INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH 0976 International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN IN 6480(Print),

, ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)
ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012), pp. 71-81 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 2.7078 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJARET
IAEME

DC-DC CONVERTER FOR ULTRACAPACITOR BOOSTED ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Mohamed HediChabchoub and HafedhTrabelsi Computer Embedded System (CES),SfaxIngineering School, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia [email protected]@yahoo.fr ABSTRACT For traction system, when there is a transient high power requirement, such as an acceleration or cold start, the battery can be boosted with UltraCapacitor UC. The UC show an extremely high power density. So the UC is capable of supplying pulse energy within a short time. While the battery can provide high power, just not as high as the UC with the same size. Given The UC and the batteryon board are rechargeable, the kinetic energy wont be wasted but can be transferred into electric energy and recaptured by the UC or battery. That will save the energy and improve the systems efficiency by using the phase shift modulation angle of Dual Active Bridge Isolated Bidirectional Converter. Keywords: UltraCapacitor, Dual Active Bridge Isolated Bidirectional Converter, phase shift modulation angle, EV.
I-

INTRODUCTION

Research on transport systems is constantly developing; and it aims at solving problems of air pollution, the replacement of fossil energy resources and improving the overall performance for conventional vehicles which does not exceed 30% . However, much energy is lost during braking. Electric Cars and EVs and Hybrids Electric Cars VEHs give adequate solutions to the problems of energy loss and pollution, particularly in urban areas. The use of UCs in these vehicles reinforces the main source of energy providing power peaks of short duration during starting and acceleration.The UCs are characterized by a high power density and low Equivalent Series Resistance ESR, and they have several advantages: the ability reaches thousands of Farads per cell, they loaded and unloaded quickly with currents of several hundred amperes. At room temperature, the UCs may reach one million cycles of loading and unloading. Themost remarkable disadvantage of UCs is the low cell voltage (2.5 to 2.7V) [1] [2]. It is therefore necessary to connect in series, a large number of UCs cells so that the
71

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

voltages at its terminals reach the main source of energy. This connection requires the addition of a circuit balancing the voltages at the terminals of the cells [3] [4]. IIDESIGN OF ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEMS The electric car is an ecological growing concern for the industrialists in order to adequately meet the needs of road users. The electric traction system may include apart from the battery, the main energy source, a bidirectional DC-DC converter, an UC, an inverter and an electric traction machine Fig.1.

Fig.1 System ofelectric traction In the last decade, research on high performance of bidirectional DC-DC converters has gained momentum. This type of converter plays a key role to establish a conversion and an efficient supply of energy in such systems [2] [5]. It plays the role of the interface circuit, connecting the latter to SCs, to achieve a two-way exchangeof power flow.To control the flow of energy, while regulating the DC bus voltage and load or unload the UCs, several topologies of DC-DC converters of the type insulated or not insulated have been implemented [2] [5] [6] [7].The not isolated topology has the advantage of being simple and lightweight. But since the voltage of a cell UC is relatively low, the series connection of cells causes an increase in the ESR and a decrease in equivalent capacity. Bidirectional topology of multiple inputs is used to connect multiple energy sources of different voltages. This topology has been used for small electric cars [2]. To overcome these drawbacks, the isolated topologies can transfer more energy at reduced voltage [6] [7]. A high frequency transformer (THF), is incorporated in the converter. Thus, loading and unloading of the UC can be done at low voltage with high current. Side of the battery voltage is higher with a lower current.The bidirectional converter and isolated DC-DC may be, half-bridge, has two bridges [6], or a push-pull circuit [5]. For the management of high power, double-bridge configuration is most favorable.
III-

ARCHITECTURE OF DC-DC CONVERTER

In Fig. 2, battery, main source of energy, provided in the normal state, the power is in charge (Load). The SC, temporary stored of energy recovered during braking supports peak powers required by the load (traction motor) during start-up and acceleration.In the mode of loading of the UC, the bridge, the DC bus side, operates as an inverter, operates in the secondary bridge rectifier and provides power to the UC. In the discharge mode, the secondary bridge operates as an inverter, while the primarybridge operates as a rectifier.

72

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

Fig.2 isolated bidirectional DC-DCdouble-bridge converter for the management of the UC power In the configuration considered: Because the operating frequency is high, the size of the THF binding is very small the load isa synchronous machine, combined with athree-phase inverter. L0 Includes the leakage inductance of THF reduced the secondary side and any other series inductance. We denote by: vpAnd vs respectively the primary and secondary voltages of THF. m=Ns/Np=Vs/Vp The transformation ratio of THF, v2 The supply voltage of the second bridge. vL0= vs v2 the voltage across the inductor L0. Tc The half-switching period, the frequency being is fc=1/2Tc The phase shift between vs=mvp voltages and v2 (this is the phase shift between the commands of the two bridges). Viewedinhandlingrelatively low voltagesearch of the twobridgesis based onMOSFETsQ1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 inthe primary side and Q5, Q6,Q7 and Q8 in the secondary side[8]. Withaconstantswitching frequencyfcandduty cyclesD1=D2=0.5, the primary voltagevp(t)is+Vbor-Vbandthe secondary voltagev2(t)(feeding the second bridge) is+VscorVsc. Sincevs(t+Tc)=-vs(t), the secondary currentis(t)in the inductorL0rebuilt duringeach half cyclewithoppositesigns. The modeof operation is basedon the shapeof this current. Thecontrol signalsof the two bridgesare generated by aDSP, a microprocessororaspecialized chiplikeUC3875generatesaPWM control. 1- UCcharge mode. Analytically and with electronic switches ideal, gaits, current is(t), voltage vL0(t) and control signals in this mode are given in Fig.3. This mode of operation covers six segments. Down the same Fig.3, gives a summary table, over a period, the status of each electronic switch. Between t0 and t2 the current is(t) increases linearly with the following expression: 1 i s (t ) = i s (t 0 ) + (mVb + Vsc )t (1) L0 At t=t1the current passes throughzero. Fromt2 to t3thecurrentis(t) increased linearly witha smaller slope,

73

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

Fig.3: Waveformidealcharging modeUC, control signals, vs(t) andv2(t). vL0(t) and is(t): a)mvb>Vsc, b) mvb=Vsc, c) mvb<Vsc.

Fig.4:WaveformidealdischargemodeUC, control signals, vs(t)and v2(t).vL0(t) and is(t): a )mvb>Vsc, b) mvb=Vsc, c) mvb<Vsc.

74

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

Its expression is: 1 is (t ) = is (t2 ) + (mVb Vsc )(t t2 ) L0 Att3=Tcthe current is (t3 ) = is (t0 ) = I s max

(2)

Fromt3 to t5thecurrentis(t) decreases linearlyaccording tothefollowing expression: 1 is (t ) = I s max + (mVb Vsc )(t Tc ) (3) L0 At t=t4the current passes throughzero. The last segment fromt5 tot6thecurrent has continued to decreaselinearlyin the words: 1 is (t ) = is (t5 ) + (mVb + Vsc )(t t5 ) (4) L0 Att6,end of theperiod: i s (t 6 ) = i s (t 0 ) = I s max During loadingof the UC, the waveformof the current is(t) changesevery moment.The voltage VSC increases, it goestoavaluelower than mVbFig.3.a, to a greater value Fig.3.c. Attwo voltagesequal, obtainthe shape of theFig.3.b. 2- UC discharge mode It is worth noting that the same reasoning of analytical development of current expression applies to discharge modeof theUC. However we must to distinguish thedifferences between charge and discharge modes (seeFig.4). 3- Thepower transferred The average powertransfercan becalculated on thehalfperiodby:
P = T1c

Tc

vs (t ) is(t )dt

(5)

we obtain: mVbVsc ( ) (6) P= 2 2 f c L0 Depending on thephase angle , the power transferredas shown inFig.5has twoextrema at /2.It is easy tocontrol the transfer ofpowerby modulating thephase angle . For 0<< the poweris positive, itis transferred to theSC for theload. For -<<0 the poweris negative, it is transferred tothe DC busto restore the energyrecovered. Thepower transferredis highestfor =/2 and it is equal to: mV V Pmax = b sc (7) 8 f c L0 Depending on the system,to managethe amount of energyto be transferred,we have thepossibility of choosing, thetransformation ratio of theTHF, thebattery voltage, the number of cells of UCs and the inductance L0.

75

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

2000

L0=2e-6H

L0=1e-6H

L0=0.5e-6H

1500

1000

500

P (W )

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000 -pi -5pi/6 -4pi/6 -2pi/6 -3pi/6 -pi/6 0 pi/6 2pi/6 3pi/6 4pi/6 5pi/6 pi

Fig.5: Power transferredas a function ofphase shift Fordifferentinductances L0 Furthermore we havethe opportunity to actonthe switching frequencyfcandphase angle . It is necessary to note that the action of the duty ratios D1 and D2 modifies the waveform of the inductor current,which ensures a zero current switching and to make them soft. Thus the efficiency of the converter for applications with low power will be significantly improved [9] [10]. According toexpression(5), the phasemodulationhasthe advantage of beingsimple. Butitworks bestforhigh power. Wenote thatthedualbridgeconverterisusedfor systemsofgreat powers, but it is not suitable for low power.
IV-

SIMULATION RESULTS

The model parametersused(Fig.2) are: Forthemainvoltagesource(battery) Vb=50V For UC, the"BCAP1500" has a capacityper cellCsc=1500F rated voltage Vsc=2.7V, withinternal resistance ESR=0.47m . Since weneed to reacha charging voltageof the order of 11V, we used fourunitsin series.The total capacity is then 375F withanESR=0.18m andofa nominal voltage of 10.8V. Forthe THFferrite magnetic circuit; theN27for example, thetransformation ratiois m=Ns/N2=0.2: theseleakageinductances: primary L1=1.2H and secondary L2=0.2H, itsmagnetizing inductanceisLm=1.8mH: [17]. Forthe series inductance L0=2H. The switching frequencyis fc=20 KHz: with a duty cycleof 50%. [4].

76

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

10 8 6 4 2

15

Vsc<mVb

Vs V2

Vs V2 10

Vsc>mVb

>0
t

<0
5

0 -2

t
-5

-4 -6
-10

-8 -10

-15

Vsc<mVb

VL Is

VL Is

Vsc>mVb

Vsc=mVb

VL Is

VL Is

Vsc=mVb

t
t

Vsc>mVb

VL Is

VL Is

Vsc<mVb

t
t

Fig.6: AllurevS,v2,vL0and isduring chargingtheUCfor:a)mvb>Vsc, b) mvb=Vsc,c) mvb<Vsc

Fig.7: AllurevS,v2,vL0and isduring dischargetheUCfor:a)mvb<Vsc, b) mvb=Vsc, c) mvb>Vsc

77

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

To reducethe computation time, the margin of voltage change across the UCV scislimited to a range starting from6 to10V. Fig.6 shows the phase anglebetween these condaryvoltagevs=mVb,and one thatfeeds the secondbridgev2=Vsc. Fig.6givestheappearance of avoltagevL0(t)andthecurrent flowing through it(secondary current)is(t).We can remark that the simulation results are similar to the analytical results (see Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7). Normally,we should notoverload thedifferentUCcells. Avoid operation corresponding to the Fig.6.c.T hat is tosay,Vscmust always bemVb,otherwisea severe degradation ofdevice characteristics U Csappears with the riskof destroying them. In the case considered, we mustlimit theloadingof allunitsto 11Vandprovidestrict oversight of the individual state of charge of different units[3] [4]. Analyticallyand at constant switching frequency, the expression(12)shows, in accordance with theFig.8that the increaseof the maximum powertransferred(with /2)can be achieved bydecreasingthe value ofseries inductanceL0. InFig.9, we note that the increaseinthispoweris accompaniedbya decrease in thecorrespondingphase shift.
200 180 160
160

L0=1e-6H L0=2e-6H

200

L=2e-6 f=10KHz L=2e-6 f=50KHz

180

140
140

120
120

P (W)

P(W)

100 80

100

80

60
60

40
40

20 0 0 0.5

1.256rd

1.413rd 2.82rd

2.9rd

20

1.965rd 1.256rd 1.413rd 1.9rd

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

1.5

2.5

Fig.8: power transferredto theSCas a function ofphase shift fordifferentinductance

Fig.9: power transferredto theSCas a function ofphase shift forvariousdifferentswitching frequencies.

Similarly, the decrease of the switching frequency, you can increase thepowerbutit is always withacorrespondingdecrease in thephase shiftFig.9. In practice, thephase shift givesa maximumtransferofpoweralwaysinferiorto/2 based onthetransfer direction. The choiceof this angledepends on the loadingorunloadingneedsslow or fast. Modeofloading, the phase shiftwhich allows the fastestloadingin the interval [70 90], otherwise the voltage gainand the energy storedinthis modewill be reduced. Indischarge mode,the phase shifts<60, cause thefastestunloadingUCFig.11.

78

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

8
0.2 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.95

11
=0.4 =0.2 =0.45 =0.5

10 9

6
8

5 V s c (V )
V s c (V )

7 6 5 4

4 3

2
3

2 1

6 t

10 5 x 10

0.5

1.5 t

2.5

3 6 x 10

Fig.10: voltage, fordifferentphase shiftsduring loadingof theUC.

Fig.11: voltage, fordifferentphase shiftsduring the unloadingof theUC.

(c) (a)
=0.3
Vsc=4V
VL Is

=0.2
Vsc=7V

VL Is

(b)
=0.25
Vsc=6V
VL Is

Fig.12: Alluresof vL0and isduring loadingtothe UCfor different values ofphase shiftto keepa triangular shapeallowingcurrentsoft switching

Fig.13: Improvement ofefficiency of the converterby modulating thephase shift

79

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

With the modulation phase angle can make in soft switching Fig.12 (zero current), well the switching losses are reduced and the efficiencyincreases Fig.13 VCONCLUSION

With the aim to design an electric ecological vehicle, a study of a traction system involving UCs is conducted. This paper carries out the simulation to verify the normal operation of the converters and the effectiveness of control method thanks to phase shift angle. Simulation results confirm those calculated analytically. The consolidation of the battery by the UC by providing peak power is even more interesting by acting on the phase shift between orders of the two bridges sometimes associated with an action on the cyclical order of the two bridges. Indeed the appropriate choice of the phase angle minimizes switching losses and hence improved performance of exchange between the battery and the SC is provided. REFERENCES 1. 2. Z. Pfof, P. Vaculk, 2010, "Ultracapacitors Utilization for Automotive Applications ActaPolytechnica Vol.50 No.1 L. Zhihao, O. Omer, K. Alireza, 2009 "Design and Control of a Multiple Input DC/DC Converter for Battery/Ultracapacitor Based Electric Vehicle Power System" IEEE, Power Electronics Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,APEC.34th-p.591596. A. Vivek Ravi, V. John2010, "Ultracapacitor Based Ride Through System for Control Power Supplies in High Power Converters" 16th National Power Systems Conference, V.V. Haerri, D. Martinovic 2007 "Supercapacitor Module SAM for Hybrid Busses: an Advanced Energy Storage Specification based on Experiences with the TOHYCORider Bus Project" I.E.S, IECON Taipei 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE p268 273. T. Mishima, E. Hiraki, M. Nakaoka 2010 "A High Frequency-Link Bidirectional DCDC Converter for Super Capacitor-Based automotive Auxiliary Electric Power Systems" Journal of Power Electronics, Vol.10, No.1, B. Hua, C.M. Chunting,G.Sonya 2008, "The Short-Time-Scale Transient Processes in High-Voltage and High-Power Isolated Bidirectional DCDC ConvertersIEEE,Vol.23,No.6, G.C. Lopez, A. J. Forsyth, 2011 "High-Power Dual-Interleaved ZVS Boost Converter with Interphase Transformer for Electric Vehicles" International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.1, Z. Haihua and A. M. Khambadkone 2009 "Hybrid Modulation for Dual-Active-Bridge Bidirectional Converter With Extended Power Range for Ultracapacitor Application," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 45, pp. 1434-1442. Y. Wang, S. W. H. de Haan, and J. A. Ferreira 2009 "Optimal Operating Ranges Of Three Modulation Methods in Dual Active Bridge Converters," in IEEE 6th
80

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), IAEME

International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC '09), China, pp. 1397-1401. 10. H. Yan Lu, J. Guo Zhu, S. Y. Ron Hui, 2003"Experimental Determination of Stray Capacitances in High Frequency Transformers " IEEE Transactions on power electronics, VOL. 18, NO. 5, p-1105-1112. 11. H. Xiao, S. Xie, 2008"A ZVS Bidirectional DCDC Converter With Phase-Shift Plus PWM Control Scheme" IEEE, T.P.E., VOL.23,NO.2, March, p 813-823.

81