CHAPTER 4

Product and Service Costing: Overhead Application and Job-Order System

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Differentiate the cost accounting systems of service and manufacturing firms and of unique and standardized products. 2. Discuss the interrelationship of cost accumulation, cost measurement, and cost assignment. 3. Compute a predetermined overhead rate, and use the rate to assign overhead to production. 4. Explain the difference between job-order and process costing, and identify the source documents used in job-order costing. 5. Describe the cost flows associated with job-order costing, and prepare the journal entries. 6. Explain why multiple overhead rates may be preferred to a single, plantwide rate.

C H A P T E R S U M M A RY
This chapter explains how the design of a cost management system would be affected by the characteristics of the production process (such as the tangible product versus the service nature of a firm and the degree of uniqueness of the product or service). Given the characteristics of the firms production process, the cost accounting system is set up to serve the companys needs for cost accumulation, cost measurement, and cost assignment. The normal costing is a preferred approach because it assigns actual prime costs to units but applies the manufacturing overhead using predetermined rate(s). A job-order costing system is introduced as an appropriate cost assignment method for firms that produce unique products or services. The job-order cost sheet helps demonstrate how cost is accounted for by individual jobs. The chapter concludes with the discussion that multiple overhead rates using nonvolume-related activity drivers may be required to produce more accurate product costs.

CHAPTER REVIEW
I. Characteristics of the Production Process A. Manufacturing Firms versus Service Firms 1. Manufacturing involves putting together materials, labor, and overhead to produce a new product. Service involves performance of certain activity that is intangible. Most firms fall on a continuum from pure service to pure manufacturing. 2. Key features of service include: Learning Objective #1

67

68 a. Intangibility

Chapter4

The nature of the service (as opposed to a product) is nonphysical. A service company will have no inventory of completed services and minimal to moderate inventories of supplies. Thus, a service company does not emphasize accounting for the cost of inventories. b. Inseparability Customers are involved in the production of a service because the production and consumption of a service occur almost simultaneously. Differences in customers affect service companies more than manufacturing firms. Costs are accounted for by customer type. Service quality is often evaluated based on how the service is presented to the customer. c. Heterogeneity of labor There are greater chances for variations in the performance of services than there are for the production of a product. Service companies recognize the differences in labor. Thus, the continuous measurement of productivity and quality of a service company becomes very important. d. Perishability Services cannot be inventoried but must be consumed when performed. Service benefits expire quickly. There is no inventory. A standardized system is needed to handle repeat customers. Note that these key service features point out that service and manufacturing firms have different needs for accounting data and techniques. Review textbook Exhibit 4-2, which lists features of service firms and their interface with the cost management system. B. Unique versus Standardized Products and Services 1. The degree of uniqueness of products/services determines different needs for unique cost information. a. The job-order costing approach applies when a firm produces unique products in small batches using differing costs per batch. The costs need to be traced and accumulated by job/batch. b. The process costing approach applies when a firm produces large quantities of similar products. The cost of one product is identical to the cost of another. Note that both approaches can be used by manufacturing and service firms. 2. Companies are moving toward job-order costing due to: Customer demand for specialized products. Flexible manufacturing. Improved information technology.

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

69

II.

Setting Up the Cost Accounting System A. Cost Accumulation

Learning Objective #2

Cost accumulation is the process of recognizing and recording costs as they occur. tion. Cost data is captured from the source documents that describe a transac-

Data is then recorded in a database that allows further analysis for different management decision making. B. Cost Measurement Cost measurement is the process of classifying the cost data in a meaningful way to determine the dollar amounts of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead that should be assigned to production. Cost measurement is concerned with whether actual or estimated costs should be used. There are two common ways to measure the costs associated with production: 1. Actual Costing An actual cost system uses the actual cost of all resources used in production to determine unit cost. Strict actual cost systems are rarely used because using actual overhead rates results in the following problems: a. Overhead does not have a definite, identifiable relationship to units produced. Thus, per-unit overhead costs are calculated by averaging costs over all of the production. b. If a short period such as a month is used, overhead costs per unit may fluctuate dramatically. A difference in unit cost does not signal a difference in value or a difference in the cost structure. The numerator for the unit cost calculation will vary because many overhead costs are not incurred uniformly throughout the year. The denominator for the unit cost calculation will vary because production may vary from month to month. c. The overhead rate information would not be timely if the firm used a longer time period (for example, a year). 2. Normal Costing Under the normal costing system, overhead costs can be estimated by using pre-determined overhead rates. Note that under this system direct materials and direct labor are still measured using actual costs. Virtually all firms assign overhead to production on a predetermined basis because it provides more unit cost information on a timely basis. C. Cost Assignment Cost assignment is the process of assigning costs to units of product manufactured or units of service delivered. Cost assignment is concerned with whether costs should be assigned to jobs or processes based on the degree of product/service heterogeneity.

70 D.

Chapter4

Unit cost is the total product cost associated with the units produced divided by the number of units produced. Both cost measurement and cost assignment are required to produce unit cost information. 1. Importance of Unit Costs to Manufacturing Firms The unit cost is a critical piece of information because it is needed to: Disclose the cost of inventories and determine income. Assist managerial decision making (e.g., whether to accept or reject a special order). Whether or not the unit cost information should include all manufacturing costs depends on the purpose for which the information is going to be used. Cost information needed for external reporting may not supply the information necessary for internal decisions. 2. Importance of Unit Costs to Nonmanufacturing Firms Service companies use costs to determine profitability and assist in decision making in the same way that manufacturing firms do. Service companies do not need costs for inventory valuation. Nonprofit organizations track costs to ensure that they provide their services in a cost-efficient way. Review textbook Exhibit 4-3, which illustrates the relationship of cost accumulation, cost measurement, and cost assignment.

III.

Overhead Application: A Normal Costing View A. Predetermined Overhead Rates

Learning Objective #3

1. In normal cost systems, overhead is assigned to production through the use of a pre-determined overhead rate. A predetermined overhead rate is calculated as follows:
Overhead rate = Budgeted annual overhead / Budgeted annual activity level

a. Both the numerator and the denominator use the budgeted amounts. b. Budgeted annual overhead is the firms best estimate of the amount of overhead to be incurred in the coming year. c. Determining the budgeted annual activity level has two steps: (1) Identify the activity measure that will serve as the activity base. (2) Predict the level of this activity. B. Choosing the Activity Base 1. Commonly used activity bases include: Units produced Direct labor hours Direct labor dollars Machine hours

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

71

Direct materials 2. The assignment of overhead costs should follow a cause-and-effect relationship. The factors that cause the consumption of overhead should be identified. a. In a single-product company, the number of units produced satisfies the cause-and-effect criterion. b. Activity measures other than units of product are needed when a firm has multiple products. C. Choosing the Activity Level The predicted level of the activity usage includes: 1. Expected activity levelthe level of production level the firm expects to attain for the coming year. 2. Normal activity level the long-run average activity level (normal value is computed over more than one year). Advantages:Cost assignment using normal activity produces less fluctuation in period-to-period overhead assignment. It also avoids assigning the costs of idle capacity to products when production is down. 3. Theoretical activity levelthe level of activity achieved under ideal operating conditions (absolute maximum production activity). 4. Practical activity levelthe level of activity achieved under efficient operating conditions (it allows for some imperfections). Comparisons between different predicted activity levels: Expected and normal activities tend to reflect consumer demand. Theoretical and practical activities tend to reflect production capabilities.

Review textbook Exhibit 4-5, which illustrates the four different measures of activity level. D. The Basic Concept of Overhead Application 1. Predetermined overhead rates are used to apply overhead costs to production. 2. Applied overhead is the total overhead assigned to actual production at any point in time using the predetermined overhead rate.
Applied overhead = Overhead rate Actual production activity

a. The activity driver used to apply overhead must be the same one used to determine the predetermined overhead rate. b. Applied overhead is the basis for computing per-unit overhead cost, since an activity level other than units produced may have been used. c. The amount of applied overhead and the periods actual overhead are rarely equal. 3. Overhead variance is the difference between actual overhead and applied overhead. a. The types of overhead variances include:

72

Chapter4

Underapplied overhead, which occurs when actual overhead is greater than applied overhead. Overapplied overhead, which occurs when actual overhead is less than applied overhead. b. Overhead variances occur because the overhead rate is based on estimates in the numerator (budgeted overhead) and estimates in the denominator (budgeted activity). The firm has traded the convenience of applying overhead throughout the year with the loss of accuracy that results from using estimates. At the end of a year, overhead variances need to be disposed of because the financial statements must report actual costs rather than estimated amounts. E. Disposition of Overhead Variances There are two ways to dispose of overhead variances at the end of the reporting period: 1. Assigned to Cost of Goods Sold Under this practice, all overhead variance is assigned to cost of goods sold. This is the most common practice since overhead variances are usually immaterial. It is most appropriate when the variance is small (not material) and the method of disposing of the variance is not critical. 2. Allocation to Production Accounts Under this practice, the overhead variance is allocated (prorated) between work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold based on the ending applied overhead balances in each account. The allocation disposal practice is most appropriate in the following situations: If the overhead variance is material, it should be allocated to the periods production. Not all of the production has been completed; or if it all has been completed it has been sold. IV. The Job-Order Costing System: General Description A. Overview of the Job-Order Costing System 1. The key feature of the job-order costing system is that the cost of one job differs from that of another job and must be kept track of separately. A job-costing system must have the capability to identify the quantity of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead consumed by each job. 2. Each job identifies and accumulates its manufacturing costs using: A job-order cost sheet, which in a manual accounting system is a document that identifies each job. A record in the work-in-process file in an automated accounting system. Usually, each record corresponds to a cost sheet. 3. Other key documents used in a job cost system include: A materials requisition form, used to assign direct material. Time tickets, used to assign direct labor. Learning Objective #4

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

73

Predetermined overhead rates, used to assign overhead. Review textbook Exhibit 4-6, which shows a sample job-order cost sheet. B. Materials Requisitions 1. A materials requisition form is used to assign the direct materials cost to a particular job. 2. Key information includes the description, quantity, and unit cost of the direct materials issued for a specific job number. 3. Indirect materials are included in overhead. C. Job Time Tickets 1. Time tickets are used to associate the direct labor cost with each particular job. 2. Key information includes employee name, wage rate, hours worked, and job number. 3. Job time tickets are used only for direct laborers. Indirect labor is included in overhead. D. Overhead Application 1. Overhead costs are assigned to jobs using the predetermined overhead rate. 2. The actual amount used of the cost driver (e.g., machine hours or direct labor hours) must be collected and recorded on the job cost sheet. E. Unit Cost Calculation Unit cost is calculated by dividing the total of the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead by the number of units produced. V. Job-Order Costing: Specific Cost Flow Description Learning Objective #5

The following journal entries are used to describe the flow of manufacturing costs in a job-order system. A. Accounting for Direct Materials: 1. Purchase of materials Materials Inventory Accounts Payable 2. Usage of materials Work-in-Process Inventory Materials Inventory debit credit debit credit

Note that indirect materials will be charged to the manufacturing overhead control account as in C.2. on the following page. B. Accounting for Direct Labor Cost: 1. Recognition of labor costs Work-in-Process Inventory Wages Payable debit credit

74

Chapter4

Note that indirect labor will be charged to the manufacturing overhead control account as in C.2. on the following page. C. Accounting for Overhead: 1. Recognition of overhead applied
Overhead applied = Predetermined overhead rate Actual production activity

Work-in-Process Inventory Overhead Control 2. Accounting for actual overhead costs

debit credit

Overhead Control debit Various Overhead Accounts credit (e.g., Utilities Payable, Accumulated Depreciation, Wages Payable) Review textbook Exhibit 4-11, which presents a summary of overhead cost flows. D. Accounting for Finished Goods Inventory: 1. Transfer of jobs completed into finished goods inventory Finished Goods Inventory Work-in-Process Inventory debit credit

2. A schedule (statement) of the costs of goods manufactured is prepared periodically to summarize the cost flows of all production activities. Review textbook Exhibit 4-14, which shows an example of a statement of the cost of goods manufactured that summarizes production activity. E. Accounting for Cost of Goods Sold: 1. Recognition of the cost of jobs sold and shipped to customers Cost of Goods Sold Finished Goods Inventory debit credit

2. Overhead variances are expected each month because of nonuniform production and nonuniform actual overhead costs. As the year unfolds, these monthly variances are expected to offset each other so that the year-end variance is small. 3. At the end of the year, the overhead variance is closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Note that: Normal cost of goods sold equals the amount before any adjustment for the overhead variance. Adjusted cost of goods sold equals the amount after the adjustment for the overhead variance. The effect of closing overhead variances to Cost of Goods Sold will be: The underapplied overhead will increase the normal cost of goods sold because of the following closing entry: Cost of Goods Sold debit

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

75 credit

Overhead Control

The overapplied overhead will reduce the normal cost of goods sold because of the following closing entry: Overhead Control Cost of Goods Sold debit credit

Review textbook Exhibit 4-15, which presents an example of a statement of the cost of goods sold and the year-end overhead variance adjustment. F. Accounting for Nonmanufacturing Costs: 1. Selling and general administrative expenses are not manufacturing costs and will never be assigned to products. 2. These expenses will be treated as period costs and flow to the periods income statement. VI. Single versus Multiple Overhead Rates A. Learning Objective #6

A single (plantwide) rate may not adequately reflect the consumption of overhead resources by individual jobs. It creates cost distortion. Some products would be overcosted, while others would be undercosted. Cost distortion could lead to incorrect pricing decisions that adversely affect the firms competitive position.

B.

Multiple rates in which each rate uses a different activity driver may be needed to reduce cost distortion.

VII.

Appendix: Accounting for Spoilage in a Traditional Job Order System The accounting for the costs of rework or scrap depends on the reason for the defective units: If the defective work is specifically attributable to a certain job, the costs of rework or scrap are assigned to the job. Some defective work is not attributable to a particular job but to the general operations. For example, suppose that the defective work was a consequence of assigning a new, untrained worker to work on the job. Defects are expected in that case, and the costs of rework or scrap are assigned to overhead control. This results in the cost of rework or scrap being spread over all of the production through overhead application.

76

Chapter4

KEY TERMS TEST

From the list that follows, select the term that best completes each statement and write it in the space provided.

actual cost system adjusted cost of goods sold applied overhead cost accumulation cost assignment cost measurement expected activity level heterogeneity inseparability intangibility job-order cost sheet job-order costing system materials requisition form 1. The process of assigning ______________________________.

normal activity level normal cost of goods sold normal costing system overapplied overhead overhead variance perishability practical activity level predetermined overhead rate source document theoretical activity level time ticket underapplied overhead work-in-process inventory file dollar values to cost items is

2. A(n) ____________________ is the document used to identify the cost of direct labor with each job. 3. The process of associating manufacturing costs with the units produced is called ________ ___________________. 4. In a(n) _____________________________________, the actual costs of direct material and direct labor are assigned to production, but a predetermined overhead rate is used to assign overhead. 5. The overhead that is assigned to production using a predetermined overhead rate is called _____________________________________. 6. If applied overhead is greater than the actual overhead incurred, there is _____________________________________; if applied overhead is less than actual overhead incurred, there is ____________________________________. 7. The difference between actual ________________ ______________. overhead and applied overhead is the

8. In an automated accounting system, the job cost information stored electronically on magnetic tape or disk is called the ___________________________________. 9. The __________________________________________ is the maximum output possible for a firm under perfect operating conditions; the _________________________________ _________ is the output if the firm is operating efficiently. 10. The cost accumulation method that accumulates manufacturing costs by job is a(n) _______________________________________. 11. _______________________ refers to the greater chances for variation in the performance of services than in the production of products.

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

77

12. When _____________________________________________ is adjusted to include an overhead variance, it is called _________________________________________________. 13. In a(n) ________________________________, actual manufacturing costs are assigned to products. 14. The attribute of services that means that production and consumption cannot be split apart is _______________________. 15. A(n) _________________________________ is the document or record used to accumulate the manufacturing costs for a job. 16. The document used to identify the cost of raw materials assigned to each job is a(n) _________________________________________. 17. ______________________ means that services cannot be inventoried but must be consumed when performed. 18. The average activity level that a firm experiences over the course of several years is called the ____________________________________. 19. The nonphysical nature of services as opposed to products is _____________________. 20. Estimated overhead divided by the estimated level of production activity is the ______________________________________________. 21. The level of production activity that is expected for the coming period is the ______________ ______________________.

M U LT I P L E - C H O I C E Q U I Z
Complete each of the following statements by circling the letter of the best answer.

1. Cost accumulation is the: a. process of associating manufacturing costs with the units produced. b. process of assigning dollar values to cost items. c. overhead assigned to production using a predetermined overhead rate. d. process of identifying costs that are physically associated with a cost object. e. process of recognizing and recording costs. 2. Cost measurement is the: a. process of associating manufacturing costs with the units produced. b. process of classifying the cost data in a meaningful way to determine the dollar amounts of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead that should be assigned to production. c. overhead assigned to production using a predetermined overhead rate. d. process of identifying costs that are physically associated with a cost object. e. process of recognizing and recording costs.

78 3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a service? a. heterogeneity b. inseparability c. intangibility d. perishability e. All of the above are characteristics of a service. 4. Inseparability means that: a. services have much greater variety in their performance than products do. b. the production and consumption of a service occur almost simultaneously. c. services cannot be touched or felt. d. services can be maintained only in a single inventory. e. services cannot be inventoried. 5. An actual costing system: a. cannot be used for external financial reporting. b. cannot separate overhead from the direct labor cost. c. will give stable unit costs for a firm with seasonal production. d. will have fluctuating unit costs if monthly overhead costs fluctuate. e. will yield timely cost information for assisting managers in pricing decisions. 6. A normal costing system: a. cannot be used for external financial reporting. b. cannot separate overhead from the direct labor cost. c. will give stable unit costs for a firm with seasonal production. d. will have fluctuating unit costs if monthly overhead costs fluctuate. e. uses actual overhead to determine what costs normally would be. 7. Cost assignment is the: a. process of associating manufacturing costs with the units produced. b. overhead assigned to production using a predetermined overhead rate. c. process of identifying costs that are physically associated with a cost object. d. process of recognizing and recording costs.

Chapter4

8. Which of the following statements regarding unit costs is true for a multiproduct firm? a. Unit costs are important for manufacturing firms; they are not important for service firms. b. Units costs are not necessary to determine the cost of inventories for external reporting. c. Units costs are necessary to determine net income for the firm. d. Full or absorption unit costs include all of the costs of the firm, both manufacturing and administrative. e. Service firms do not calculate unit costs since they do not have inventories. 9. Which of the following equations is the definition of the predetermined overhead rate? a. Actual annual overhead / Actual annual activity level b. Actual annual overhead / Budgeted annual activity level c. Budgeted annual overhead / Actual annual activity level d. Budgeted annual overhead / Budgeted annual activity level e. none of the above

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

79

10. The activity level that a firm averages over several years is the: a. constrained activity level. b. expected activity level. c. normal activity level. d. practical activity level. e. theoretical activity level. 11. The activity level that assumes that all materials are present when needed, there are no machine breakdowns, workers have no fatigue or boredom, and there is 100 percent efficiency is the: a. constrained activity level. b. expected activity level. c. normal activity level. d. practical activity level. e. theoretical activity level. 12. Which of the following statements is true regarding activity levels? a. Normal and practical activity levels tend to reflect consumer demand, while expected and theoretical activity levels tend to reflect productions capabilities. b. Normal and theoretical activity levels tend to reflect consumer demand, while expected and practical activity levels tend to reflect productions capabilities. c. Normal and expected activity levels tend to reflect consumer demand, while practical and theoretical activity levels tend to reflect productions capabilities. d. Practical and theoretical activity levels tend to reflect consumer demand, while expected and normal activity levels tend to reflect productions capabilities. e. Expected and practical activity levels tend to reflect consumer demand, while normal and theoretical activity levels tend to reflect productions capabilities. 13. Scooter Company had expected overhead of $100,000 when 25,000 labor hours were worked. During 20XX, there were 30,000 labor hours worked and $115,000 in overhead resulted. If a normal costing system were used, over- or underapplied overhead would be: a. $15,000 underapplied. b. $5,000 underapplied. c. $0. d. $5,000 overapplied. e. $15,000 overapplied. 14. Danner Company expected overhead to be $250,000 when material dollars were $1,000,000. An underapplied overhead of $25,000 resulted when actual overhead incurred totaled $300,000. What was the dollar value of materials actually used? a. $1,000,000 b. $1,100,000 c. $1,200,000 d. $1,300,000 e. none of the above

80 15. The source document used to accumulate the manufacturing costs for a job is the: a. job-order cost sheet. b. materials requisition form. c. overhead application ticket. d. time ticket. e. work-in-process file.

Chapter4

16. Lucy Sportswear manufactures a specialty line of T-shirts using a job-order costing system. During March, the following costs were incurred in completing Job ICU2: direct materials, $13,700; direct labor, $4,800; administrative, $1,400; and selling, $5,600. Factory overhead was applied at the rate of $25 per machine hour, and Job ICU2 required 800 machine hours. If Job ICU2 resulted in 7,000 good shirts, the cost of goods sold per unit would be: a. $6.50. b. $6.30. c. $6.00. d. $5.70. e. $5.50. 17. Generally, multiple rates, rather than a single rate for applying overhead, would be used if: a. a company wants to adopt a standard cost system. b. a companys manufacturing operations are all highly automated. c. a companys manufacturing operations are basically labor-based. d. manufacturing overhead is the largest cost component of a companys product cost. e. the manufactured products differ in the amount of resources consumed from the individual departments of the plant.

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

81

PRACTICE TEST
EXERCISE 1
Calico Company costs its products using a normal costing system. Overhead is applied on the basis of machine hours. The following information is available for last year:
Budget Actual

Overhead............................ Machine hours..................... Direct labor hours................ Prime cost........................... Units produced....................
Required:

$525,000 50,000 75,000

$497,500 48,000 72,000 $561,750 175,000

1. What is the predetermined overhead rate?

2. What is the applied overhead for last year?

3. Was overhead over- or underapplied and by how much?

4. What is the normal cost per unit produced?

82

Chapter4

EXERCISE 2
TTY Corp. uses a job-order costing system to account for its production. During the month of January, the following events occurred: a. b. c. d. Materials were purchased on account for $35,480. Materials totaling $33,650 were requisitioned for use in production. Direct labor payroll was $15,750 for January. Actual overhead of $41,260 was incurred and paid. (Use the account title Various Accounts.) e. Factory overhead was charged to production at the rate of 280 percent of direct labor. f. Completed units costing $85,450 were transferred to finished goods. g. Units costing $77,825 were sold on account for $101,175.
Required:

1. Prepare the journal entries for the above events.

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

83

EXERCISE 2 (Continued)
2. Calculate ending balances for the following accounts. Assume no beginning balances. a. Materials

b. Work in Process

c. Overhead Control

d. Finished Goods

84

Chapter4

EXERCISE 3
Ozone Products provided the following information for 2004: Materials: Materials inventory, January 1.................. Purchases................................................ Direct materials issued............................. Indirect materials issued........................... Labor: Direct labor cost(22,000 hours).............. Indirect labor............................................. Other factory costs: Depreciation............................................. Maintenance............................................. Supervision............................................... Planning and control................................ Miscellaneous........................................... Work in process: Beginning inventory.................................. Ending inventory....................................... Finished goods: Beginning inventory.................................. Ending inventory....................................... $75,000 526,000 525,000 27,000 $150,000 35,000 $175,000 85,000 46,000 44,000 12,000 $25,000 34,000 $56,000 42,000

The company uses a predetermined overhead rate based on direct labor hours. The rate for 2004 was $22.00 per direct labor hour.
Required:

1. Compute the applied overhead for 2004. Compute the actual overhead for 2004. Is the overhead over- or underapplied? By how much?

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

85

EXERCISE 3 (Continued)
2. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured.

3. Prepare the journal entries to record each of the events.

86

Chapter4

EXERCISE 3 (Continued)
Use this space to continue your answer.

4. Prepare the journal entry to close out the over- or underapplied overhead to Cost of Goods Sold.

5. Prepare the journal entry to allocate the over- or underapplied overhead to Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold.

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

87

EXERCISE 4
Antz is a custom manufacturer of electronic circuit boards. Antz develops bids for jobs based on an estimate of the materials needed and a labor estimate. Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. A 15 percent profit margin is then added to each job for the final bid. During 2004, Antz had the following costs: Materials....................................... Labor (all direct)............................ Overhead...................................... $175,000 25,000 250,000

After some consideration the manager of Antz decided that overhead was not caused totally by direct labor. Approximately one-half of the overhead represented the cost of purchasing, storing, and issuing materials to production. Thus, the manager has decided to develop a multiple overhead rate system.
Required:

1. Compute the predetermined overhead rate if only direct labor hours are used. Assume a wage rate of $5 per hour.

2. Divide overhead in half and calculate two overhead ratesone based on direct labor hours and a second based on material dollars.

3. Antz has been given two jobs to bid on. Estimated materials and labor are as follows:
Job 1 Job 2

Materials costs.......................... Labor hours...............................

$15,000 700 DLHs

$50,000 600 DLHs

a. Prepare the bids for each job using one overhead rate. Assume a 15 percent markup on costs.

88

Chapter4

EXERCISE 4 (Continued)
b. Prepare the bids for each job using two overhead rates. Again, assume a 15 percent markup on costs.

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

89

C A N YO U ? C H E C K L I S T

Can you describe the qualities that make a service different from a product? Can you describe how a job-order costing system and a process costing system differ? Can you explain how cost accumulation, cost measurement, and cost assignment differ? Can you describe an actual cost system? A normal costing system? How do these relate to predetermined overhead rates? Can you calculate predetermined overhead rates? Do you understand the conditions that must exist for there to be a need for a predetermined rate? Can you use the rate to assign overhead to production? Can you identify over- or underapplied overhead? Can you prorate this to the production accounts? Can you prepare the journal entries needed for a job-order costing system? Can you describe when a multiple overhead rate may be preferable to a single rate? Can you explain how spoilage is treated in a traditional job-order costing system?

ANSWERS
KEY TERMS TEST
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cost measurement time ticket cost assignment normal costing system applied overhead overapplied overhead, underapplied overhead overhead variance work-in-process inventory file theoretical activity level, practical activity level job-order costing system Heterogeneity 12. normal cost of goods sold, adjusted cost of goods sold 13. actual cost system 14. inseparability 15. job-order cost sheet 16. materials requisition form 17. Perishability 18. normal activity level 19. intangibility 20. predetermined overhead rate 21. expected activity level

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUIZ
1. 2. 3. 4. e b e b 5. 6. 7. 8. d c a c 9. 10. 11. 12. d c e c

13. d

Predetermined overhead rate = $100,000 / 25,000 = $4 per labor hour Overhead applied = $4 30,000 = $120,000 Overhead variance = $120,000 applied $115,000 actual Overhead variance = $5,000 overapplied

90
14. b Predetermined overhead rate = $250,000 / $1,000,000 = 25% of DM costs Overhead variance = $25,000 underapplied Therefore, $300,000 actual $25,000 = $275,000 overhead applied Overhead applied = $275,000 = 25% DM used in dollars Therefore, DM used in dollars = $1,100,000 Direct materials.................................. Direct labor......................................... Overhead applied($25 800).......... Total cost............................................ $13,700 4,800 20,000 $38,500

Chapter4

15. a 16. e

Unit cost:$38,500 / 7,000 units = $5.50 per unit 17. e

PRACTICE TEST EXERCISE 1 (Calico Company)

1. Predetermined overhead rate = $525,000 / 50,000 = $10.50 machine hour 2. Applied overhead = $10.50 48,000 = $504,000 applied 3. Overhead variance = $504,000 applied $497,500 actual = $6,500 overapplied 4. Cost Cost Cost Cost per unit per unit per unit per unit produced = (Prime cost + Overhead applied) / Units produced produced = ($561,750 + $504,000) / 175,000 units produced = $1,065,750 / 175,000 units produced = $6.09 per unit

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

91

EXERCISE 2 (TTY Corp.)

1. Journal entries to record the events listed are as follows. a. Materials purchased: Materials Inventory............................... Accounts Payable....................... b. Materials requisitioned for use in production: Work in Process................................... Materials Inventory..................... c. Direct labor used in production: Work in Process................................... Wages Payable........................... d. Actual overhead costs incurred and paid: Overhead Control................................. Various Accounts........................ 35,480 35,480 33,650 33,650 15,750 15,750 41,260 41,260

e. Applied factory overhead based on predetermined rate of 280% of direct labor cost: Work in Process................................... 44,100 Overhead Control........................ 44,100 f. Completed units transferred to finished goods: Finished Goods.................................... 85,450 Work in Process.......................... 77,825 77,825 101,175 101,175

85,450

g. Units sold on account: Cost of Goods Sold.............................. Finished Goods........................... Accounts Receivable............................ Sales........................................... 2. a. Materials ending balance: BI EI EI EI EI EI EI EI (RM) (RM) (RM) (RM)

+ Raw materials purchased = Raw materials used + EI (RM) = BI (RM) + Raw materials purchased Raw materials used = $0 + $35,480 $33,650 = $1,830 = BI (WIP) + Cost of goods manufactured Costs transferred to finished goods = $0 + ($33,650 DM used + $15,750 DL used + $44,100* OH applied) $85,450 = $0 + $93,500 $85,450 = $8,050

b. Work in Process ending balance: (WIP) (WIP) (WIP) (WIP)

*280% $15,750

c. Overhead Control ending balance: Overhead control = $41,260 actual overhead costs incurred Overhead applied = $44,100 Thus, since a credit balance indicates overapplied, Overhead overapplied = $2,840 d. Finished Goods ending balance BI EI EI EI (FG) (FG) (FG) (FG) + Cost of goods manufactured = Cost of goods sold + EI (FG) = BI (FG) + Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods sold = $0 + 85,450 $77,825 = $7,625

92 EXERCISE 3 (Ozone Products)

1. Applied overhead = 22,000 direct labor hours $22.00 per DLH = $484,000 Actual overhead incurred: Indirect materials issued.................... Indirect labor...................................... Factory depreciation.......................... Factory maintenance......................... Factory supervision............................ Factory planning and control............. Factory miscellaneous....................... Total................................................... $27,000 35,000 175,000 85,000 46,000 44,000 12,000 $424,000

Chapter4

$484,000 applied $424,000 actual = $60,000 overhead overapplied 2. Ozone Products Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Year Ended 2004 Direct materials: Beginning inventory..................................... Add:Purchases of materials....................... Less:Ending inventory............................... Direct materials used................................... Direct labor....................................................... Overhead applied............................................. Total manufacturing costs added..................... Add:Beginning work in process...................... Total manufacturing costs................................ Less:Ending work in process.......................... Cost of goods manufactured............................ 3. Journal entries to record the events listed are as follows. a. Direct materials purchased: Materials Inventory............................... Accounts Payable....................... 526,000 526,000 $ 75,000) 526,000) (76,000) $ 525,000) 150,000) 484,000) $1,159,000) 25,000) $1,184,000) 34,000) $1,150,000)

b. Direct materials used in production and requisition for indirect materials: Work in Process................................... 525,000 Overhead Control................................. 27,000 Materials Inventory..................... 552,000 c. Direct labor used in production and requisition for indirect labor: Work in Process................................... 150,000 Overhead Control................................. 35,000 Wages Payable........................... 185,000 d. Actual overhead costs incurred: Overhead Control................................. 362,000 Accumulated Depreciation.......... 175,000 Various Accounts........................ 187,000* *$85,000 Maintenance + $46,000 Supervision + $44,000 Planning and control + $12,000 Miscellaneous e. Applied overhead in production recorded: Work in Process................................... Overhead Control........................ f. 484,000 484,000

Completed units transferred to finished goods inventory: Finished Goods.................................... 1,150,000 Work in Process..........................

1,150,000

Product and Service Costing:Overhead Application and Job-Order System

g. Units sold recorded: Cost of Goods Sold.............................. 1,164,000* Finished Goods........................... 1,164,000 *Cost of goods sold = Cost of goods manufactured + Beginning finished goods Ending finished goods *$1,164,000 = $1,150,000 + $56,000 $42,000 4. Journal entry to close the overapplied overhead to Costs of Goods Sold account: Overhead Control................................. 60,000 Cost of Goods Sold..................... 60,000

93

5. Journal entry to close the overapplied overhead to the work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold accounts (assuming that overhead applied to each production account is proportional to the ending balances of the work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold accounts): Account Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Account Balance $ 34,000 42,000 1,164,000 Allocation Ratio 2.74% 3.39% 93.87% 60,000 1,644 2,034 56,322 Prorated Overhead Overapplied $1,644 2,034 56,322

Overhead Control................................. Work in Process.......................... Finished Goods........................... Cost of Goods Sold.....................

94 EXERCISE 4 (Antz Single and Multiple Overhead Rates)

1. Single overhead rate = $250,000 / 5,000 labor hours = $50.00 per direct labor hour where Labor hours = $25,000 / $5 per hour = 5,000

Chapter4

2. Overhead rate computed based on direct labor hours = $125,000 / 5,000 labor hours = $25.00 per labor hour Overhead rate computed based on materials costs = $125,000 / $175,000 = 71.43% of materials cost 3. a. Bid prices for jobs using the single overhead rate: Materials.................................. Labor........................................ Overhead................................. Total costs............................... Plus 15% margin..................... Bid price................................... Job 1 $15,000 3,500 ($5 700) 35,000 ($50 700) $53,500 8,025 $61,525 Job 1 $15,000 3,500 ($5 700) 17,500 ($25 700) 10,715 ($15,000 71.43%) $46,715 7,007 $53,722 Job 2 $50,000 3,000 ($5 600) 30,000 ($50 600) $83,000 12,450 $95,450 Job 2 $50,000 3,000 ($5 600) 15,000 ($25 600) 35,715 ($50,000 71.43%) $103,715 15,557 $119,272

b. Bid prices for jobs using two overhead rates: Materials.................................. Labor........................................ Overhead: DLH rate............................... Materials rate....................... Total costs............................... Plus 15% margin..................... Bid price...................................

The bid prices computed using two overhead rates are more accurate than those prices computed using the single overhead rate. Job 2 will cost Antz more to produce because it uses more different material and, thus, has higher material-handling costs.