COMPUTERS - The

1950's Tanvir Islam Esty

1950 - ERA 1101

The ERA 1101 was the first commercially produced computer. It was built by the
Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis. It's storage device was a 1 million bit
magnetic drum, that registered information in magnetic pulses. The US Navy was the
first to use the ERA 1101.

1950 - SEAC

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The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer was built by the National Bureau of
Standards in Washington to test component and systems. It was the first computer to use
all-diode logic, as opposed to vacuum tubes. It was also an early stored-program
computer. Program information, coded subroutines, and numerical data was stored on
magnetic tape in the external storage units.

Tanvir Islam Esty

SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer was also built by the National Bureau
of Standards, at the Institute for Numerical Analysis in Los Angeles. SWAC was used for
computing, not for testing technology.

1950 - Pilot ACE

The two year building project of Pilot ACE was lead by J. H. Wilkinson. The computer
used 800 vacuum tubes and took up 12 square feet of floor space. Input and output were
achieved through cards. It's delay-line memory size was 352 32 digit words. It's add-time
was 1.8 microseconds.

1951 - MIT Whirlwind

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The Whirlwind was a six year long project, but the result was good. It's add- time was
only .05 microseconds. Input and output devices included a cathod ray tube, paper tape,
and magnetic tape. It's cathode ray tube, and magnetic drum memory size was 2048 16
digit words. The computer took up 3,100 square feet of floor space, and uncluded 4,500
vacuum tubes along with 14,800 diodes. The project was lead by Jay Forrester and
Robert Everett

1951 - LEO

England's first commercial computer, the Lyons Electronic Office, was designed to solve
scheduling problems tor the Lyons tea shops. It was modeled after the EDSAC. Because
of its sucess, Lyons began manufacturing computers.

1952 - UNIVAC I

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A UNIVAC I was borrowed by CBS news to predict the outcome of the presidential
elections between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson. Its results from analysing
early retearns, was quite different from what the opinion polls had shown. UNIVAC
predicted victory for Eisenhower, while opinion polls predicted a landslide win for
Stevenson.

1952 - MANIAC

The MANIAC at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, along with , the ILLIAC at
University of Illinois, the Johnniac at Rand Corp., the SILLIAC in Australia, and others,
was a clone of John von Neumann's IAS computer. The IAS's contract with the Institute
for Advanced Studies in Princeton, N.J. allowed other research institutes to use the
designs.

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 1953 - IBM 701

IBM's first electronic large computer was the 701. Nineteen machines were sold over a
three year span to the federal government, and research and aircraft companies. It could
perform 17,000 instructions per second.

1954 - IBM 650

The IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator was the first mass-produced computer. 450 were
sold in one year. Its magnetic data-storage drum allowed faster access to stored material.
The drum spun at 12,000 revolutions per minute.

1954 - Silicon junction transistor

Gordon Teal of Texas Instruments Inc. modified a silicon-based junction transistor, in a

way that allowed its price to be lowered to $2.50. A Texas Instruments news release from
May 10, 1954, included in the description, "first commercial production of silicon
transistors kernel-sized substitutes for vacuum tubes."

1955 - TRADIC

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 TRADIC, made by AT&T Bell Laboratories, was the first fully transistorized computer.
At a size of 3 cubic feet, the computer used almost 800 transistors instead of vacuum
tubes. Being fully transistorized allowed the computer operate on less than 100 watts of
power, which was about twenty times faster than the vacuum tube computers. In this
picture, J. H. Felker (on the left) gives instructions through a plug-in unit and J. R. Harris
places numbers into the machine by flipping simple switches. Tanvir Islam Esty

1956 - TX-0

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The TX-0 was the first general-purpose, programmable computer built with transistors. It
was created by MIT researchers.

1956 - RAMAC

Random Access Method Accounting and Control, made by IBM, had a disk file that
served as the storage component. This disk file was made of 50 magnetically coated
metal platters stacked upon one another. Each platter could hold up to five million bytes
of data.

1958 - Integrated Circuits

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The first integrated circuit, created by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, was made up of a
silver of geranium with five components linked together by wires. This proved that
resistors and capacitors could exist on the same piece of semiconductor material.

1959 - Practical Integrated Circuits

Robert Noyce of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. constructed the practical
integrated circuit, which allowed conducting channels to be printed directly on the silicon
surface.

1958 - SAGE

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The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment linked hundreds of radar stations in the
United States and Canada. It was the first large-scale computer communications network.
Input was entered by touching a light gun to the screen. Its central computer was the
AN/FSQ-7, known as Whirlwind II, and developed at MIT. Each computer had 55,000
vacuum tubes, 175 diodes, and 13,000 transistors, and required 1 megawatt of power. The
system weighed 113 tons.

1959 - IBM 7030

The IBM 7030, also known as the "Stretch," was one of the 7000 series made by IBM.
These computers were the company's first transistorized computers. Seven IBM 7030s
were sold, to scientific users and national labratories. This computer, with 64 bits a word,
could complete 1 million instructions per second.

CONTINUE ON TO THE 1960'S

Back to the Beginning of History

COMPUTERS - The 1960's

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 1960 - DEC PDP-1

The PDP-1 sold for $120,000. MIT wrote the first video game, Space War! for it. A total
of 50 were built. Each had a cathode ray tube graphic display.

1961 - IBM 1400 Series

The 1401 mainframe, the first in the 1400 series, used transistors instead of vacuum tubes,
and had a magnetic core memory. More than 12,000 of the 1401 computers were sold.

1962 - LINC

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The LINC (Laboratory Instrumentation Computer) was made for laboratory data
processing. In the picture, the LINC's designer, Wesley Clark of Lincoln Laboratories,
stands with the LINC, and its processor on the left.

1962 - Virtual Memory

Virtual memory allowed a computer to use its storage capacity to run outside software
and switch rapidly between any programs opened simontaneously. It came about at the
University of Manchester from a group led by Tom Kilburn.

1964 - IBM System/360

IBM's System/360, a family of computers with a great variety of combinations of speed,

memory, and power. All the computers in the system were compatible, meaning they
could work together, and exchange software or hardware. This computer family was a
good investment for IBM. Within two years, they were getting 1,000 orders each month.
month within two years.

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 1964 - CDC 6600

CDC's 6600 supercomputer was designed by Seymour Cray. It could perform up to 3

million instructions per second. The 6600 was considered the fasted computer in the
world until 1968, when the CDC 7600 was completed. The CDC 6600 was designed with
10 "peripheral processors," or small computers that passed data to a large central
processing unit. This design was responsible for the speed of the computer.

1965 - PDP-8

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The PDP-8, made by Digital Equipment Corp., was considered the first commercially
successful minicomputer. It's price was $18,000. This reasonable price, along with speed,
and small size, is what made it successful. Costumers included manufacturing plants,
small businesses, and scientific laboratories.

1966 - ILLIAC IV

The ILLIAC IV was built by the University of Illinois, at the request of the Department
of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The ILLIAC IV was not operational
until 1972 contracted the University of Illinois to build a large-scale array, parallel
processing computer. This computer can complete 200 million instructions per second.
This picture shows one of the ILLIAC's 13 Burroughs disks, the debugging computer, the
central unit, and the processing unit cabinet with a processing element.

1966 - HP-2115

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Hewlett-Packard's HP 2115 was a computer built to make computations with the power
previously found only in larger computers. It supported many languages,

including BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN.

1968 - Nova

The Nova minicomputer was created by Data General Corp., a group started by engineers
that had left Digital Equipment Corp. The Nova, had 32 kilobytes of memory, and sold
for $8,000. In the picture is Ed deCastro, president of the then new company, sitting with
a Nova. This computer's simple architecture is the inspiration of the Apple I board, in
1976.

1968 - Apollo Guidance Computer

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The Apollo Guidance Computer orbited the Earth on Apollo 7. The next year, it steered
Apollo 11 to the lunar surface.

CONTINUE ON TO THE 1970'S

Back to the Beginning of History

COMPUTERS - The 1970's

1971 - Kenbak-1

The Kenbak-1 was designed by John V. Blankenbaker, using integrated circuits. It was
considered the first personal computer. Switches performed the input, and lights
displayed the output. It had a 256 byte memory. It's price was about $750. After two

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years, when only 40 machines had been sold, Kenbak Corp. decided not to sell them any
more.

1971 - 8" Floppy

The 8-inch floppy diskettes were invented by a group of workers at IBM. They were used
for both programs and as data storage mediums. They allowed information to be easily
transferred from one computer to another.

1973 - TV Typewriter

The TV Typewriter was designed by Don Lancaster. It was the first machine to provide
the first display of letters and numbers on a regular television set. It could generate and
store 512 characters in 16 lines. Information could also be stored on 90 minute cassette
tapes, about 100 pages fitting on each.

1973 - Micral

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The Micral was a personal computer based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor. Thi Truong,
founder and president of the French company R2E, made the computer for those that
didn't need high performance. Philippe Kahn developed the software for the computer.
Because of it's price of $1,750, the US computer users did not take interest in Micral.

1974 - Alto

The alto was the first work station with a built-in mouse for input. It used windows,
menus, icons, and could link to a network. It was created by Researchers at the Xerox
Palo Alto Research Center. The Alto was never sold commercially, but given to
universities.

1974 - Scelbi 8H

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Scelbi's 8H computer, was based on Intel's 8008 microprocessor. The computer was
available both in kit form and fully assembled. It had 4 kilobytes of internal memory and
a cassette tape. It came with both teletype and oscilloscope interfaces. Just one year later,
Scelbi came out with 8B, which had 16 kilobytes. The company sold about 200 machines,
and lost $500 per unit.

1976 - 5 1/4-inch Floppy

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The 5 1/4" flexible disk drive and diskette, made by Shugart Associates, was created
because the 8 in. floppy drives were considered to large for desktop computers. Within
two years, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1/4" floppy drives.

1975 - Altair 8800

The Altair 8800 computer kit, based on Intel's 8080 microprocessor. It was invented by
Ed Roberts. The manufacturing company, MITS, sold many machines, at a price of $297
or $395 with a case. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed BASIC as the software language
for the Altair. The computer had 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64K) and an open
100-line bus structure that evolved into the S-100 standard. Two years later, MITS was
bought by Pertec, which continued producing Altairs for one more year.

1975 - Visual Display Module

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The visual display module (VDM) prototype was designed by Lee Felsenstein. It was a
memory-mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. The visual display
module allowed use of personal computers for interactive games.

1976 - Apple I

Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I, a single-board computer, using the 6502
microprocessor. The Byte Shop ordered 100 boards at $500, to begin the business for
Wozniak and Steve Jobs. In this photograph, the upper two rows are a video terminal and
the lower two rows are the computer. About 200 Apple Is were sold before the Apple II,
a complete computer was announced.

1976 - Cray I

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The Cray I was considered the first commercially successful vector processor. At the time
it came out, it was the fastest machine. It's C shape allowed the wires to be a bit shorter,
lessening the time for signals to travel them. It's speed was 166 million floating-point
operations per second. The designing of the Cray I took four years to accomplish. It is 56
cubic feet in size, and weighs 5,300 pounds. It's made using integrated circuits.

1977 - Commodore PET

The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor came fully assembled, with two built-in
cassette drives and a keyboard. It was considered easy to operate, and had a choice of 4
or 8 kilobytes of memory.

1977 - Apple II

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The Apple II came with a printed circuit, motherboard, switching power supply keyboard,
case assembly, manual, joystick, A/C power cord, and cassette tape with the computer
game "Breakout." Even though it did not include a monitor, it could be connected to a
television set. It had 16 K of memory.

1977 - TRS-80

Tandy Radio Shack's first desktop computer cost $599.95. 10,000 machines were sold in
one year, far better than predicted 3,000. The TRS-80 was based on the Z80
microprocessor, had 4 KB of memory, and cassette storage. It came with video display,
the language BASIC, and well written manuals.

1978 - VAX 11/780

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The VAX 11/780, made by Digital Equipment Corp., had 4.3 gigabytes of virtual
memory, much more than the minicomputers of its time.

1979 - Motorola 68000

The Motorola 68000 microprocessor was constructed. It was much faster than other
microprocessors of that time. It was used commonly used for graphics-intensive
programs.

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 CONTINUE ON TO THE 1980'S

Back to the Beginning of History

COMPUTERS - The 1980's

1980 - Microcomputer Hard Drive

The first hard disk drives for microcomputers, made by Seagate Technology, held 5
megabytes of data (as opposed to a standard floppy's 1MB). It was metallic platter coated
with magnetic material, which store the data.

1980 - Optical Data Storage

The first optical data storage disk was developed by Philips. It had 60 times the capacity
of a 5 1/4-inch floppy disk. A laser beam, in the track of a spiral, burned marks onto the
disk to store the data. Until 1982, when Philips created magneto-optic disks (erasable
optic disks), optic disks could not be overwritten. They were very useful for large
amounts of data that did not need to be revised. On erasable optical disk, instead of
recording information permanently by melting holes in the metal, the laser heats a spot to
just below the metal's melting point, so that a magnet can reverse the direction of the
metal.

1981 - IBM PC

IBM's first PC ran on Intel's 4.77 MHz 8088 microprocessor. It came with Microsoft's
MS-DOS operating system.

1981 - Osborne I

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Osborne I, created by Adam Osborne, was the first portable computer. It weighed 24
pounds, and could fit under an airplane seat. It had a low price of $1,795, considering it
came with software worth almost $1,500. It had 64 KB of memory, and two 5 1/4 inch
floppy disk drives. The screen's size seemed to be the only downfall, at 5-inches.

1981 - Apollo DN100

DN100, a workstation, was a powerful computer with a much lower price than
minicomputers.

1981 - 3 1/2-inch Floppy

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The first 3 1/2" floppy drives and diskettes were created by Sony. It was used by Hewlett-
Packard in 1982, which helped it be the surviving format instead of the other tried
possibilities, such as the 3 1/4", 3", and 3.9" formats.

1983 - Apple Lisa

Lisa was the first personal computer with a graphical user interface. It was based on
Motorola's 68000 microprocessor. It came with 1 MB of Random Access Memory, a 12
inch monochrome monitor, two 5 1/4 in floppy disk drives, and a 5MB hard drive. The
Lisa was too expensive, at $10,000, for success.

1983 - Compaq Computers

The Compaq Computer was the first to make PC clones. These clones could use the same
software as the IBM PC. Compaq Computer Corp. had $111 million worth of sales the
first year, more than any other business in America, for one year. These computers were
nearly 100 percent compatible with the IBM PC.

1984 - Apple Macintosh

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Macintosh, was considered the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic
user interface. It was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, and included many of
the qualities the Lisa had featured. It was a much lower price than the Lisa, at $2,500.
The Macintosh also came with MacPaint and MacWrite software, both of which used the
mouse. MacWrite was a "what you see is what you get" word processing program.

1984 - IBM PC Jr. and PC-AT

IBM released both PC Jr. and PC-AT. The PC Jr. was unsuccessful, but the PC-AT did
very well. It was based on the Intel 80286 chip. The PC-AT was several times faster than,
had more storage capacity than, included more RAM than the original PC. It's price was
$4,000.

1985 - CD-ROM

CD-ROMs, made by Philips and Sony, have so much capacity, that they are rarely filled.
They can hold 550 megabytes of prerecorded data. "Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia,"
came out the same year. The encyclopedia only filled up 12 percent of the space allowed.

1986 - Connection Machine

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The Connection Machine, developed by Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corp., was a
big advance in artificial intelligence. It could complete several billion operations per
second. Each of 16,000 processors had its own memory linked with others. The way the
processors could work together was a key point in the high artificial intelligence of the
machine.

1986 - IBM PC/RT

IBM's first RISC-based workstation, the PC/RT had 1 megabyte of RAM, a 1.2-megabyte
floppy disk drive, and a 40-megabyte hard drive. It could perform 2 million instructions
per second.

1987 - IBM PS/2

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IBM's PS/2 computers included a 3 1/2-inch floppy disk drive and a video graphics array,
and was based on Intel's 80386 chip. At the same time, IBM introduced OS/2 and
operating system that allowed use of a mouse with IBMs. More than 1 million machines
were sold by the end of he year. the company had shipped more

1988 - NeXT

The NeXT, produced by Steve Jobs (who had left Apple to form a new company), at a
price of $6,500, was too slow to be very successful. It was, however recognized as an
important step in the construction of computers. The NeXT was the first personal
computer with a drive for an optical storage disk, a digital processor allowing voice
recognition, and object-oriented languages. The NeXT was based on Motorola's 68030
microprocessor, had 8 megabytes of RAM, and a 256-megabyte read/write optical disk
storage.

Continue to Networking History

Back to the Beginning of History

Network History
1960 - Dataphone

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Dataphone was the first commercial modem. It coud convert digital computer data into
anolog signals. These signals could then be sent across a network.

1964 - SABRE

The SABRE was a networking system that connected 65, cities to two IBM 7090
computers for American Airlines. The two IBM 7090s provided information on any flight
within three seconds of the request.

1964 - JOSS

JOSS is a time-sharing service. It started on Rand's JOHNNIAC computer.

1966 - Acoustically Coupled Modem

John van Geen of the Stanford Research Institute improved the acoustically coupled
modem so that it could reliably detected bits of data. The acoustically coupled modem
connected computers to the telephone network by putting rubber cups over the earphone
and microphone of the then standard telephone.

1970 - ARPANET

Four nodes, computers connected to a network, were established for the ARPANET.
They were: the University of California-Santa Barbara, UCLA, SRI International, and the
University of Utah. The purpose of the network was to share resources, sharing of
hardware services, software, and databases.

1972 - "Blue Box"

The "blue box," made by Steve Wozniak was a tone generator that could make free phone
calls. He sold them in dormitories at the University of California-Berkeley where he was

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as an undergraduate. If one removed the magnet taped onto the outside of the box, the
box would create "off-frequency tones," and would not work. When askeed, users then
reported to the police it was simply a music box.

1973 - Ethernet

Robert Metcalfe of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center devised the Ethernet, a method of
network connection.

1975 - Telenet

Telenet, the first commercial packet-switching network, was born. It linked customers in
seven cities. Telenet offered extra services to linking computers.

1980 - Computer "Worm"

John Shoch of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center invented a program that searched a
network for idle processores. The purpose was to allow the computers to run more
efficiently, but it turned out that the the computer "worm," what his program was called,
invaded network computers, threatening security.

1985 - NSFNET

The NSFNET (formed by the National Science Foundation), linked five supercomputer
centers together: Princeton University, Pittsburgh, University of California at San Diego,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Cornell University. In 1991, the NSF
began to allow commercial use of the Internet. In 1995, it left the Internet as a self-
supporting industry.

The NSFNET initially transferred data at 56 kilobits per second, much faster than the
ARPANET. In 1987, the network was improved, and could transfer1.5 megabits per
second. In 1992, the network was upgrades, allowing information to be transmited at
about 45 megabits per second.

1988 - ARPANET Worm

The first intended network worm was created by Robert Morris, 23-year-old son of a
computer security expert for the National Security Agency. It was created difficulties for
about 6,000 out of the 60,000 hosts.Motivated by boredom, Morris designed the program
to reproduce itself and computer files, eventually filling up and disabling the memory.

In consequesnse, Morris was sentenced to three years of probation, 400 hours of

community service, and a fine of $10,050.

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 1990 - The World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee of CERN high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva developed

HyperText Markup Language (HTML), creating the World Wide Web. It used
specifications he developed such as URL (uniform resource locator) and HTTP
(hypertext transfer protocol). The World Wide Web continues today to serve its purpose,
allowing people to work together by combining their knowledge in a global web of
hypertext documents. Berners-Lee also designed the first World WideWeb server and
browser, which were available to the general public in 1991.

Continue to Software History

Back to the Beginning of History

Software History
1945 - Plankalkul

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Plankalkul, the first algorithmic programming language, was created by Konrad Zuse.

1948 - The Mathematical Theory of Communication

Claude Shannon wrote a book called "The Mathematical Theory of Communication" for
engineers. His book described how to code data in a way that they could check for
accuracy.

1953 - Speedcoding

John Backus programmed IBM's 701 computer using speedcoding. Speedcoding requires
more memory and compute time, but made it easier to program.

1955 - Logic Theorist

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Logic Theorist software, created by Herbert Simon and Allen Newell, had rules of
reasoning and proved symbolic logic theorems.

1956 - GM-NAA I/O

GM-NAA I/O, the first operating system for the IBM 704, allowed batch processing,
which is a simple way to combine existing commands into new commands. It was created
by Bob Patrick of General Motors and Owen Mock of North American Aviation.

1956 - Keyboard Input

At MIT, researchers started to experiment with using keyboards as a direct input into the
computer.

1957 - MATH-MATIC

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MATH-MATIC was a new version of compiler for the UNIVAC. This compiler, as well
as its predecessor [the A-0 compiler], was designed by Grace Hopper. The creation of
this compiler led to the construction of FLOW-MATIC in the same year. FLOW-MATIC
was the first English-language business data processing compiler.

1957 - FORTRAN

FORTRAN (formula translator), used loops to allow the user to type in a single set of
instructions to have the computer perform a repetitive task.

1959 - ERMA

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ERMA, the Electronic Recording Method of Accounting, digitized checking for the Bank
of America by creating a computer-readable font. A special scanner read account
numbers preprinted on checks in magnetic ink.

1960 - COBOL

Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL), was developed by a team of computer

manufacturers and the Pentagon for business use. It was hoped to have run on any
computer that had a compiler, which worked with a few exceptions. Howard Bromberg,
one of the creators, made the tombstone in this picture, fearing the language had no future.
COBOL is still used to this day.

1960 - LISP

LISP, created by John McCarthy, was the first computer language designed specifically
for writing artificial intelligence programs.

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 1962 - SpaceWar!

Space War! was considered the first interactive computer game. It was created by
students at MIT: Slug Russell, Shag Graetz, and Alan Kotok. The display featured
interactive graphics that inspired future video games. Using early versions of joysticks,
players fired at each other's spaceships and navigated their ship away from the sun and
the enemy's ship.

1963 - Sketchpad

Sketchpad, developed by Ivan Sutherland as his MIT doctoral thesis, is a real time
computer drawing system. In this program, using a light pen, the user could draw and
rearrange figures on the screen.

1963 - ASCII

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American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) set a standard for the
binary values of the alphabet, numbers, and other symbols, or functions.

1964 - BASIC

BASIC is an easy-to-learn programming language, created by Thomas Kurtz and John

Kemeny for their students at Dartmouth College. It is still used today.

1965 - Simula

Simula, an object oriented language, was created by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John Dahl.
It grouped data and instructions into blocks called objects.

1967 - LOGO

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LOGO is a computer language, designed by Seymour Papert, for children. It controlled
the actions of an electronic turtle to make drawn designs on a video display monitor.

1969 - UNIX

UNIX is an operatidn system created by AT&T Bell Laboratories programmers. UNIX

combined many the timesharing and file management features. The UNIX operating
system broadly accepted among engineers and scientists.

1972 - Pong

Nolan Bushnell created Pong, introducing his new company, Atari video games. To see
our version of Pong, go to the games section.

1976 - C/PM

CP/M, created by Gary Kildall, was an operating system for personal computers. It
allowed one version of a program to run on a variety of computers.

1977 - IBM DES

IBM's data encryption standard, DES. It required an eight-number password for

scrambling and unscrambling data, allowing for 70 quadrillion possible combinations.

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 1979 - VisiCalc

VisiCalc, (visible calculator), created by Daniel Bricklin Robert Frankston, was created
for the Apple II. It could automatically recalculate values within a spread sheet. More
than 100,000 copies sold in one year.

1981 - MS-DOS

The Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) was written for the IBM PC. Microsoft
and IBM would continue to work in partenership.

1982 - Lotus 1-2-3

Lotus 1-2-3, an operating system for IBM created by Mitch Kapor, ran much faster than
other operating systems of its time. It had good spreadsheet, graphics, and data retrieval
capabilities.

1983 - Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word, originally called Multi-Tool Word, was developed at the same time as
Microsoft's Windows. Windows, however was not available until 1985. Microsoft
distributed 450,000 disks with a demo version of the Word program in PC World
magazine.

1985 - PageMaker

PageMaker, made by Paul Brainerd, founder of Aldus Corp., was a desktop publishing
program for Macintosh computers. Users of PageMaker could easily combine graphics
and text. Two years later, an IBM version came out.

1985 - C++

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The C++ programming language, created by Barnes Stroustrup of AT? Bell Laboratories
established itself as the main object-oriented language used in the computer industry. In
the preface of his book, "The C++ Programming Language," Stroustrup wrote, "C++ is a
general purpose programming language designed to make programming more enjoyable
for the serious programmer. Except for minor details, C++ is a superset of the C
programming language. In addition to the facilities provided by C, C++ provides flexible
and efficient facilities for defining new types.... The key concept in C++ is class. A class
is a user-defined type. Classes provide data hiding, guaranteed initialization of data,
implicit type conversion for user-defined types, dynamic typing, user-controlled memory
management, and mechanisms for overloading operators.... C++ retains C's ability to deal
efficiently with the fundamental objects of the hardware (bits, bytes, words, addresses,
etc.). This allows the user-defined types to be implemented with a pleasing degree of
efficiency."

1989 - SimCity

SimCity, made by Maxis, is a video game. This game allows user to create a new city,
starting by creating a landscape, then: constructing buildings roads, and waterways;
providing services to the community; and dealing with disasters. A number of other
simulation games were created in the series, including SimEarth, SimAnt, and SimLife

1989 - Virtual Reality

The Silicon Graphics booth at Siggraph's convention featured virtual reality, a computer-
generated 3-D environment that allows the user to interact with it. Virtual reality was
soon used in video games, education, and travel, and design.

1990 - Microsoft Windows 3.0

Windows 3.0, created by Microsoft, supported graphical applications and allowed

multiple programs to run simontaneously. Many applications that would run under
Windows 3.0, including versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, were designed
in advance. PCs became more "user-friendly," increasing their popularity.

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 Thanks all my friends

Engineer Tanvit Islam Esty

Phone: +88 01718629407

+88 01670624348

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

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Networks
Daffodil International University

Daffodil International University

B.Sc in Electrical & Electronic Engineering

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