to a central point. Draws a solid object with width and height as would draw a polyline.
CYLINDER
CYLINDER
CONE
CONE
WEDGE
WEDGE
TORUS
TORUS
PYRAMID
PYRAMID / PYR
POLYSOLID
PSOLID
Figure. AAn isometric drawing of a mechanical part. This is a 2D isometric drawing that appears to show the object in three dimensions. BWhen the isometric drawing is viewed from a different viewpoint, you can see that it is two-dimensional.
ASSEMBLY 1
ASSEMBLY 2
ASSEMBLY3
3-D ASSEMBLY
ASSEMBLY4
ASSEMBLY5