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Lecture 10

1) Newton's Laws describe the motion of objects subject to forces. Law 1 states that an object remains at rest or in constant motion unless acted on by an external force. Law 2 states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). Law 3 states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 2) Isaac Newton published his laws of motion in his work Principia Mathematica in 1687. An object experiencing no net external force will remain at rest or in constant motion in an inertial reference frame according to Law 1. Law 2 defines mass and relates force, mass and acceleration. Law 3 describes that forces always occur in pairs of equal magnitude and opposite direction. 3) Examples are provided

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33 views

Lecture 10

1) Newton's Laws describe the motion of objects subject to forces. Law 1 states that an object remains at rest or in constant motion unless acted on by an external force. Law 2 states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). Law 3 states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 2) Isaac Newton published his laws of motion in his work Principia Mathematica in 1687. An object experiencing no net external force will remain at rest or in constant motion in an inertial reference frame according to Law 1. Law 2 defines mass and relates force, mass and acceleration. Law 3 describes that forces always occur in pairs of equal magnitude and opposite direction. 3) Examples are provided

Uploaded by

Ayam Mas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 10 Newtons Laws Newton

Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial reference frame. Law 2: For any object, a FNET = F = ma Law 3: Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A (For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.)
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 1

Forces
Sir Isaac Newton , 1689

Portrait of Sir Isaac Newton, by Godfrey Kneller Newton was 46 years old The Principia had been published two years previously. Newton is "at the height of his powers." The portrait is on display at Farleigh House, Portsmouth, England

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 2

Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)



25 Dec, 1642 : Isaac Newton born at Woolsthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire. 1661 Newton admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. 1665 Graduates Bachelor of Arts. He returned from Cambridge during the Plague Years of 1665-1667 and made advances in mathematics, optics and mechanics. 1667 Returns to Trinity and is elected a Fellow. 1669 Elected Lucasian professor of mathematics. 1684 Edmund Halley asks Newton about orbits due to an inverse square law. 1687 Principia Mathematica 1700 Appointed Master of the Mint. 1727 Newton dies and is buried at Westminster Abbey. Woolsthorpe Manor
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 3

Newtons Laws Newton


Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica in 1687. In this work, he proposed three laws of motion: Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial reference frame. a Law 2: For any object, FNET = F = ma Law 3: Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A (For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.)
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 4

Newtons First Law Newton


An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial reference frame. frame If no forces act, there is no acceleration. If no forces act on a body it will continue moving with constant velocity, i.e. at the same speed in a straight line If a body is at rest it will stay at rest until acted on by a force All equivalent statements of the first law.

Inertia
The fact that in the absence of external forces the velocity of an object in a given reference frame will not change is a property known as its Inertia The first law is also known as the law of inertia True in reference frames moving at a constant velocity relative to each other (Inertial reference frames) Ball at rest in a train and moving at a constant velocity as seen from the ground remains the same in each system if no forces act on it But if the train accelerates the ball will roll even though no force acts on it. Its inertia makes it want to stay in the same position in the train frame.
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 6

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 5

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Inertial reference frames


The following statements can be thought of as the definition of inertial reference frames. An IRF is a reference frame that is not accelerating (or rotating) with respect to a fixed point For example the fixed stars. If one IRF exists, infinitely many exist since they are related by any arbitrary constant velocity vector!

Is Minneapolis a good IRF?


Is Minneapolis accelerating? YES! Minneapolis is on the Earth. The Earth is rotating. What is Minneapoliss centripetal acceleration?
am = v 2 2 = R R T
2

T = 1 day = 8.64 x 104 sec, R ~ RE = 6.4 x 106 meters

Plug this in: am = .034 m/s2 ( ~ 1/300 g) Close enough to 0 that we will ignore it. Minneapolis is a pretty good IRF.
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 7 Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 8

Test of an inertial reference frame

Newtons Second Law Newton


For any object, FNET = F = ma. a The acceleration a of an object is proportional to the net force FNET acting on it. The constant of proportionality is called mass, denoted m.
This is the definition of mass. The mass of an object is a constant property of that object, and is independent of external influences.

How can you tell if a particular Reference Frame


is an inertial reference frame ?

An Inertial Reference Frame is one that is not accelerating. Therefore a test mass shows a = 0 if no net applied force. Newtons first law will apply

Force has units of mass x acceleration = [M] x [L / T2] = kg m/s2 = N (Newton) 1 Newton is the force required to accelerate a mass of 1kg at 1m/s2
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 10

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 9

ICQ: 2nd Law


Apply a force of 20 N to a 5 kg box. What is its acceleration a? a) 0m/s2 b) 4m/s2 c) 20 m/s2 d) 100m/s2

ICQ: 2nd Law


Apply a force of 20 N to a 5 kg box. What is its acceleration a? a) 0m/s2 b) 4m/s2 c) 20 m/s2 d) 100m/s2

a = F/m = 20 N / 5 kg = 4 m/s2

F m a

F m a

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Newtons Second Law... Newton


What is a force? A Force is a push or a pull. A Force has magnitude & direction (vector). To add forces : add vectors.
a F1 F1 F2 F2 FNET

Adding forces
F1 = 5 N i , F2 = 10 N j Find FNET. FNET = F1 + F2 = (5 N,0) + (0,10 N) = (5 N, 10 N)

FNET = F1 + F2 a FNET = ma

FNET F2

Fnet = 52 +102 = 125 = 11.2N tan = 10 = 2 =63 5

x
F1

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 13

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 14

Newtons Second Law... Newton


Components of F = ma : a FX = maX FY = maY FZ = maZ Suppose we know m and FX , we can solve for aX and apply the things we learned about kinematics over the last three weeks:

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice.


A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg) across a sheet of ice (horizontal & frictionless). He applies a force of 50 N in the i direction. If the box starts at rest, what is its speed v after being pushed a distance d = 10 m?

v F m a i d

1 x = x0 + v0 x t + a x t 2 2 v x = v0 x + a x t

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 15

Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 16

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice...


Start with F = ma. a = F / m. Now we know a, we want to know the velocity (v) after a distance d. Use v2 - v02 = 2a(x - x0 ) v2 = 2ad v2 = 2Fd / m v F m a i d
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 17

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice...


v= 2 Fd = m 2 50 N 10 m = 3.2 m/s. 100 kg

v0=0, x0=0, x=d

v=

2 Fd m
v F m a i d
Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 18

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ICQ: Force and acceleration


A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration a1. The same force acting on mass m2 results in an acceleration a2 = 2a1. m1 m2

ICQ: Force and acceleration


A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration a1. The same force acting on mass m2 results in an acceleration a2 = 2a1. m1 m2

a1

a2 = 2a1

a1

a2 = 2a1

If m1 and m2 are glued together and the same force F acts on this combination, what is the resulting acceleration? m1 m2

If m1 and m2 are glued together and the same force F acts on this combination, what is the resulting acceleration? m1 m2

F (a)
UIUC

a=? (c) 3/4 a1


Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 19

F (a)
UIUC

a=? (c) 3/4 a1


Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 20

2/3 a1

(b) 3/2 a1

2/3 a1

(b) 3/2 a1

ICQ: Force and acceleration


Newtons Laws:
m1 m2

Recap
Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial reference frame. (Text: 4-1) Law 2: For any object, FNET = F = ma a

F F= m1a1 F=m2a2 Since a2 = 2a1 m2 = m1 m1+ m2 = 3m1 /2 So

a = F / (m1+ m2)

F=(m1+m2)a

(Text: 4-2)

a = F / (m1+ m2) = (2/3)F / m1

But F/m1 = a1

a = 2/3 a1

Law 3: Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A. (Text: 4-3,tomorrow)

Read Fishbane Chapter 4, sections 1-3


Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 21 Physics 1301: Lecture 10, Pg 22

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