YELLOW BOOK

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition

(Volume 1 of 2)

Association for Specialist Fire Protection

Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU, United Kingdom t: 01420 471 612 www.asfp.org.uk

ASFP YELLOW BOOK Amendments to Vol 1: Section 1-9 (Amendments to Vol 2: Section 10 included in the front of each product section) DATE 13/07/07 06/08/07 06/08/07 06/08/07 06/08/07 SECTION ALL 1 1 1 1 AMENDMENT SUMMARY Book divided into two volumes. Vol 1: Sections 1-8 & 10 and Vol 2: Section 9 Product Data Sheets Table 3: 610x305x149 area of section changed to 190.04 Table 6: Parallel flange channels, 3-sided profile drawing corrected Table 9: 3-sided profile and box drawings exchanged Table 10: Structural tees, 3-sided profile drawing corrected 305 x 152 x 58.9, 4-sided profile section factor changed to 125 Table 13: 60 x 60 x 4mm 4-sided section factor changed to 275 Table 14: 120 x 80 x 4mm 3-sided (2nd col) section factor changed to 185 Repagination of pages 6.3.4(c) change 150mm to 160mm Include amended tables 25, 26 and 27 Correct equation 3-7 within publication Changes to wording of Section 5.3.3 item 8 Fire and Legal Liability & updated disclaimer added Amendments to section 4.3.2 item 7 New section 1.6.11 New section 6.4 Typographical amendment: para 4 line 1 Addition of CPD logo Replacement of Preface and Scope Addition of explanatory footnotes to Table 19 Addition of third party logos Addition of a new product SOURCE BP BP BP BP BP

06/08/07 06/08/07 01/11/07 17/12/07 17/12/08 14/01/09 09/04/09 09/06/09 30/07/09 30/07/09 30/07/09 05/08/09 07/10/09 19/01/10 19/01/10 30/03/10 11/06/11

1 1 1 1 6 5&7 5 Intro 4 1 6 Intro Front Front 2 4 10

BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP JF BP BP NR NR

Note 1: Amendments may only be inserted by ASFP Secretariat with approval of the ASFP Technical Officer.

Volume 2: Parts 1 to 4 contain data for products divided by type

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The Association was formed in 1976, and currently represents UK contractors and manufacturers of specialist passive fire protection products, with associate members representing regulatory, certification, testing and consulting bodies. It seeks to increase awareness and understanding of the nature of fire and the various forms, functions and benefits provided by passive fire protection. It is willing to make its specialist knowledge on all aspects of fire protection and can assist specifiers and main contractors in identifying products suitable for specific requirements, both in the UK and related overseas markets. The Association encourages experimental work related to passive fire protection and promotes consideration and discussion of all issues affecting the fire protection of structural steel and buildings.

Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU, United Kingdom
T: 01420 471 612 www.asfp.org.uk

Association for Specialist Fire Protection (ASFP)

The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) develops and promotes the effective use of steel in construction. It is an independent, membership based organisation. SCIs research and development activities cover multi storey structures, industrial buildings, bridges, civil engineering and offshore engineering. Activities encompass guidance on structural design in carbon and stainless steels, dynamic performance, fire engineering, sustainable construction, architectural design, building physics (acoustic and thermal performance), value engineering, and information technology. Membership is open to all organisations and individuals that are concerned with the use of steel in construction. Members have access to specialist advisory service, free issue of every new SCI publication and free access to Steelbiz, an online technical information system (www.steelbiz.org). The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN t: +44 (0) 1344 636525 www.steel-sci.org

The Fire Test Study Group (UK) (FTSG) is a forum for technical discussions and liaisons between consulting fire test laboratories involved in producing test and assessment information for the purposes of building control. The member laboratories are all UKAS Accredited for testing. The primary objective of the group is to ensure common technical interpretations of the fire test standards and a common approach to technical appraisals or assessments of products made by FTSG members within the terms of approved document B Fire Spread to the Building Regulations 1991 1985. Members of the FTSG participate on all relevant BSI committees, the equivalent ISO CEN technical committees and are involved in the EEC European Commission technical discussions on harmonisation. FTSG members have strongly supported the publication of this edition of the Yellow Book as it provides specifiers and regulatory bodies with independently validated data. It also provides a comprehensive yet concise guide to the performance of materials used to provide fire protection to structural steel. The Fire Test Study Group (FTSG) (UK) Ltd c/o Bodycote Warringtonfire Testing, Holmesfield Road, Warrington, Cheshire WA1 2DS t: 01925 655116 www.warringtonfire.net
Acknowledgements Permission to reproduce extracts of BS 5950-8: 2003 (E) is granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL T: +44 (0)20 8996 9001 E: [email protected] The publishers wish to express their appreciation of the work undertaken by the ASFP Technical Review Panel consisting of Messrs G.Deakin and P Crewe, Bodycote Warringtonfire and Dr D.Smith and N Mcdonald of BRE FRS. The Panel has undertaken the validating and appraisal of the proprietary data sheets in this publication to maintain its unbiased technical content. The ASFP also acknowledges the valuable contributions made by Mr Gerry Newman and Ian Simms, SCI; Mr Ron Smith, previous Technical Officer ASFP for over 15 years who edited several revisions of this document; Mr John Dowling, Corus Construction; Bill Parlor, current Technical Officer ASFP; and Mrs Lisa Hennessey in the preparation and editing of the text for publication. 2007 Association for Specialist Fire Protection th ISBN: 978 1 870409 25 4 (4 edition revised 7 Oct 09

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FIRE AND YOUR LEGAL LIABILITY

2008 produced the highest UK peace time fire losses of all time, rising over the previous year by 16% to a record 1.3bn. Thats why we must all play our part.

Why is this of relevance to me!

If you are involved in provision of a fire protection package, at any level, then you share liability for its usefulness and its operation when its needed in fire, and that liability will still be there in the event of a court case.

I place the order; it is not my responsibility to install the works!

If it is your responsibility to specify the materials and/or appoint the installation contractor, it is also your responsibility to ensure that they can prove competency for the fire protection materials used, or the works to be carried out. Its no longer simply a duty of care or voluntary its a legal obligation. If you knowingly ignore advice that leads to a failure in the fire performance of any element of installed fire protection within a building, then you are likely to be found to be just as culpable as the deficient installer. You share liability for the provision of information required under Building Regulation 16B that tells the user of the building about the fire prevention measures provided in the building. Otherwise, the user cannot make an effective risk assessment under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.

What is expected of me?

In the event of fire, and deaths, a court will want to know how every fire protection system was selected; the basis for selection of the installer, whether adequate time was provided for its installation, and whether there was adequate liaison between the different parties to ensure it was installed correctly. No ifs, no buts its all contained in the Construction, Design and Management Regulations 2007. The CDM 2007 regulations, enforced by Health and Safety Executive concentrate on managing the risk, and the health and safety of all those who build, those that use the building, those who maintain it and those that demolish it cradle to grave.

Be aware the time to consider the above is before the event, not after it!

Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained in this document is accurate to the extent that it relates to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of publication, neither the Association for Specialist Fire Protection Limited nor the co-publishers will be liable for any technical, editorial, typographical or other errors or omissions in or misinterpretations of the data and information provided in this document. Since this document may be subject to change and updating, the data and information which it contains is only correct at the dates of the fire assessment and acceptance into this publication. The latest version of this publication is freely downloadable from the ASFP web site at www.asfp.org.uk/publications. The latest date is indicated at the bottom of each page. The ASFP shall not be liable for products delivered to the market, or for any aspect of withdrawn products. Compliance with this ASFP document does not of itself infer immunity from legal obligation Since this document may be subject to change and updating, it is an uncontrolled document. The data is only correct at the dates of the fire assessment and acceptance into this publication. The latest version of this publication is freely downloadable from the ASFP web site at www.asfp.org.uk/publications. The latest date is indicated at the bottom of each page. The ASFP offers no responsibility for products delivered to the market, or for any aspect of withdrawn products.

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Fire protection for structural steel in buildings

Published by: Association for Specialist Fire Protection (ASFP) in conjunction with Fire Test Study Group (FTSG) and Steel Construction Institute (SCI) Foreword I am pleased to be able to introduce you to this updated version of the ASFP Yellow Book the original of which was introduced some 30 years ago. Throughout that period it has become a definitive reference to the provision of fire protection to structural steel in buildings, and a source of validated performance data about products for that purpose provided by ASFP members. Construction methods continue to change as new innovations are introduced. The ASFP has tried to react to those changes, and will continue to respond with regular updated electronic versions of this 4th Edition offering appropriate new text and up-to-date data on products. This edition incorporates a new section to consolidate an industry agreed protocol for the formulation of performance claims for intumescent products in the absence of a specific British Standard for their fire testing and assessment. The protocol reflects requirements for gaining European Technical Approvals and CE Marking of products, since in the next two or three years all forms of fire protection to steelwork will have to be CE Marked if they are to be placed on the European market, even if CE Marking is not mandatory in the UK. As the new European (EN) fire tests are introduced, beginning with the revision of DD ENV 13381-4:2002 Applied protection to steel members which will probably be split into two parts currently drafted as prEN 13381-8 Applied reactive protection to steel members, and prEN 13381-4 Applied passive protection to steel th members - new challenges for effective communication will arise. The revised text introduced in this 4 Edition separates the testing and assessment methods of passive fire protection products from reactive fire protection products. This 4 Edition of the publication recognises that in recent years the use of cellular beam constructions have increased, especially where long spans are required. These beams may feature circular, rectangular or lozenge shaped openings in the web to reduce weight and to accommodate services. It is now well known that the required thickness of any intumescent coating to provide fire protection to these types of cellular beams is product specific and that generalised rules for adoption of the data appropriate to solid sections cannot be made; the narrowness of the web post needs to be considered to establish the appropriate thickness of the coating. An explanatory section has been added to the text. Note that work on prEN 13381-8 does not yet encompass testing and assessment of fire protection to cellular beams. Notwithstanding these changes, the traditional section factor tables have also been updated, since most steel sizes now available from UK producers have been changed in recent times. As in previous editions, an ASFP Technical Review Panel of independent experts judges the adequacy of the test and assessment data supporting every product included in this book, ably managed and supported by the ASFP Technical Officer. Appropriate acknowledgements are given in the inside cover. Readers can rest assured that all fire protective products/systems listed are capable of providing the claimed performance as given by test to appropriate BS or EN standards, as indicated in all tabulated data. However, this does not confer any reliability of performance or quality of products supplied by manufacturers to the market. This assurance can be offered by third party certification of the products. In England and Wales, the introduction of The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 and the introduction of two separate volumes of Approved Document B Fire Safety (2006 edition) has combined to present new requirements for the communication of potential hazards and associated risks within the duty for dynamic risk assessment of most buildings that are not dwellings. Similar changes are ongoing in Scotland, within The Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 and the Technical Handbook (Fire) 2005 for Domestic and Non-domestic buildings. In Northern Ireland the relevant documents are The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 and DFP Technical Booklet E Fire Safety 2005. The latest information can be found at either of www.planningportal.gov.uk or at www.infoscotland.com/firelaw or at www2.dfpni.gov.uk/buildingregulations The information used for risk assessments may become scrutinised as never before, as Fire Law adopts the same prove yourself innocent approach as existing Health and Safety legislation. I commend the Yellow Book to all, as an authoritative source of guidance, referenced in Approved Document B 2006, on the safe provision of fire resistance for structural steel frames in buildings. Geoff Deakin MBE Exova Warringtonfire Chairman of the ASFP Technical Committee
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................ 7 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1. ASPECTS OF FIRE PROTECTION .............................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Protection Methods and Fire Testing .................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Fire Resistance Testing .................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Assessment of fire protection materials ............................................................................................ 13 1.5 Material thickness and steel temperature ......................................................................................... 13 1.6 Thermal Response and Section Factor ............................................................................................ 15 1.7 Performance of steel encased passive protection systems .............................................................. 20 1.8 New steel section designations ......................................................................................................... 20 STRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING ......................................................................................................... 43 2.1 Strength of steel at elevated temperature ......................................................................................... 43 2.2 Load ratio .......................................................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Composite beams and voids ............................................................................................................. 44 TEST & ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES GENERAL GUIDANCE ..........................................................48 3.1 General information ........................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 General test procedures .................................................................................................................... 48 3.3 General assessment procedures ...................................................................................................... 49 TEST AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS.......................50 4.1 Test programme - passive protection systems ................................................................................. 50 4.2 Test procedure - passive protection systems ................................................................................... 50 4.3 Assessment of performance of passive protection systems .............................................................51 TEST AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES REACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS ....................54 5.1 Test programme [Reactive systems] ................................................................................................ 54 5.2 Test procedures [Reactive systems] ................................................................................................. 55 5.3 Assessment procedures [Reactive systems] .................................................................................... 56 THE FIRE PROTECTION OF CELLULAR BEAMS & CASTELLATED SECTIONS ..................................63 6.1 Cellular beams, including castellated sections, protected by passive fire protection systems [e.g. boards and sprays] ............................................................................................................................ 63 6.2 Cellular beams protected by reactive coatings [e.g intumescent coatings] ......................................64 6.3 The ASFP fire testing protocol for cellular beam protection ............................................................. 65 6.4 Cellular beams with rectangular openings protected by reactive coatings. ......................................72 TEST AND ASSESSMENT METHODS TO THE EUROPEAN STANDARD ENV 13381- 4.....................76 7.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 76 7.2 General.............................................................................................................................................. 76 7.3 Testing Protocol ................................................................................................................................ 77 7.4 Test Conditions ................................................................................................................................. 78 7.5 Properties of Test Component Materials .......................................................................................... 78 7.6 Validity of the Temperature Data ...................................................................................................... 78 7.7 Correction of Temperature Data ....................................................................................................... 78 7.8 Assessment Methods ........................................................................................................................ 78 7.9 Criteria for Acceptability .................................................................................................................... 80 7.10 Direct Application of Results ............................................................................................................. 80 7.11 Presentation of the Results ............................................................................................................... 80 7.12 Applicability of the Results of the Assessment to Other Section Shapes .........................................81 7.13 Assessment of Existing BS 476 Test Data to ENV 13381- 4............................................................ 82 FIRE PROTECTION PRODUCT/ SYSTEM DATA SHEETS AND THEIR APPLICATION ........................83 8.1 Structural fire protection using passive products/systems ................................................................ 83 8.2 Structural fire protection using reactive coatings .............................................................................. 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 89 LIST OF PRODUCT DATA SHEETS .......................................................................................................... 92
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PREFACE
This publication has been prepared by members of the ASFP and presents economical methods for the fire protection of structural steelwork to provide compliance with building regulations. It provides a comprehensive guide to proprietary materials and systems all of which are manufactured, marketed or site applied by members of ASFP. UK and European design codes give the engineer the opportunity to calculate the steel failure temperature as a function of the applied load level. For all fire protection materials the required thickness of fire protection will vary depending on the critical limiting temperature of the loaded steel. This edition therefore contains information for some products showing the variation of protection thickness with steel temperature. Suppliers may have more data available than is published here In the new European fire test standards the section factor is referred to as A/V but, in the UK, the term Hp/A has been used for many years to denote the section factor. In order to avoid confusion to the user of this publication, it should be noted that the terms A/V and Hp/A have very similar meaning and the reader may use either. The term Hp/A will eventually become replaced in the UK by A/V which will become the standard reference throughout Europe. This document does not discuss details of the on-site application of reactive coatings or board or non-reactive sprays. Detailed information on the application methods and quality provisions for these applications is available in ASFP Technical Guidance Documents TGD 11, 13 and 14 respectively, all of which are available as free download documents from www.asfp.org.uk/publications.

SCOPE
Section 1 Aspects of fire protection. When do we apply fire protection to structural steel sections? An over view of fire test methods. The calculation of section factor as used to determine the thickness of fire protection. Tables of section factors for many current UK produced structural steel sections. The section factor for beams with web openings is discussed in Section 6. Section 2 Structural fire engineering & recommendations for composite beams. Section 3 General guidance on test and assessment procedures. Section 4 Test and assessment procedures for passive fire protection systems (boards and sprays) Section 5 Test and assessment procedures for reactive fire protection systems (e.g intumescents coatings) Section 6 The fire protection cellular beams and castellated sections. Calculation of section factor of cellular beams. Section 7 Test and assessment methods to the European Standard ENV 13381- 4. Note: this section is subject to revision when ENV 13381-4 is replaced by EN 13381-4 and EN 13381-8 for boards & Sprays and for reactive coatings respectively Section 8 Fire protection system data sheets and their application. Section 9 Bibliography and References Section 10 List of product data sheets for many different fire protection systems.

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DEFINITIONS
CEN European Committee for Standardisation. This committee is responsible for the preparation of European fire related Standards. Composite Beam A beam comprising a steel I section connected via shear connectors to a reinforced concrete or composite floor slab where the steel section and floor slab are designed to act together. Critical Temperature The temperature at which failure of the structural steel element is expected to occur against a given load level. Design Temperature The design temperature is the temperature determined by calculation at which failure of the structural steel element is expected against a given load level at a particular location in a building Fire Load The energy per square metre of floor area of the combustible material present within the internal bounding surfaces of a room, compartment or building. Fire Resistance Period The fire resistance period of each tested loaded steel section is the duration of the test until the specimen is no longer able to support the test load (see Section 1). The fire resistance of a compartment wall or floor that is penetrated by protected structure also needs to be considered, so that the required load bearing capacity, the integrity and insulation criteria of the wall are not diminished by the protected steel and fire-stopping / penetration components Intumescent Coating / reactive coating A coating which reacts to heat by swelling in a controlled manner to many times its original thickness to produce a carbonaceous char, which acts as an insulating layer to protect the steel substrate. Limiting Steel Temperature The maximum temperature of the critical element of a steel member prior to failure, under fire conditions. Orientation Plane in which the exposed face of the test specimen is located, either vertically or horizontally during testing. Passive fire protection products (e.g boards and sprays) Products which do not change their physical form on heating, providing fire protection by virtue of their physical or thermal properties Plate Thermometer A 100 x 100mm insulated thin steel plate to which a thermocouple is attached, used to measure the fire test furnace temperature(s). Reactive Fire Protection Products (e.g. intumescent coatings) Products which are specifically formulated to provide a chemical reaction upon heating such that their physical form changes and in so doing provide fire protection by thermal insulative and cooling effects.; eg intumescent products Section Factor (A/V) The rate of increase in temperature of a steel cross-section is determined by the ratio of the heated surface area (A) to the volume (V). This ratio, A/V, (also known as Hp/A), has units of m and is known as the Section Factor. Members with low section factors will heat up more slowly. In profiled protection: The ratio of the inner surface area of the fire protection material per unit length, to the cross sectional volume (area) of the steel member per unit length. In boxed protection: The ratio of the inner surface area of the smallest possible rectangle or square encasement that can be measured round the steel member per unit length to the cross sectional volume (area) of the steel member per unit length. Note that the section factor for cellular beams is calculated differently see Section 6 Steel UB or UKB Universal Beam of steel as manufactured to BS 4: Part 1: 2005 Steel UC or UKC Universal Column of steel as manufactured to BS 4: Part 1: 2005 Stickability Ability of a fire protection material to remain coherent and in position for a defined range of deformations, furnace and steel temperatures, such that its ability to provide fire protection is not impaired. UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service (National Accreditation of Measurement and Sampling)
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1.1

ASPECTS OF FIRE PROTECTION

Introduction

Regulations require certain elements of structure to have fire resistance. Whether or not an element requires fire resistance depends upon such things as size, height, use and occupancy of the building and the function of the element. When exposed to fire all commonly used structural materials lose some of their strength, for example, concrete can spall exposing reinforcement, timber sections deplete by charring and steel members eventually lose strength. Heavily loaded steel will lose its design margin of safety at temperatures around 550C regardless of the grade of steel. Members carrying appreciably less than their full capacity may remain stable at temperatures up to, and beyond 700C. Fire resistance tests on structural steel members, performed in accordance with BS 476-21 or ENV 13381-4 (see Sections 1.3 and 7) have shown that using the fire protection products/systems described in this publication, the load-bearing criterion of the standard test can be satisfied over a range of temperatures. Further information on structural fire engineering is given in Section 2. Where structural steel members are required to have enhanced fire resistance, they can be protected by applying insulating materials. The tabulated protection thicknesses in Section 9 include the inherent fire protection of the steel section for given exposure to fire . Alternatively, in certain cases, limited fire resistance can be achieved by virtue of the inherent fire performance of the particular steel section itself. Fire resistance tests on heavily loaded flexural and compression members have demonstrated that in certain cases a fire resistance of 15 minutes or more can be achieved without applied protection. Examples are given below Table A2 of Approved Document B: 2006 1.2 Protection Methods and Fire Testing

A wide range of materials is available to enhance the fire resistance of structural steel members. They can be applied in a variety of ways to meet specific site requirements. In considering any fire protection system it is important to distinguish between profile, box and solid methods of application (Figs 1 and 2). Sprayed materials would normally be applied to follow the profile of the section. Board materials would normally be used to form a box around the section and special insulating concretes can be used to form solid protection. Details of individual fire protection products/systems are given in Section 9. Specially designed and constructed suspended ceilings utilising lightweight metal support components, insulating tiles and panels, and sprayed or trowelled compounds on suspended lath, tested in accordance with BS 476-23 or ENV 13381-1 may also be used for the protection of structural steel but they are beyond the scope of this publication. Fire tests on elements of building construction have been carried out in accordance with the methods in the various Parts of BS 476. The BS 476 series is being replaced by European fire testing standards (See Sections 1.3 and 7). These already coexist in the guidance within Approved Document B: 2006. The two standards are generally similar but differ in a number of details. The adoption of the European standard is intended to remove technical barriers to trade within Europe. The international fire testing standard, ISO 834, is similar to the other standards and is in the process of being revised to bring it more in line with the European standard. It is hoped that eventually there will be a basis for international test data exchange. Figure 1: Protection technique for three-sided protection

Profile

Box (with or without gap over flanges)

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Solid

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Figure 2: Protection technique for four-sided protection

Profile

Box (with or without gap over flanges)

Solid

The size and construction of a test specimen would ideally be identical with the element in its intended position in a building. In a BS 476 test, loaded beams are tested horizontally with protection applied to three sides and with the top flange directly in contact with a floor slab. Columns are tested vertically with the protection applied to all sides. It is therefore common to meet the terms three sided and four sided exposure when dealing with fire protection to steelwork. When assessing a material to ENV 13381 Part 4 or to the draft prEN 13381 Part 8 the required tests are slightly different. Beams are tested with a layer of insulation between the top flange and the floor slab and a loaded test on a column is generally not required. It is common when referring to the testing and use of fire protection to use the term orientation to mean horizontally, as a beam, or vertically, as a column. The term orientation is used throughout this publication. The data sheets in this publication have largely been derived from tests carried out at the BRE/FRS fire laboratory at Garston, Watford, UK, or at Bodycote Warringtonfire, together with support data from other laboratories. The UK test facilities are approved for this test work under the UKAS scheme. The results of a standard fire resistance test relate to the steel section size and loading, together with the thickness and performance of the protection system. To repeat the procedure to explore those important and numerous variables for all steel sections and protection parameters would be prohibitive. Assessment procedures have therefore been developed which allow the performance of a range of steel sections to be estimated from the information gained from a limited number of tests. 1.3 Fire Resistance Testing

Fire test standards The general procedures used for determining the fire resistance of load-bearing elements of structure are specified in BS476 series. In assessing the performance of fire protection materials the relevant parts are: Part 20 Part 21 Method of determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction (general principles) Method of determination of the fire resistance of load-bearing elements of construction

Whilst BS 476 Part 20 is concerned with general principles and covers requirements which are common to the other Parts of BS 476, the BS 476 Part 21 fire resistance testing covers load-bearing elements of construction, such as steel beams, columns or walls, whilst BS 476 Part 22 fire resistance tests are intended for non load-bearing elements of construction European fire testing standards have been published. In assessing the performance of fire protection materials the relevant part is presently ENV 13381-4 Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members Part 4: Applied protection to steel members. This standard makes reference to the EN 1363 Series of standards which contain general information about conducting fire resistance tests. However, as all the procedures for assessing fire protection are currently specified in ENV13381-4, it is this standard which is generally referred to in this publication. The European standards will gradually replace the British Standards. ENV 13381-4 has no parallel British Standard. In the UK, it is generally accepted that the procedures for determining the contribution of applied protection to the fire resistance of steel members are covered by this ASFP publication. In both BS476 and the new European Standards the fire resistance performance of an element is judged against the three criteria of load-bearing capacity, integrity and insulation. The European Classification System will use the abbreviations of R, E and I respectively for these three criteria;Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk 10 VOL 1: SECTION 1 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Resistance to collapse [load-bearing capacity (R)] is the ability of the element to remain in place and support the required load without excessive deformation. Resistance to fire penetration [integrity (E)] is the ability of the element to resist the passage of flame and hot gases and also, not to exhibit flame on the unexposed side. Resistance to the transfer of excessive heat [insulation (I)] is the ability of the element to resist the passage of heat by conduction. , and may be of particular importance where steel structure passes through compartments, or fire resisting walls or floors The use of REI terminology has already become more common. Note the requirement to maintain REI for compartment walls and floors penetrated by protected steel. Simple linear elements such as beams or columns are only judged against loadbearing capacity for the fire resistance period under consideration. Separating elements, such as floors or walls, are judged against all three criteria. 1.3.1 Description of Fire tests to BS476

Beams are tested horizontally in conjunction with a floor slab (Figure 3) and columns are tested vertically (Figure 4). Currently in the UK, loaded beam tests are carried out on a nominal span of 4.25 metres using a 305x127x42 Universal Beam for passive insulating materials and a 406x178x60 Universal Beam for intumescent coatings. Loaded column tests are normally carried out on a 203 x 203 x 52 kg/m Universal Column with an exposed length of at least 3 metres (Figure 4). The specimen is initially held vertically and, although it has freedom to expand longitudinally, its ends are rotationally fixed so that, structurally, an effective length factor of 0.7 can be assumed. It is then axially loaded to develop the required stress which is normally the maximum permitted by design. The level of the applied load traditionally used in the UK is slightly lower than that specified in the new European EN standard. The higher EN load could make the test more onerous in that the ability of the fire protection to maintain its stickability could be affected. However, any difference in the final assessed thickness of protection required to keep a steel member below a specified temperature is likely to be insignificant. It is usual to include information on the fire insulating properties of fire protection materials obtained from tests performed on unloaded exploratory specimens (about 1m in length). This information is used in both the UK and European methods of assessing fire protection materials, and is often combined with loaded tests to form a complete test package. The procedures used in most UK fire testing laboratories have been agreed and standardised through the Fire Test Study Group, which embraces members from UKAS approved fire testing laboratories, representatives from the UKAS executive and BRE Fire Research Station, to ensure that consistent techniques are adopted in the generation of data for appraisal purposes. It is recognised that varying results can be obtained on identical specimens tested in different furnaces. To reduce the effect of such variations, the UK laboratories use common preparation, testing and measuring techniques. Figure 3: General arrangement for BS 476 fire tests on beams Concrete cover Slab to steel beam

LOAD Furnace cover slab Seal

Furnace cover slab

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1.3.2

Description of fire tests to ENV 13381-4

The testing programme for the assessment of a fire protection material to ENV 13381-4 differs in a number of respects from the BS 476 programme. The main difference is that a loaded column test is not required in the European Standard, except for products which are only used for protecting columns. The other main difference is that, for the loaded beam test, a layer of insulation is placed between the top flange of the beam and an ultra lightweight concrete floor slab. This serves to reduce the heat sink effect of the slab and to minimise the effects of composite action. UK beam tests use a segmented dense concrete slab in intimate contact with the top flange of the beam. The European procedures do not always require a loaded column to be tested. However, when assessing intumescent coatings, an unloaded column 2000mm high must be tested to assess stickability. Another major difference between European and UK testing is in the type of furnace thermocouple used. The European test uses a plate thermometer. This a special type of thermocouple used for measuring the temperature within the furnace. It consists of a small plate, insulated on one side, with a thermocouple welded to its centre. The plate thermometer is intended to reduce the differences between fire tests carried out in different furnaces and thus to promote European harmonisation. Figure 4: General arrangement for BS 476 fire tests on loaded columns

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1.4

Assessment of fire protection materials

Methods of assessing the performance of fire protection materials have been developed which enable the thickness of protection for a wide range of situations to be predicted. The procedure is in two parts. Firstly, a carefully designed programme of fire tests is carried out on both loaded and unloaded specimens and, secondly, a mathematical procedure is applied to the results of the tests which enables predictions of required thickness to be made. These programmes of tests are designed to determine both the insulation characteristics of a fire protection material and its physical performance under fire conditions for a range of steel sizes (in terms of Section Factor, protection thicknesses and fire resistance periods). They generate the maximum amount of data from a minimum number of tests. A method of assessing fire protection materials has been developed and used in the UK for a number of years. It was used to generate the data in the earlier editions of this publication and is one of the methods used in this edition. More recently, European methods of assessing fire protection materials have been developed. These methods have been formally codified in ENV 13381-4. In a similar programme of tests to those already used in the UK, both loaded and unloaded specimens are tested and an appraisal of the fire protection material is derived. The method has a number of technical differences from the UK procedure which make an exact comparison difficult. Further information on fire resistance testing, programming and the assessment procedures are given in Sections 3, 4 and 5 - for general conditions, for passive [e.g. boards and sprays] and for reactive fire protection systems [e.g intumescent coatings] respectively. 1.5 Material thickness and steel temperature

In this publication, the thickness of fire protection materials to maintain steel sections below specified temperatures is given in product data tables. It is important that the basis for these temperatures is understood. In the 1 and 2 editions of this publication, the thickness of fire protection was specified such that the maximum temperatures of 550C for columns, and 620C for beams (supporting concrete floors), were not exceeded for a given period of fire resistance. This assumed that the structural section was fairly heavily loaded at the time of the fire, together with a simplistic representation of the behaviour of steel at elevated temperatures. Since the introduction of these temperatures, we have improved understanding of how steel columns and beams behave in fire, resulting in the development of fire design codes. It is now known that the original approach was almost invariably conservative, but, in some limited cases can be shown to be unconservative. Using fire design codes such as BS 5950-8:2003 or the Structural Eurocodes, EC 3-1.2 and EC 4-1.2, designated ENV 1993-1.2 and ENV 1994-1.2, the load on the structure at the time of the fire can be calculated by treating it as an accidental limit state. If used, this will allow structural fire designers to specify a limiting or failure temperature for a given structural section, to the fire protection contractor. The protection contractor will then be able to use the required thickness of material to ensure that the steel section does not exceed this temperature, within the fire resistance period. This process could be simplified by the designer specifying a maximum steel temperature, based on the worst case, for all beams or columns on one floor level. If the structural fire design codes are not used to calculate the maximum allowable temperature in the steel sections, then the temperatures of 550C and 620C, used earlier, may not always be appropriate and some reference to the composite or non-composite steel members and the usage of the proposed building should be made, see Table 1. Buildings such as offices, residences, schools, hospitals, etc, which are not used for storage, have a high percentage of non-permanent loads. For this type of building, the structural codes, BS 5950-1 and ENV1991-1-1 (the loading code) assume that a proportion of the design load will not be present at the time of the fire. Other types of buildings such as warehouses, libraries, etc are primarily used for storage, so a high percentage of load is permanent, and the codes allow no reduction in design load for the fire condition. Note that in BS 5950 Part 8:2003 the load factor for offices has been reduced from a generalised value of 0.6, as used in previous Editions, to a lower value of 0.5. This means that the failure temperature will increase marginally. In fire, it is permissible to consider only the strength of an element. The fire testing standards, such as BS 476, effectively base the failure criteria for load-bearing elements on strength. However, beams are often designed for serviceability (deflection) requirements which mean that their strength is not fully utilised in the cold state and they would therefore have an additional reserve of strength at the fire limit state. Columns are frequently constructed so that a single length will be two or three storeys high. The lowest storey will be the highest loaded but the upper storey will be very lightly loaded. Another factor affecting the failure temperature in fire is that there
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st nd

are only a finite number of serial sizes. The designer is almost invariably forced to use the next size up. Steel members which, in terms of strength, are not fully utilised in the normal, cold, state will have reduced load ratios in the fire limit state. 1.5.1 Performance criteria

In case of a fire, the mechanical resistance of the entire structure or individual structural members should be designed and constructed in such a way that their load bearing function is maintained under the factored loads for permanent or non-permanent loads during the relevant fire exposure. The load factors for the fire limit state are provided in Table 5 of BS 5950 Part 8:2003. Any specified design or regulatory requirements for the insulation and integrity of compartment walls and floors, including any incorporated members, should also be satisfied 1.5.2 Limiting temperatures

The limiting temperatures shown in Table 1, are provided for various categories as listed, for a range of load ratios based on BS 5950-8: 2003. They may be used to determine the behaviour in fire of columns, tension members and beams with low shear load, designed in accordance with BS 5950-1:2000. Table 1 Limiting temperatures for the design of protected and unprotected hot finished members Description of steel member Members in compression, for a slenderness 70 > 70 but 180 Non-composite members in bending supporting concrete slabs or composite slabs: Unprotected members or protected members complying with 6.31 of BS 5950-8 Other protected members Composite members in bending supporting concrete slabs or composite slabs: Unprotected members, or protected members complying with 6.31 of BS 5950-8 [i] 100% degree of shear connection [ii] 40% degree of shear connection Other protected members [i] 100% degree of shear connection [ii] 40% degree of shear connection Members in bending not supporting concrete slabs: Unprotected members, or protected members complying with 6.31 of BS 5950-8 Other protected members Members in tension: all cases 520 460 460 555 510 510 585 545 545 620 590 590 660 635 635 715 690 690 810 770 770 495 530 530 560 570 595 610 630 650 675 705 725 785 795 550 575 580(2) 600(2) 610(2) 635(2) 645 665 685 700 740 760 840 865 590 540 620 585 650 625 680 655 725 700 780 745 880 800 510 460 540 510 580 545 615 590 655 635 710 635 800 635 Limiting temperature [degrees C] at a load ratio of 0.7 0.6(2) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

NOTE For beams supporting a composite slab, the limiting temperatures only apply when the voids between the top of the beam and underside of the steel deck are filled with non-combustible void fillers. Also see 2.3 of this ASFP publication SCI 4 November 1997 The existing temperatures of 550C and 620C are acceptable for most circumstances, but they are not always conservative. A suitable statement must be provided in all contracts and quotations

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NOTE 1 - The ratio of the load or moment carried by a steel member at the time of a fire compared to the strength of the member at normal temperatures is called the load ratio. For practical designs the load ratio will vary between approximately 0.4 to 0.65. The higher the load ratio, the lower the failure temperature. NOTE 2 It is important to recognise that changes have been introduced to the text in this 4 Edition when compared to the data in earlier Editions. These changes arise from the revision of load factors in BS 5950 - 8: 2003. [a] For example, the load factor for Offices has been reduced from 0.6 for general buildings, to a lower value of 0.5 in BS 5950 Part 8:2003. This means that the failure temperature will increase marginally. The load ratio is higher in storage buildings but not usually above 0.65. This has an effect on the limiting temperature as shown in Table 1. It is also important to differentiate between the effect on limiting temperature from non-composite decks and composite decks with different levels of shear connection as shown in Table 1, as extracted from BS5950-8:2003 Roof loading is non-permanent in nature regardless of the use of a building. Therefore, in assessing the appropriate steel temperature of columns and beams supporting roofs in storage buildings, the higher steel temperatures appropriate for offices etc should be used.
th

[b]

[c]

NOTE 3 - Users of the tabulated data should be aware of the lower recommended temperatures for storage buildings. As the limiting temperatures assumed may affect the thickness and cost of fire protection, users of the data are reminded that the basis on which the thicknesses are specified in contracts should be clear to all parties. NOTE 4 - In Section 9, fire protection system thicknesses are given for typical steel temperatures. It is the responsibility of the design engineer, using design codes such as BS 5950-8 or ENV 1993-1-2, to specify the appropriate limiting steel temperatures. 1.6 Thermal Response and Section Factor

The rate of increase in temperature of a steel cross-section is determined by the ratio of the heated surface area (A) to the volume (V). This ratio, A/V, has units of m-1 and is known as the Section Factor. Members with low Section Factors will heat up more slowly, and this is shown diagrammatically in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Concept of the section factor Section Factor = A/V where A = surface area of steel exposed to fire per unit of length V = Volume of the section per unit length

High A Low V Fast Heating

Low A High V Slow Heating

In earlier editions of this publication the Section Factor was written as Hp/A. In the new European testing and design standards (ENV13381-4, ENV1993-1-2 and ENV1994-1-2) the Section Factor is presented as A/V, which generally has the same numerical value as Hp/A. It is likely that the designation Hp/A will gradually fall into disuse. Throughout this publication the term A/V will be used. A steel section with a large surface area (A) will receive more heat than one with a smaller surface area. Also, the greater the volume (V) of the section, the greater is the heat sink. It follows therefore, that a small thick section will be slower to increase in temperature than a large thin one. The Section Factor (A/V) is thus a measure of the rate at which a section will heat up in a fire. The higher the value of the Section Factor the greater will be the protection thickness required. Values of Section Factor, rounded to the nearest 5 units, for the range of sections for fire
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exposure on both three and four sides are given in Tables 3 to 15. Figure 6 illustrates the appropriate perimeter dimension to be used when calculating the Section Factor for a variety of steel sections in different situations. In calculating the Section Factor values the full volume, V, is used whether the section is exposed on three or four sides as the whole of the steel section will be receiving heat. The value of A is the exposed surface area and that depends on the configuration of the fire protection. In the case of a box protection, the surface area is taken as the sum of the inside dimensions of the smallest possible rectangular or square encasement (except for circular hollow sections - see Figure 6) whilst for a profile protection, it is taken as the external surface area of the steel section itself. Where a section supports a floor or is against a wall which themselves provide fire protection, the surface in contact is ignored in calculating A. For solid protection the Section Factor value should be taken as that for box protection. Where a spray or trowelled system has been tested as a profile protection, the use of the same material as a box protection is permissible, provided there is adequate evidence of physical performance (commonly referred to as stickability). In the absence of a full programme of tests on the system as a boxed protection, the thickness should be derived on the basis of the Section Factor for the profiled application In some cases the appropriate Section Factor may not be based on simple geometric considerations. Guidance on some common cases is given below. 1.6.1 Section Factor (1400/t) for cellular beams including castellated sections

Cellular beams To satisfy building design requirements, steel beams are now available with a variety of apertures created in the basic section size, during a secondary manufacturing process, to form deeper cellular beams than the parent beam. Alternatively, cellular beams can be created from three flat steel plates welded together. Whilst rectangular and/or elliptical elongated aperture shapes are available, most apertures are circular in shape. A large range of circular aperture sizes and spacing/pitch is available. The dimensions of the residual web post can significantly affect the performance of the cellular beam in fire. The method of calculating section factor AND fire protection thickness for cellular beams is considered to be different than for other solid steel sections. Different approaches have been introduced for the use of passive fire protection products (boards and sprays) and reactive coatings (intumescent products). The issue is discussed further in Section 6. Castellated sections This publication considers that castellated beams are one form of cellular beams. Fire test experience has shown that the temperature of castellated members may increase at a slightly faster rate than the conventional parent sections and that an increase in the fire protection thickness is prudent. Although minimal steel is effectively removed from the parent steel section volume, the steel depth is increased. N.B. In previous editions of this publication, it has been recommended that to obtain the thickness of passive fire protection [boards and sprays] for a castellated section, the thickness of fire protection should first be obtained based on the section factor as determined for the original parent steel section and then increased by 20%, for the installed fire protection product. This guidance is now withdrawn and replaced by new guidance for cellular beams in Section 6. Furthermore, the 20% rule does not apply when using reactive coatings [e.g intumescent paint] for the fire protection of castellated sections and cellular beams. New recommendations are also provided in Section 6. 1.6.2 Section Factor (A/V) for structural hollow sections

Other than where stated in Section 2, the fire test data relates specifically to universal beams and columns, as the bulk of test work over the years has concentrated on these sections. However, test data exists on structural hollow sections (SHS) as compression and flexural members, and the comparability between SHS sections and I sections in terms of protection thickness related to Section Factor, for rectangular, square and circular sections, has been established. The same critical temperatures can be adopted for analysis purposes for SHS and I sections. The modifications listed below would not apply to intumescent coatings. Guidance on fire protection with intumescent coatings is presented in Section 5.

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For fire protection materials, whether boards or spray (on lath), whose thicknesses have been assessed from test data on boxed I sections (see Figure 1), no change in thickness is required, i.e. the thickness for an SHS of a given Section Factor, is equal to that for the I section of the same box Section Factor. For fire protection materials, whether board or spray whose thickness has been assessed from test data on profiled I sections (see Figure 2), some modification in thickness is required. The extent of the modification is related to the Section Factor of the section and is derived as follows: (a) (b) Establish the Section Factor of the SHS section. Establish the required thickness of profiled protection material based upon the tables relating to Section Factor and fire resistance period and protection thickness, derived for I sections. This is the thickness d p (mm). Increase thickness d p as follows
-1

(c)

For Section Factor up to 250m

Modified thickness = d p 1 + Modified thickness = 1.25 d p

A/V 1000

For Section Factor between 250 to 310m-1

NOTE 1 - The maximum thickness that can be applied to SHS sections should not exceed that given for I sections listed under item 11 of the data sheet (see 7.1.2 in Section 7). NOTE 2 - It should be noted that any changes resulting from the transposition from I sections to SHS sections may affect the retention of the material. Where modifications are considered significant, appropriate loaded fire resistance tests should be carried out. NOTE 3 - Where the fire protection thickness of I sections has been established by a test conducted on members which were solid protected, then a separate appraisal for the hollow section is necessary. 1.6.3 Section Factor for partially exposed members When a section is partially exposed to fire, for instance when a column is built into a wall or a beam is embedded in a floor slab, and robust construction materials such as brick, block or concrete have been used, the Section Factor may be traditionally calculated as shown in Figure 6. In such situations the same principle is used as for other configurations where A is the surface area of the part of the section exposed to the fire and V is the volume of the section. The Section Factor will change depending upon the degree of exposure and the equations given in Figure 6 can be used. It should be noted that the calculation method in Table 4.2 of Eurocode EN 1993-1-2:2005, for unprotected steel members uses a more conservative value for the Section Factor[A/V] as calculated by division of the exposed steel perimeter [AEXP] by the exposed steel cross section area [VEXP] rather than the entire volume of the steel section, despite the fact that heat is conducted into the entire volume of the steel section and also into the mass in contact with the embedded steel surface. That is, for partially exposed unprotected steel, the Eurocode Section Factor (A/V) = (AEXP / VEXP) Notwithstanding the above, for partially exposed steelwork, separate consideration should be given to the stability of the encompassing wall or partition in fire, since this will play a part in the conduction of heat away from the steel, as will the thermal conductance at the contact points. Being mindful of modern trends towards greater use of lightweight wall and sandwich panel or partition constructions, the method generally used in Figure 6 may no longer be as generally applicable when steel is not embedded in robust walls such as brick, block or concrete. In the case of lightweight walls/partitions it would be prudent to assume that the entire perimeter of the steel may become exposed to fire, and the Section Factor should then be calculated in the traditional manner. Note that where the steel section penetrates through both sides of a fire resisting construction, the thickness of protection may be determined by other requirements, such as compliance with the appropriate integrity and/or insulation requirements of BS 476 for elements performing a fire separation function. As an example, consider a steel section partially exposed on both sides of a wall or floor as shown in Figure 6. Different approaches should be followed according to the degree of fire resistance required of the wall or floor, whether it be similar to or less than that of the steel member, or zero. In the case of walls, for example, the following have to be considered: (a) Solid masonry or concrete wall having comparable fire resistance.
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Since the insulation criterion must be satisfied for both steel member and wall, the thickness of protection to the exposed steel should be sufficient to ensure that the rise in mean surface temperature of the protection on the side remote from the fire does not exceed 140C, and the rise in maximum surface temperature does not exceed 180C. In assessing fire protection requirements to maintain the structural performance of the column, the exposed steel on each side of the wall will have its own heated surface area, A, and therefore its own A/V, consequently different protection thicknesses may be required on each side depending upon the degree of exposure. (b) Walls having lower fire resistance or formed from material which will degrade when exposed to fire, e.g. timber stud with combustible facings. The effective surface area will relate to all steel which has the potential of becoming exposed and the fire protection should be applied in such a manner that its performance is independent of the wall. In some load bearing walls, simultaneous attack from fire on both sides may occur on columns partially exposed within the wall. Where this occurs, the Section Factor must be based on the sum of the fire exposed areas, either side of the wall, and the total volume of the section. 1.6.4 Section Factor (A/V) for wind and stability bracing [extracted from BS 5950-8:2003] The apparent cost of fire protecting bracing members is often expected to be high because the members are comparatively light and therefore have high Section Factors and correspondingly require high thicknesses of fire protection. However, for the reasons now discussed BS 5950-8:2003 recommends that the fire protection thickness -1 should be based on the section factor of the steel member, or a value of 200 , whichever is the smaller value. In some cases, it might not be necessary to apply fire protection to bracing members and consideration should be given to: a) b) c) Shielding bracing from fire by installing it in shafts or within walls. The use of infill masonry walls, which can provide the sufficient shear capacity during a fire instead of relying on the steel bracing systems The possibility that only bracing systems within a fire compartment might be subjected to elevated temperatures and the other unaffected bracing systems might be sufficient to provide the required stability at the fire limit state. The possibility that the steel beam to column connections might have sufficient stiffness to ensure stability at the fire limit state

d)

The recommendations in previous Editions for fire protection to bracing members are retained in Table 2.

Table 2: Assessment of fire protection requirements for bracing

Building Single storey Not more than 8m to eaves Single storey More than 8m to eaves Two storey Other multi-storey Degree of fire protection to bracing system None Generally none Generally none Walls and frame stiffness will contribute considerably to stability. Protected to achieve required fire resistance. However the selection of thickness may be based on allowable reductions in applied loads in fire given in BS 5950-8

1.6.5 Section Factor (A/V) for tees, angles, channels Where these sections are used structurally, it is necessary to determine the A/V values using the surface area, A, values illustrated in Figure 6. Where such members are considered as wind bracing, a modified approach is recommended and is discussed in the following section. 1.6.6 Tapered sections

Use the maximum section factor for the tapered steel section
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1.6.7 Section Factor (A/V) for lattice members Ideally, wherever possible, a lattice beam should be judged by a full test as a loaded member. However, with existing fire testing equipment this is not always practicable and recourse to appraisal using A/V can be made. When the elements of a lattice beam are to be individually protected, the thickness of protection required for each element should be based on the Section Factor of the individual element. Where a lattice beam is to be protected by encasing the entire beam by either boards, or sprays applied to an expanded metal lathing, no recommendation can be given and each case must be considered on its own merits, according to any test information available. The use of the limiting temperature method of BS 5950-8: 2003 or the similar EC3-1.2 method is not recommended for the diagonal bracing members because these members might be subject to significant thermal stresses from restrained thermal expansion. In the absence of a detailed analysis a general steel temperature of 550C is recommended. In any case it is important that the final appraisal be based on a broad consideration of the lattice design. 1.6.8 Light gauge cold rolled sections This type of section would normally necessitate separate appraisal because of the high values of A/V and the manner in which the sections are formed which can influence their failure criteria. Research is continuing to formulate recommendations for the applications of data given in this publication. Some information on the protection of cold formed members is given in the SCI publication 129 - Building design using cold formed members. There are a variety of sections formed from cold rolled sections and normally each would require separate appraisal. 1.6.9 Unprotected steel According to BS 5950-8:2003, fire resistance tests have demonstrated that 30 minutes fire resistance can be achieved with fully stressed unprotected steel sections as follows: Rolled steel section columns filled with aerated concrete blockwork between the flanges A/V up to 69m Columns, in simple construction, four sided exposure - A/V up to 50m-1 Beams, in bending, directly supporting concrete or composite slabs - A/V up to 90m-1 Where these specific conditions arise on site, protection may not be necessary subject to agreement with the approving authority. 1.6.10 Novel steel beam designs Steel manufacturers may have different approaches to novel steel beam designs in buildings. For example, in the UK, Slimflor and Slimdek are the trade names for a form of shallow floor construction developed by Corus. There are three forms available as briefly described below. Other variations of a similar or different approach may be available from suppliers located in other countries Slimflor with precast planks In this form, the beam is manufactured by welding a plate to a column section. The floor is then created by laying a pre-cast concrete floor slab on the outstand of the plate. In situations where fire protection is required, the bottom plate only should be protected. As with standard downstand beams, the protection material thickness is based on the section factor and for calculation purposes, the heated perimeter is the width of the plate plus 2 x plate thickness, in metres, divided by the cross sectional area of the column section and plate combined. This will usually result in low section factors. Slimflor with deep decking In this form, the beam is also manufactured by welding a plate to a column section. However the floor is then created by laying a deep metal deck on the outstand of the plate. The deck is then filled with in-situ concrete. When fire protection is required, the bottom plate only should be protected. As with standard down-stand beams, the protection material thickness is based on the section factor and this calculation is identical to that for Slimflor with pre-cast planks. This will also usually result in low section factors.
-1

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Slimdek flooring systems In this form, the beam is a rolled asymmetric section with the lower flange wider than the upper. The floor is created by laying a deep metal deck on the outstand of the bottom plate. The deck is then filled with in-situ concrete. The beams are normally rolled with a thick web and, in the fire condition, this web takes much of the load shed by the hot bottom flange. Where the thick web is not sufficient to compensate for the loss in strength of the flange, it is usually more economic for the designer to use a beam without a thick web. Asymmetric Slimdek Beams with a fire engineered (thick) web are designated ASB(FE); those without the thick web are designated ASB. As previously stated, when fire protection is required, the bottom flange only should be protected. For calculation purposes the heated perimeter is also taken as the width of the bottom flange plus 2 x bottom flange thickness, in metres, divided by the cross sectional area of the ASB. This will also usually result in low section factors. Contact should be made with Corus Steel for further information relating to the above systems 1.6.11 Galvanised surfaces The application of intumescent (reactive) coatings to galvanised surfaces may occur either off-site in a factory controlled environment or on-site during the construction of the building. OFF SITE: Steel Construction Institute publication P160 Structural fire design: Offsite applied thin film intumescent nd coatings (2 edition) makes reference to substrate preparation in Section 4.1 of that document. ONSITE: ASFP technical guidance documents provide advice for the application of different types of fire protection systems in relevant documents. [a] TGD11 Code of practice for the specification and on-site installation of intumescent coatings for the fire protection of structural steelwork contains Section 3.4 with specific advice for the preparation of galvanised steelwork before coatings are applied. [b] TGD 15 Code of practice for the installation and inspection of sprayed non-reactive coatings for the fire protection of structural steelwork contains Section 4 and 4.4 in relation to preparation of substrates and galvanised steelwork. 1.7 Performance of steel encased passive protection systems

To assess the performance of a steel encased protection system, a fire resistance test should be performed for the maximum fire resistance period on a fully loaded specimen in the orientation in which the system is to be assessed. The fire resistance test shall be performed on the steel encased protection system incorporating the board to be used in practice. The performance of the structural member fitted with the steel encased protection system in the test shall be compared with the value(s) taken from the appropriate data sheet(s) at the required critical steel temperature(s) derived from tests of the structural member protected with the same material but without the steel encasement. (i) If the fire performance achieved by the steel encased specimen is greater than, or equal to the fire performance of the specimen without the steel encasement, the data sheets for the protection material without the encasement can be used for the steel encased protection system without correction. The same test data may be used to show the suitability of other protection materials of similar type. If the fire performance achieved at the required critical steel temperature is less than the value expected from test data for the protection system without the steel encasement the data sheet for the encased system shall be modified by the use of a correction factor to bring the two sets of information into agreement. New steel section designations

(ii)

1.8

As part of the process of compliance with European Construction Products Directive [CPD 89/106/EEC], steel sections may be encountered with amended prefixes for relevant applications, as follows Universal beams - UB becomes UKB; Parallel flange channels - PFC becomes UKPFC Slimflor beams - SFB Tees - UKT
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Universal columns - UC becomes UKC Asymmetric Slimflor Beams - ASB Angles UKA

NOTE 1- The figures for section factors in the following Tables 3-15 have been provided by Corus and include corner radii. They may therefore vary from simpler calculation of similar steel sizes from other sources. NOTE 2 - That in Figure 6, that follows, calculations for 1 sided exposure should reflect the text in 1.6.3 NOTE 3 The dimensions of historically available steel sections and steel sections from other sources will be made available in the Technical Section of the ASFP web site

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Figure 6: Protection configurations with values of perimeter Hp for use in the calculation of section factor Hp/A (A/V) calculation of section factor Hp/A (A/V) Figure 6: Protection configurations with values of Note: the values are approximate that radii at corners and roots of of sections may be ignored. Note: the values are approximate inin that radii at corners and roots all all sections are ignored In this figure Hp/A = A/V Hp/A A/V
Steel section Profile protection

Universal beams, universal columns and joists (plain and castellated)

4 sides

3 sides

3 sides

2 sides

1 side

D B

t Hp 2B + 2D + 2(B - t) = 4B + 2D - 2t 4 sides B + 2D + 2(B - t) = 3B + 2D - 2t 3 sides

Partially exposed B + 2d + (B - t) = 2B + 2d - t 3 sides B + D + 2(B - t)/2 = 2B + D - t

Partially exposed B

Structural and rolled tees B D t Hp

Flange to soffit 2B + 2D 4 sides B + 2D 3 sides

Toe of web to soffit B + 2D + (B - t) = 2B + 2D - t 3 sides

Angles B t D t Hp

Flange to soffit 2B + 2D 4 sides B B + 2D 3 sides

Toe of flange to soffit B + 2D + (B - t) = 2B + 2D - t 3 sides

Channels

t Web to soffit Hp 2B + 2D + 2(B - t) 2B + D + 2(B - t) = 4B + D - 2t = 4B + 2D - 2t 4 sides 3 sides

Flange to soffit B + 2D + 2(B - t) = 3B + 2D - 2t

Hollow sections, square or rectangular B D

Hp

2B + 2D

B + 2D

Hollow sections, circular D

Hp Example using 203 x 203 x 52 kg/m universal beam

D a) Profile protection - 4 sided exposure Hp = 4B + 2D - 2t Hp = 4B+2D-2t=[4x204.3]+[2x206.2]-[2x7.9] Hp = 4 x 203.9 + 2 x 206.2 - 2 x 8.0 = 817.2+412.2-15.8=1213.8mm=1.214m = 1212 mm = 1.212 m Hp/A = 1.214/0.006282 183.2m-1 Hp/A = 1.212/0.00664 = 182.5 m -1 b) Profile protection - 3 sided exposure

B = 204.3mm D D 206.2mm B = 203.9mm; = = 206.2mm t = 8.0 mm. A = 66.4 cm t = 7.9mm A = 66.282cm2

Hp Hp == 3B + 2D - 2t 3B+2D-2t=612.9+412.4-15.8 Hp = 611.7 + 412.4 - 16 = 1009.5mm=1.01m = 1008 mm = 1.008 m Hp/A = 1.01/0.0066282 = 152.4m-1 Hp/A = 1.008/0.00664 = 151.8 m -1 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

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Figure 6 (continued)
In this figure Hp/A = A/V
Steel section Box and solid protection

Universal beams, universal columns and joists (plain and castellated)

4 sides

3 sides

3 sides

2 sides

1 side

Partially exposed

Partially exposed

Hp

2B + 2D 4 sides

B + 2D 3 sides

B + 2d 3 sides

B+D

Structural and rolled tees

Flange to soffit Hp 2B + 2D 4 sides B + 2D 3 sides

Toe of web to soffit B + 2D 3 sides

Angles

Flange to soffit Hp 2B + 2D 4 sides B + 2D 3 sides

Toe of flange to soffit B + 2D 3 sides

Channels

Web to soffit Hp Hollow sections, square or rectangular 2B + 2D 4 sides 2B + D 3 sides

Flange to soffit B + 2D

Hp Hollow sections, circular

2B + 2D

B + 2D

Hp Example continued

Note. The air space created in boxing a section improves the insulation and a value of Hp/A, and therefore Hp, higher than for profile protection would be anomalous. Hence Hp is taken as the circumference of the tube and not 4D.

c) - 4 protection c) BoxBoxsided exposure 4 sided exposure

d) Box - 3 sided exposure 3 sided exposure d) Box protection

Hp

= 3B + 2D 2t = 612.9 + 412.4 15.8 = 820.2 mm = 0.820 = 1009.5mm = 1.01m m -1 Hp/A = p/A = /0.82/0.00664 = 123.5 m -1 H 0.821 0.0066282 = 123.9m
23 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Hp = 2B + 2D = 407.8 + 412.4

= B +2D = 204.3 + 412.4 616.3 mm 0.616 m ==616.7mm ==0.617m Hp/A /A== 0.616/0.00664 = 92.8 m -1 -1 0.617/0.0066282 = 93.04m Hp
Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Hp

Hp = B + 2D = 203.9 + 412.4

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Table 3: October 2006 UK Beams (UKB) Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2005

Designation Mass per Serial size metre mm kg 487 438 393 349 1016 x 305 314 272 249 222 388 914 x 419 343 289 253 914 x 305 224 201 226 838 x 292 194 176 197 173 762 x 267 147 134 170 152 686 x 254 140 125 238 610 x 305 179 149 140 125 610 x 229 113 101 100 610 x 178 92 82 273 219 533 x 312 182 151 138 122 109 533 x 210 101 92 82 continued overleaf Depth of section D mm 1036.1 1025.9 1016.0 1008.1 1000.0 990.1 980.2 970.3 921.0 911.8 926.6 918.4 910.4 903.0 850.9 840.7 834.9 769.8 762.2 754.0 750.0 692.9 687.5 683.5 677.9 635.8 620.2 612.4 617.2 612.2 607.6 602.6 607.4 603.0 598.6 577.1 560.3 550.7 542.5 549.1 544.5 539.5 536.7 533.1 528.3 Width of section B mm 308.5 305.4 303.0 302.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 420.5 418.5 307.7 305.5 304.1 303.3 293.8 292.4 291.7 268.0 266.7 265.2 264.4 255.8 254.5 253.7 253.0 311.4 307.1 304.8 230.2 229.0 228.2 227.6 179.2 178.8 177.9 320.2 317.4 314.5 312.0 213.9 211.9 210.8 210.0 209.3 208.8 Thickness Flange Web t T mm mm 30.0 54.1 26.9 49.0 24.4 43.9 21.1 40.0 19.1 35.9 16.5 31.0 16.5 26.0 16.0 21.1 21.4 36.6 19.4 32.0 19.5 32.0 17.3 27.9 15.9 23.9 15.1 20.2 16.1 26.8 14.7 21.7 14.0 18.8 15.6 25.4 14.3 21.6 12.8 17.5 12.0 15.5 14.5 23.7 13.2 21.0 12.4 19.0 11.7 16.2 18.4 31.4 14.1 23.6 11.8 19.7 13.1 22.1 11.9 19.6 11.1 17.3 10.5 14.8 11.3 17.2 10.9 15.0 10.0 12.8 21.1 37.6 18.3 29.2 15.2 24.4 12.7 20.3 14.7 23.6 12.7 21.3 11.6 18.8 10.8 17.4 10.1 15.6 9.6 13.2

Section factor A/V(Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides

Box 3 sides 4sides

Area of section cm2 619.89 556.62 500.24 445.15 400.41 346.86 316.88 282.82 494.22 437.30 368.27 322.83 285.64 255.92 288.56 246.82 224.02 250.64 220.37 187.19 170.58 216.83 194.08 178.43 159.48 303.33 228.08 190.04 178.19 159.34 143.94 128.92 128.00 117.00 104.00 348.00 279.00 231.00 192.00 176.00 155.39 138.86 128.67 117.38 104.69 m-1 45 50 55 65 70 80 90 95 60 70 75 85 95 105 85 100 110 90 105 120 130 95 105 115 130 70 90 110 105 115 130 145 135 145 160 60 70 85 105 95 110 120 130 140 155 m-1 50 55 65 70 80 90 95 110 70 80 80 95 105 115 100 115 125 100 115 135 145 110 120 130 145 80 105 125 120 130 145 160 150 160 180 70 85 100 120 110 120 135 145 160 175 m-1 40 40 45 50 55 65 70 80 45 50 60 65 75 80 70 80 90 70 80 95 105 75 85 90 100 50 70 80 80 90 100 110 110 120 130 40 50 60 75 75 85 95 100 110 120 m-1 45 50 55 60 65 75 80 90 55 60 65 75 85 95 80 90 100 85 95 110 120 90 95 105 115 60 80 95 95 105 115 130 125 135 150 50 65 75 90 85 95 110 115 125 140

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

24 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 3: October 2006 UK Beams (UKB) Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2005

Designation Mass per Serial size metre mm kg 85 533 x 165 75 66 161 133 106 98 457 x 191 89 82 74 67 82 74 457 x 152 67 60 52 85 74 406 x 178 67 60 54 53 406 x 140 46 39 67 57 356 x 171 51 45 39 356 x 127 33 54 305 x 165 46 40 48 305 x 127 42 37 33 305 x 102 28 25 43 254 x 146 37 31 28 254 x 102 25 22 continued overleaf Depth of section D mm 534.9 529.1 524.7 492.0 480.6 469.2 467.2 463.4 460.0 457.0 453.4 465.8 462.0 458.0 454.6 449.8 417.2 412.8 409.4 406.4 402.6 406.6 403.2 398.0 363.4 358.0 355.0 351.4 353.4 349.0 310.4 306.6 303.4 311.0 307.2 304.4 312.7 308.7 305.1 259.6 256.0 251.4 260.4 257.2 254.0 Width of section B mm 166.5 165.9 165.1 199.4 196.7 194.0 192.8 191.9 191.3 190.4 189.9 155.3 154.4 153.8 152.9 152.4 181.9 179.5 178.8 177.9 177.7 143.3 142.2 141.8 178.1 172.2 171.5 171.1 126.0 125.4 166.9 165.7 165.0 125.3 124.3 123.4 102.4 101.8 101.6 147.3 146.4 146.1 102.2 101.9 101.6 Thickness Flange Web t T mm mm 10.3 16.5 9.7 13.6 8.9 11.4 18.0 32.0 15.3 26.3 12.6 20.6 11.4 19.6 10.5 17.7 9.9 16.0 9.0 14.5 8.5 12.7 10.5 18.9 9.6 17.0 9.0 15.0 8.1 13.3 7.6 10.9 10.9 18.2 9.5 16.0 8.8 14.3 7.9 12.8 7.7 10.9 7.9 12.9 6.8 11.2 6.4 8.6 9.1 15.7 8.1 13.0 7.4 11.5 7.0 9.7 6.6 10.7 6.0 8.5 7.9 13.7 6.7 11.8 6.0 10.2 9.0 14.0 8.0 12.1 7.1 10.7 6.6 10.8 6.0 8.8 5.8 7.0 7.2 12.7 6.3 10.9 6.0 8.6 6.3 10.0 6.0 8.4 5.7 6.8

Section factor A/V(Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides

Box 3 sides 4sides

Area of section cm2 108.00 95.20 83.70 206.00 170.00 135.00 125.26 113.76 104.48 94.63 85.51 104.53 94.48 85.55 76.23 66.64 109.00 94.51 85.54 76.52 68.95 67.90 58.64 49.65 85.49 72.55 64.91 57.33 49.77 42.13 68.77 58.75 51.32 61.23 53.40 47.18 41.83 35.88 31.60 54.77 47.16 39.68 36.08 32.04 28.02 m-1 140 160 180 75 90 110 120 130 140 155 170 130 145 155 175 200 125 140 155 170 190 180 205 240 140 165 185 205 210 250 160 185 210 160 180 200 215 250 280 170 195 230 220 250 280 m-1 155 175 200 85 100 125 135 145 160 175 190 145 160 175 195 220 140 160 175 195 215 200 230 270 160 190 210 235 235 280 185 210 240 180 200 225 240 280 315 195 225 270 250 280 320 m-1 115 130 145 60 70 85 90 100 105 115 130 105 115 125 140 160 95 105 115 130 145 140 160 190 105 120 135 150 165 195 115 135 150 120 140 155 175 200 225 120 140 165 175 190 220 m-1 130 145 165 65 80 100 105 115 125 135 150 120 130 145 160 180 110 125 140 155 170 160 185 215 125 145 160 180 195 225 140 160 185 145 160 180 200 230 255 150 170 200 200 225 255

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

25 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 3: October 2006 UK Beams (UKB) Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2005

Designation Mass per Serial size metre mm kg 30 203 x 133 25 203 x 102 23 178 x 102 19 152 x 89 16 127 x 76 13 Depth of section D mm 206.8 203.2 203.2 177.8 152.4 127.0 Width of section B mm 133.9 133.2 101.8 101.2 88.7 76.0 Thickness Flange Web t T mm mm 6.4 9.6 5.7 7.8 5.4 9.3 4.8 7.9 4.5 7.7 4.0 7.6

Section factor A/V(Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides

Box 3 sides 4sides

Area of section cm2 38.21 31.97 29.40 24.26 20.32 16.52 m-1 205 245 235 260 270 280 m-1 240 285 270 305 315 325 m-1 145 170 175 190 195 200 m-1 180 210 205 230 235 245

NB - Data on older and other steel sizes can be found on ASFP website/technical section

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

26 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 4: October 2006 Columns (UKC) Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2005

Designation Mass per Serial size metre mm kg 634 551 467 356 x 406 393 340 287 235 202 177 356 x 368 153 129 283 240 198 305 x 305 158 137 118 97 167 132 254 x 254 107 89 73 127 113 100 86 203 x 203 71 60 52 46 51 44 152 x 152 37 30 23 Depth of section D mm 474.6 455.6 436.6 419.0 406.4 393.6 381.0 374.6 368.2 362.0 355.6 365.3 352.5 339.9 327.1 320.5 314.5 307.9 289.1 276.3 266.7 260.3 254.1 241.4 235.0 228.6 222.2 215.8 209.6 206.2 203.2 170.2 166.0 161.8 157.6 152.4 Width of section B mm 424.0 418.5 412.2 407.0 403.0 399.0 394.8 374.7 372.6 370.5 368.6 322.2 318.4 314.5 311.2 309.2 307.4 305.3 265.2 261.3 258.8 256.3 254.6 213.9 212.1 210.3 209.1 206.4 205.8 204.3 203.6 157.4 155.9 154.4 152.9 152.2 Thickness Web Flange t T mm mm 47.6 77.0 42.1 67.5 35.8 58.0 30.6 49.2 26.6 42.9 22.6 36.5 18.4 30.2 16.5 27.0 14.4 23.8 12.3 20.7 10.4 17.5 26.8 44.1 23.0 37.7 19.1 31.4 15.8 25.0 13.8 21.7 12.0 18.7 9.9 15.4 19.2 31.7 15.3 25.3 12.8 20.5 10.3 17.3 8.6 14.2 18.1 30.1 16.3 26.9 14.5 23.7 12.7 20.5 10.0 17.3 9.4 14.2 7.9 12.5 7.2 11.0 11.0 15.7 9.5 13.6 8.0 11.5 6.5 9.4 5.8 6.8

Section factorA/V(Hp/A)
Profile 3 sides 4 sides

Box 3 sides 4sides

Area of section cm2 807.548 701.930 594.909 500.574 433.036 365.708 299.432 257.219 225.506 194.803 164.335 360.426 305.789 252.414 201.364 174.415 150.202 123.448 212.855 168.134 136.381 113.311 93.100 162.00 145.00 127.00 109.636 90.427 76.373 66.282 58.731 65.20 56.10 47.112 38.263 29.245 m-1 25 30 35 40 45 50 65 70 80 90 110 45 50 60 75 85 100 120 60 75 95 110 130 65 75 80 95 110 130 150 170 120 135 160 195 250 m-1 30 35 40 50 55 65 75 85 95 110 130 55 60 75 90 105 120 145 75 90 110 135 160 80 90 100 115 135 160 180 200 145 165 195 235 305 m-1 15 20 20 25 30 30 40 45 50 55 65 30 35 40 50 55 60 75 40 50 60 70 80 45 45 55 60 70 80 95 105 75 85 100 120 155 m-1 20 25 30 35 35 45 50 60 65 75 90 40 45 50 65 70 85 100 50 65 75 90 110 55 60 70 80 95 110 125 140 100 115 135 160 210

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

27 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 5: July 06 JOISTS Dimensions to BS 4 Part 1:1993

Designation Mass per Serial size metre mm kg 203 X 152 52.3 152 X 127 37.3 Depth of section D mm 203.2 152.4 Width of section B mm 152.4 127.0 Thickness Web Flange t T mm mm 8.9 16.5 10.4 13.2

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides

Box 3 sides 4sides

Area of section cm2 66.6 47.5 m-1 115 130 m-1 140 155 m-1 85 90 m-1 105 120

Table 6: October 2006 Parallel Flange Channels Dimensions to BS 4 Part 1: 2005

Designation Mass Serial size per metre mm Kg 430 x100 64.40 380 x 100 54.00 300 x 100 45.50 300 x 90 41.40 260 x 90 34.80 260 x 75 27.60 230 x 90 32.20 230 x 75 25.70 200 x 90 29.70 200 x 75 23.40 180 x 90 26.10 180 x 75 20.30 150 x 90 23.90 150 x 75 17.90 125 x 65 14.80 100 x 50 10.20 Thickness Depth Width Area of of of section section Web Flange section t T D B mm 430 380 300 300 260 260 230 230 200 200 180 180 150 150 125 100 mm 100 100 100 90 90 75 90 75 90 75 90 75 90 75 65 50 mm 11.0 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.5 6.5 7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.0 mm 19.0 17.5 16.5 15.5 14.0 12.0 14.0 12.5 14.0 12.5 12.5 10.5 12.0 10.0 9.5 8.5 cm2 82.09 68.74 58.00 52.78 44.38 35.14 40.97 32.69 37.86 29.87 33.19 25.91 30.41 22.77 18.80 13.00

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides Box 3 sides 4 sides

m-1 135 150 150 160 170 205 170 200 170 200 185 215 180 220 225 255

m-1 95 110 115 120 135 150 140 155 140 160 155 175 160 190 195 215

m-1 75 85 85 90 100 115 100 115 100 115 110 125 110 130 135 155

m-1 150 165 165 175 190 225 195 225 195 225 210 245 210 255 260 295

m-1 115 125 120 130 135 170 135 165 130 160 135 170 130 165 170 190

m-1 75 85 85 90 100 115 100 115 100 115 110 125 110 130 135 155

m-1 75 85 85 90 100 115 100 115 100 115 110 125 110 130 135 155

m-1 130 140 140 150 160 190 155 185 155 185 165 195 160 200 200 230

NB Data on older and other steel sizes can be found on ASFP website / technical section

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

28 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 7: October 2006 Equal Angles (UKA) Dimensions to BS EN 10056-1:1999

Size DxD mm 200 x 200 Thickness t mm 24 20 18 16 18 15 12 10 15 12 10 8 15 12 10 8 12 10 8 7 Mass per metre Kg/m 71.1 59.9 54.2 48.5 40.1 33.8 27.3 23.0 26.6 21.6 18.2 14.7 21.9 17.8 15.0 12.2 15.9 13.4 10.9 9.6 Area of Section cm2 90.6 76.3 69.1 61.8 51.0 43.0 34.8 29.3 33.9 27.5 23.2 18.7 27.9 22.7 19.2 15.5 20.3 17.1 13.9 12.2

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides 3 sides Box 4 sides

150 x 150

120 x 120

100 x 100

90 x 90

m-1 65 75 85 95 85 100 125 150 105 125 150 185 105 130 150 185 130 150 190 215

m-1 85 100 110 125 110 135 165 195 135 165 200 245 135 165 200 245 165 200 245 280

m-1 85 105 115 125 115 135 170 200 140 170 200 250 140 170 205 250 175 205 250 285

m-1 65 80 85 95 90 105 130 155 105 130 155 190 110 130 155 195 135 160 195 220

m-1 90 105 115 130 120 140 170 205 140 175 205 255 145 175 210 260 175 210 260 295

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

29 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 8: October 2006 Unequal Angles (UKA) Dimensions to BS EN 10056-1:1999

Designation Size Thickness DxB t mm mm 18 200 x 15 150 12 15 200 x 12 100 10 15 150 x 12 90 10 15 150 x 12 75 10 12 125 x 10 75 8 12 100 x 10 75 8 10 100 x 8 65 7

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides Box 3 sides 4 sides

Mass per metre kg 47.1 39.6 32.0 33.7 27.3 23.0 26.6 21.6 18.2 24.8 20.2 17.0 17.8 15.0 12.2 15.4 13.0 10.6 12.3 9.9 8.8

Area of section cm2 60.0 50.5 40.8 43.0 34.8 29.2 33.9 27.5 23.2 31.7 25.7 21.7 22.7 19.1 15.5 19.7 16.6 13.5 15.6 12.7 11.2 m-1 115 135 165 135 165 200 135 170 200 135 170 200 170 200 250 170 205 250 205 250 285 m-1 115 135 165 135 165 200 135 170 200 135 170 200 170 200 250 170 205 250 205 250 285 m-1 90 105 130 115 140 165 110 140 165 115 140 170 140 165 205 135 160 200 165 200 230 m-1 80 95 120 90 110 130 95 115 140 90 115 135 115 140 170 125 145 180 140 175 200 m-1 115 135 170 135 170 200 140 170 205 140 170 205 170 205 250 175 205 255 205 255 290 m-1 90 110 135 115 145 170 115 140 170 120 145 175 145 170 210 140 165 205 170 210 235 m-1 85 100 125 95 115 135 95 120 145 95 115 140 120 145 180 125 150 185 145 180 205 m-1 90 110 135 115 145 170 115 140 170 120 145 175 145 170 210 140 165 205 170 210 235 m-1 85 100 125 95 115 135 95 120 145 95 115 140 120 145 180 125 150 185 145 180 205 m-1 115 140 170 140 170 205 140 175 205 140 175 210 175 210 260 180 210 260 210 260 295

NB Data on older and other steel sections can be found on ASFP website/technical section

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

30 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 9: October 2006 Tees (UKT) Split from UK Beams Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2005
Serial size mm 254 x 343 305 x 305 Web Width of Mass per Depth of thicknes Area of section metre section D s section B t kg mm mm mm cm2 62.6 253.0 338.9 11.7 79.73 119.0 311.4 317.9 18.4 152 89.5 307.1 310.0 14.1 114.03 74.6 304.8 306.1 11.8 95.01 69.9 230.2 308.5 13.1 89.08 62.5 229.0 306.0 11.9 79.66 56.5 228.2 303.7 11.1 71.96 50.6 227.6 301.2 10.5 64.45 50.1 179.2 303.7 11.3 63.9 46.1 178.8 301.5 10.9 58.7 40.9 177.9 299.3 10.0 52.1 136.7 320.2 288.8 21.1 174 109.4 317.4 280.4 18.3 139 90.7 314.5 275.6 15.2 116 75.3 312.0 271.5 12.7 95.9 69.1 213.9 274.5 14.7 23.6 61.0 211.9 272.2 12.7 77.69 54.5 210.8 269.7 11.6 69.43 50.5 210.0 268.3 10.8 64.33 46.0 209.3 266.5 10.1 58.68 41.1 208.8 264.1 9.6 52.34 42.3 166.5 267.1 10.3 54.0 37.4 165.9 264.5 9.7 47.6 32.8 165.1 262.4 8.9 41.9 80.7 199.4 246.0 18.0 103 66.6 196.7 240.3 15.3 84.9 52.9 194.0 234.6 12.6 67.4 49.1 192.8 233.5 11.4 62.62 44.6 191.9 231.6 10.5 58.87 41.0 191.3 229.9 9.9 52.23 37.1 190.4 228.4 9.0 47.31 33.5 189.9 226.6 8.5 42.75 41.0 155.3 232.8 10.5 52.26 37.1 154.4 230.9 9.6 47.23 33.6 153.8 228.9 9.0 42.77

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides Box 3 sides 4 sides

229 x 305

178 x 305

312 x 267

210 x 267

165 x 267

191 x 229

152 x 229

m-1 115 60 80 95 95 105 115 125 120 130 145 50 60 75 90 85 95 105 115 125 140 130 145 160 65 80 95 105 115 125 135 150 115 130 140

m-1 145 80 105 125 120 130 145 160 150 160 180 70 85 100 120 110 120 135 145 160 175 155 175 200 85 100 125 135 145 160 175 190 145 160 175

m-1 145 80 105 125 120 135 145 160 150 160 180 70 85 100 120 110 125 135 145 160 180 160 180 200 85 100 125 135 145 160 175 195 145 160 175

m-1 115 60 80 95 95 105 115 130 125 135 150 50 65 75 90 85 95 110 115 125 140 130 145 165 65 80 100 105 115 125 135 150 120 130 145

m-1 115 60 80 95 95 105 115 130 125 135 150 50 65 75 120 85 95 110 115 125 140 130 145 165 65 80 100 105 115 125 135 150 120 130 145

m-1 150 85 110 130 120 135 150 165 150 165 185 70 85 100 120 110 125 140 150 160 180 160 180 205 85 105 125 135 150 160 175 195 150 165 180

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

31 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 9: October 2006 Tees (UKT) Split from UK Beams Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2005
Serial size mm 152 x 229 Web Width of Mass per Depth of thicknes Area of section metre section D s section B t kg mm mm mm cm2 29.9 152.9 227.2 8.1 38.11 26.1 152.4 224.8 7.6 33.31 42.6 181.9 208.6 10.9 54.3 37.1 179.5 206.3 9.5 47.24 33.5 178.8 204.6 8.8 42.76 30.0 177.9 203.1 7.9 38.25 27.0 177.7 201.2 7.7 34.47 26.6 143.3 203.3 7.9 34.0 23.0 142.2 201.5 6.8 29.31 19.5 141.8 198.9 6.4 24.82 33.5 173.2 181.6 9.1 42.74 28.5 172.2 178.9 8.1 36.27 25.5 171.5 177.4 7.4 32.44 22.5 171.1 175.6 7.0 28.66 19.5 126.0 176.6 6.6 24.88 16.5 125.4 174.4 6.0 21.06 27.0 166.9 155.1 7.9 34.38 23.0 165.7 153.2 6.7 29.37 20.1 165.0 151.6 6.0 25.65 24.0 125.3 155.4 9.0 30.61 20.9 124.3 153.5 8.0 26.69 18.5 123.4 152.1 7.1 23.58 16.4 102.4 156.3 6.6 20.91 14.1 101.8 154.3 6.0 17.93 12.4 101.6 152.5 5.8 15.80 21.5 147.3 129.7 7.2 27.38 18.5 146.4 127.9 6.3 23.58 15.5 146.1 125.6 6.0 19.83 14.1 102.2 130.1 6.3 18.03 12.6 101.9 128.5 6.0 16.01 11.0 101.6 126.9 5.7 14.00 15.0 133.9 103.3 6.4 19.10 12.5 133.2 101.5 5.7 15.98

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile 3 sides 4 sides Box 3 sides 4 sides

178 x 203

140 x 203

171 x 178

127 x 178 165 x 152

127 x 152

102 x 152

146 x 127

102 x 127 133 x 102

m-1 155 180 110 125 135 150 165 160 185 215 125 145 160 180 190 220 135 160 180 140 160 180 195 225 255 145 170 195 195 220 250 175 205

m-1 195 220 140 160 175 195 215 200 230 270 160 190 210 235 235 280 185 210 240 180 200 225 240 280 315 195 225 270 250 280 320 240 285

m-1 195 225 140 160 175 195 215 200 230 270 165 190 210 240 240 280 185 215 245 180 205 230 245 280 320 200 230 270 255 285 320 245 290

m-1 160 180 110 125 140 155 170 160 185 215 125 145 160 180 195 225 140 160 185 140 160 180 200 230 255 150 170 200 200 225 255 180 210

m-1 160 180 110 125 140 155 170 160 185 215 125 145 160 180 195 225 140 160 185 140 160 180 200 230 255 150 170 200 200 225 255 180 210

m-1 200 225 145 165 180 200 220 205 235 275 165 195 215 240 245 285 185 215 245 185 210 235 245 285 320 200 235 275 260 290 325 250 295

NB Data on older and other steel sections can be found on ASFP website/technical section

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

32 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

TABLE 10: October 2006 Structural Tees Split from UK Columns Dimensions to BS4 Part 1:2006
Serial size mm 305 x 152 Width of Depth of Web Mass per Area of section section thickness metre section B D t kg mm mm mm cm2 79.0 311.2 163.5 15.8 100.67 68.4 309.2 160.2 13.8 87.20 58.9 307.4 157.2 12.0 75.10 48.4 305.3 153.9 9.9 61.72 83.5 265.2 1144.5 19.2 106 66.0 261.3 138.1 15.3 84.06 53.5 258.8 133.3 12.8 68.18 44.4 256.3 130.1 10.3 56.65 36.5 254.6 127.0 8.6 46.55 63.7 213.9 120.7 18.1 81.2 56.7 212.1 117.5 16.3 72.3 49.8 210.3 114.3 14.5 63.4 43.0 209.1 111.0 12.7 54.81 35.5 206.4 107.8 10.0 45.20 30.0 205.8 104.7 9.4 38.18 26.0 204.3 103.0 7.9 33.13 23.0 203.6 101.5 7.2 29.36 25.6 157.4 85.1 11.0 32.6 22.0 155.9 83.0 9.5 28.0 18.5 154.4 80.8 8.0 23.55 15.0 152.9 78.7 6.5 19.12 11.5 152.2 76.1 5.8 14.62

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile
3 sides 4 sides

Box
3 sides 4 sides

254 x 127

203 x 102

152 x 76

m-1 60 70 80 95 50 65 75 90 105 55 60 70 75 90 105 120 135 100 110 130 160 205

m-1 90 105 120 145 75 90 110 135 160 80 90 100 115 135 160 180 200 145 165 195 235 305

m-1 95 105 120 145 75 95 115 135 160 80 90 100 115 135 160 185 205 145 170 195 240 310

m-1 65 70 85 100 50 65 75 90 110 55 60 70 80 95 110 125 140 100 115 135 160 210

m-1 65 70 85 100 50 65 75 90 110 55 60 70 80 95 110 125 140 100 115 135 180 210

m-1 95 110 125 150 75 95 115 135 165 80 90 100 115 140 165 185 210 150 170 200 240 310

TABLE 11: July 06 ROLLED TEES

NOTE: Whilst this ASFP publication has previously included listings for 4 sizes of rolled tees we are informed by Corus Construction & Industrial Division that rolled tees are no longer available from their current manufacturing facilities

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

33 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 12: October 2006 Circular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H
Wall Area of Outside Mass per thickness the diameter metre t section a mm mm Kg/m cm2 2.6 1.20 1.53 21.3 2.9 1.32 1.68 3.2 1.43 1.82 2.6 1.56 1.98 26.9 2.9 1.72 2.19 3.2 1.87 2.38 2.6 1.99 2.54 2.9 2.20 2.81 33.7 3.2 2.41 3.07 3.6 2.67 3.40 4.0 2.93 3.73 2.6 2.55 3.25 2.9 2.82 3.60 3.2 3.09 3.94 42.4 3.6 3.44 4.39 4.0 3.79 4.83 5.0 4.61 5.87 2.9 3.25 4.14 3.2 3.56 4.53 48.3 3.6 3.97 5.06 4.0 4.37 5.57 5.0 5.34 6.80 2.9 4.11 5.23 3.2 4.51 5.74 60.3 3.6 5.03 6.41 4.0 5.55 7.07 5.0 6.82 8.69 2.9 5.24 6.67 3.2 5.75 7.33 3.6 6.44 8.20 76.1 4.0 7.11 9.06 5.0 8.77 11.2 6.3 10.80 13.8 2.9 6.15 7.84 3.2 6.76 8.62 3.6 7.57 9.65 88.9 4.0 8.38 10.7 5.0 10.3 13.2 6.3 12.8 16.3 table continued overleaf
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Table 13:Oct 06 Square Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile or box

3 sides

4 sides

440 400 370 425 385 355 415 375 345 310 285 410 370 340 305 275 230 365 335 300 270 225 360 330 295 270 220 358 325 290 265 215 175 355 325 290 260 210 170

m-1

440 400 370 425 385 355 415 375 345 310 285 410 370 340 305 275 230 365 335 300 270 225 360 330 295 270 220 358 325 290 265 215 175 355 325 290 260 210 170

Designation Size Wall Area of Mass per D x D thickness the metre t section a mm mm Kg/m cm2 3.0 3.41 4.34 3.2 3.61 4.60 40 x 40 3.6 4.01 5.10 4.0 4.39 5.59 5.0 5.28 6.73 3.0 4.35 5.54 3.2 4.62 5.88 3.6 5.14 6.54 50 x 50 4.0 5.64 7.19 5.0 6.85 8.73 6.3 8.31 10.6 3.0 5.29 6.74 3.2 5.62 7.16 3.6 6.27 7.98 60 x 60 4.0 6.90 8.79 5.0 8.42 10.7 6.3 10.3 13.1 8.0 12.5 16.0 3.0 6.24 7.94 3.2 6.63 8.44 3.6 7.40 9.42 70 x 70 4.0 8.15 10.4 5.0 9.99 12.7 6.3 12.3 15.6 8.0 15.0 19.2 3.0 7.18 9.14 3.2 7.63 9.72 3.6 8.53 10.9 80 x 80 4.0 9.41 12.0 5.0 11.6 14.7 6.3 14.2 18.1 8.0 17.5 22.4 3.6 9.66 12.3 4.0 10.7 13.6 90 x 90 5.0 13.1 16.7 6.3 16.2 20.7 8.0 20.1 25.6 100 x 100 3.6 10.8 13.7 4.0 11.9 15.2 table continued overleaf

m-1 275 260 235 215 180 270 255 230 210 175 140 270 250 225 205 170 140 115 265 250 225 205 165 135 110 265 250 220 200 165 135 110 220 200 160 130 105 220 200

m-1 370 350 315 290 240 365 340 305 280 230 190 360 335 300 275 225 185 150 355 335 300 270 220 180 145 350 330 295 270 220 180 145 295 265 215 175 140 295 265

34 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 12: October 2006 Circular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H
Wall Area of Outside Mass per thickness the diameter metre t section a mm mm Kg/m cm2 3.2 8.77 11.2 114.3 3.6 9.83 12.5 4.0 10.9 13.9 114.3 5.0 13.5 17.2 6.3 16.8 21.4 3.2 10.8 13.7 3.6 12.1 15.4 4.0 13.4 17.1 139.7 5.0 16.6 21.2 6.3 20.7 26.4 8.0 26.0 33.1 10.0 32.0 40.7 5.0 20.1 25.7 6.3 25.2 32.1 168.3 8.0 31.6 40.3 10.0 39.0 49.7 12.5 48.0 61.2 5.0 23.3 29.6 6.3 29.1 37.1 193.7 8.0 36.6 46.7 10.0 45.3 57.7 12.5 55.9 71.2 5.0 26.4 33.6 6.3 33.1 42.1 8.0 41.6 53.1 219.1 10.0 51.6 65.7 12.5 63.7 81.1 14.2 71.8 91.4 16.0 80.1 102 5.0 29.5 37.6 6.3 37.0 47.1 8.0 46.7 59.4 244.5 10.0 57.8 73.7 12.5 71.5 91.1 14.2 80.6 103 16.0 90.2 115 5.0 33.0 42.1 6.3 41.4 52.8 273 8.0 52.3 66.6 10.0 64.9 82.6 table continued overleaf
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Table 13:Oct 06 Square Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile or box

3 sides

4 sides

320 285 260 210 170 320 285 255 205 165 135 110 205 165 130 105 85 205 165 130 105 85 205 165 130 105 85 75 65 205 165 130 105 85 75 65 205 160 130 105

m-1

320 285 260 210 170 320 285 255 205 165 135 110 205 165 130 105 85 205 165 130 105 85 205 165 130 105 85 75 65 205 165 130 105 85 75 65 205 160 130 105

Designation Size Wall Area of Mass per D x D thickness the metre t section a mm mm Kg/m cm2 5.0 14.7 18.7 100 x 100 6.3 18.2 23.2 8.0 22.6 28.8 100 x 100 10.0 27.4 34.9 4.0 14.4 18.4 5.0 17.8 22.7 6.3 22.2 28.2 120 x 120 8.0 27.6 35.2 10.0 33.7 42.9 12.5 40.9 52.1 5.0 21.0 26.7 6.3 26.1 33.3 140x 140 8.0 32.6 41.6 10.0 40.0 50.9 12.5 48.7 62.1 5.0 22.6 28.7 6.3 28.1 35.8 8.0 35.1 44.8 150 x 150 10.0 43.1 54.9 12.5 52.7 67.1 16.00 65.2 83.0 5.0 24.1 30.7 6.3 30.1 38.3 8.0 37.6 48.0 160 x 160 10.0 46.3 58.9 12.5 56.6 72.1 14.2 63.3 80.7 16.0 70.2 89.4 5.0 27.3 34.7 6.3 34.0 43.3 8.0 42.7 54.4 180 x 180 10.0 52.5 66.9 12.5 64.4 82.1 14.2 72.2 92.0 16.0 80.2 102 200 x 200 5.0 30.4 38.7 6.3 38.0 48.4 8.0 47.7 60.8 10.0 58.8 74.9 12.5 72.3 92.1 table continued overleaf

m-1 160 130 104 90 195 160 130 105 85 70 160 130 100 85 70 160 125 100 85 70 55 160 125 100 85 70 60 55 155 125 100 80 65 60 55 155 125 100 85 65

m-1 215 175 140 115 260 215 170 140 115 95 210 170 135 110 90 210 170 135 110 90 75 210 170 135 110 90 80 75 210 170 135 110 90 80 70 210 165 135 110 90

35 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 12: October 2006 Circular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H
Wall Area of Outside Mass per thickness the diameter metre t section a mm mm Kg/m cm2 12.5 80.3 102 273 14.2 90.6 115 16.0 101 129 323.9 5.0 39.3 50.1 6.3 49.3 62.9 8.0 62.3 79.4 10.0 77.4 98.6 323.9 12.5 96.0 122 14.2 108 138 16.0 121 155 6.3 54.3 69.1 8.0 68.6 87.4 10.0 85.2 109 355.6 12.5 106 135 14.2 120 152 16.0 134 171 6.3 62.2 79.2 8.0 78.6 100 10.0 97.8 125 406.4 12.5 121 155 14.2 137 175 16.0 154 196 6.3 70.0 89.2 8.0 88.6 113 10.0 110 140 457 12.5 137 175 14.2 155 198 16.0 174 222 6.3 77.9 99.3 8.0 98.6 126 10.0 123 156 508.0 12.5 153 195 14.2 173 220 16.0 194 247

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Table 13:Oct 06 Square Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

Profile or box

3 sides

4 sides

85 75 65 205 160 130 105 85 75 65 160 130 100 85 75 65 160 130 100 80 75 65 160 130 105 80 75 65 160 125 100 80 75 65

m-1

85 75 65 205 160 130 105 85 75 65 160 130 100 85 75 65 160 130 100 80 75 65 160 130 105 80 75 65 160 125 100 80 75 65

Designation Size Wall Area of Mass per D x D thickness the metre t section a mm mm Kg/m cm2 14.2 81.1 103 200 x 200 16.0 90.3 115 5.0 38.3 48.7 250 x 250 6.3 47.9 61.0 8.0 60.3 76.8 10.0 74.5 94.9 250 x 250 12.5 91.9 117 14.2 103 132 16.0 115 147 6.3 49.9 63.5 8.0 62.8 80.0 10.0 77.7 98.9 260 x 260 12.5 95.8 122 14.2 108 137 16.0 120 153 6.3 57.8 73.6 8.0 72.8 92.8 10.0 90.2 115 300 x 300 12.5 112 142 14.2 126 160 16.0 141 179 8.0 85.4 109 10.0 106 135 350 x 350 12.5 131 167 14.2 148 189 16.0 166 211 8.0 97.9 125 10.0 122 155 12.5 151 192 400 x 400 14.2 170 217 16.0 191 243 20.0 235 300

m-1 60 55 155 125 100 80 65 60 55 125 100 80 65 60 55 125 100 80 65 60 50 100 80 65 55 50 100 80 65 55 50 40

m-1 80 70 205 165 130 105 85 75 70 165 130 105 85 75 70 165 130 105 85 75 70 130 105 85 75 70 130 105 85 75 70 55

NB Data on older and other steel sections can be found on ASFP website/technical section

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

36 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 14: 2006 Rectangular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Designation Size D x B Thickness t mm mm 3.0 3.2 50 x 30 3.6 4.0 5.0 3.0 3.2 3.6 60 x 40 4.0 5.0 6.3 3.0 3.2 3.6 80 x 40 4.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 3.0 3.2 3.6 90 x 50 4.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 3.0 3.2 3.6 4.0 100 x 50 5.0 6.3 8.0 10.0 3.0 3.2 3.6 100 x 60 4.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 3.6 4.0 5.0 120 x 60 6.3 8.0 10.0
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

3 sides

4 sides

Mass per metre Kg 3.41 3.61 4.01 4.39 5.28 4.35 4.62 5.14 5.64 6.85 8.31 5.29 5.62 6.27 6.90 8.42 10.3 12.5 6.24 6.63 7.40 8.15 9.99 12.3 15.0 6.71 7.13 7.96 8.78 10.8 13.3 16.3 19.6 7.18 7.63 8.53 9.41 11.6 14.2 17.5 9.66 10.7 13.1 16.2 20.1 24.3

Area of the section cm2 4.34 4.60 5.10 5.59 6.73 5.54 5.88 6.54 7.19 8.73 10.6 6.74 7.16 7.98 8.79 10.7 13.1 16.0 7.94 8.44 9.42 10.4 12.7 15.6 19.2 8.54 9.08 10.1 11.2 13.7 16.9 20.8 24.9 9.14 9.72 10.9 12.0 14.7 18.1 22.4 12.3 13.6 16.7 20.7 25.6 30.9
37 VOL 1: SECTION 1

m-1 300 285 255 235 195 290 275 245 225 185 150 300 280 250 230 190 155 125 290 275 245 225 185 150 120 295 275 250 225 185 150 120 100 285 270 240 220 180 145 120 245 220 180 145 120 100

m-1 255 240 215 200 165 255 240 215 195 160 135 240 225 200 185 150 125 100 240 225 205 185 150 125 100 235 220 200 180 150 120 100 80 240 230 205 185 150 125 100 195 180 145 120 95 80

m-1 370 350 315 290 240 365 340 305 280 230 190 360 335 300 275 225 185 150 355 335 300 270 220 180 150 355 330 300 270 220 180 145 120 350 330 295 270 220 180 145 300 265 215 175 140 120

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 14: 2006 Rectangular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Designation Size D x B Thickness t mm mm 3.6 4.0 5.0 120 x 80 6.3 8.0 10.0 4.0 5.0 6.3 150 x 100 8.0 10.0 12.5 4.0 5.0 6.3 150 x 125 8.0 10.0 12.5 4.0 5.0 6.3 160 x 80 8.0 10.0 12.5 5.0 6.3 8.0 200 x 100 10.0 12.5 16.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 200 x 120 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 200 x 150 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 5.0 250 x 100 6.3 8.0
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

3 sides

4 sides

Mass per metre Kg 10.8 11.9 14.7 18.2 22.6 27.4 15.1 18.6 23.1 28.9 35.3 42.8 16.6 20.6 25.6 32.0 39.2 47.7 14.4 17.8 22.2 27.6 33.7 40.9 22.6 28.1 35.1 43.1 52.7 65.2 24.1 30.1 37.6 46.3 56.6 63.3 70.2 26.5 33.0 41.4 51.0 62.5 70.0 77.7 26.5 33.0 41.4

Area of the section cm2 13.7 15.2 18.7 23.2 28.8 34.9 19.2 23.7 29.5 36.8 44.9 54.6 21.2 26.2 32.6 40.8 49.9 60.8 18.4 22.7 28.2 35.2 42.9 52.1 28.7 35.8 44.8 54.9 67.1 83.0 30.7 38.3 48.0 58.9 72.1 80.7 89.4 33.7 42.1 52.8 64.9 79.6 89.2 99.0 33.7 42.1 52.8
38 VOL 1: SECTION 1

m-1 235 210 175 140 115 95 210 170 135 110 90 75 200 165 130 105 85 70 220 180 145 115 95 80 175 140 110 95 75 60 170 140 110 90 75 65 60 165 135 105 80 70 65 55 180 145 115

m-1 205 185 150 120 100 80 185 150 120 95 80 65 190 155 125 100 80 70 175 145 115 95 75 65 140 115 90 75 60 50 145 115 95 75 65 55 50 150 120 95 80 65 60 55 135 110 85

m-1 295 265 215 175 140 115 260 215 170 135 115 95 260 210 170 135 110 90 260 215 170 140 115 95 210 170 135 110 90 75 210 170 135 110 90 80 75 210 170 135 110 90 80 70 210 170 135

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 14: 2006 Rectangular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Designation Size D x B Thickness t mm mm 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 5.0 6.3 250 x 150 8.0 10.0 12.5 250 x 150 14.2 16.0 10.0 250 x 200 12.5 14.2 5.0 6.3 8.0 260 x 140 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 300 x 100 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 8.0 10.0 300 x 150 12.5 14.2 16.0 5.0 6.3 8.0 300 x 200 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 6.3 8.0 10.0 300 x 250 12.5 14.2 16.0 350 x 150 6.3
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

3 sides

4 sides

Mass per metre Kg 51.0 62.5 70.0 77.7 30.4 38.0 47.7 58.8 72.3 81.1 90.3 66.7 82.1 92.3 30.4 38.0 47.7 58.8 72.3 81.1 90.3 30.4 38.0 47.7 58.8 72.3 81.1 90.3 54.0 66.7 82.1 92.3 103 38.3 47.9 60.3 74.5 91.9 103 115 52.8 66.5 82.4 102 115 128 47.9

Area of the section cm2 64.9 79.6 89.2 99.0 38.7 48.4 60.8 74.9 92.1 103 115 84.9 105 118 38.7 48.4 60.8 74.9 92.1 103 115 38.7 48.4 60.8 74.9 92.1 103 115 68.8 84.9 105 118 131 48.7 61.0 76.8 94.9 117 132 147 67.3 84.8 105 130 146 163 61.0
39 VOL 1: SECTION 1

m-1 95 75 70 65 170 135 110 90 75 65 60 85 70 60 170 140 110 90 75 65 60 180 145 115 95 80 70 65 110 90 75 65 60 165 135 105 85 70 60 55 130 100 85 65 60 55 140

m-1 70 60 50 45 145 115 90 75 60 55 50 80 65 55 140 115 90 75 60 55 50 130 105 85 70 55 50 45 90 70 60 55 50 145 115 95 75 60 55 50 120 95 80 65 55 50 110

m-1 110 90 80 70 210 165 135 110 90 80 70 110 90 80 210 165 135 110 90 80 70 210 165 135 110 90 80 70 130 110 90 80 70 205 165 130 105 85 75 70 165 130 105 85 75 70 165

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 14: 2006 Rectangular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Designation Size D x B Thickness t mm mm 8.0 10.0 12.5 14.2 16.0 6.3 350 x 250 8.0 10.0 12.5 350 x 250 14.2 16.0 400 x 120 6.3 8.0 10.0 400 x 120 12.5 14.2 16.0 6.3 8.0 10.0 400 x 150 12.5 14.2 16.0 6.3 8.0 10.0 400 x 200 12.5 14.2 16.0 8.0 10.0 400 x 300 12.5 14.2 16.0 8.0 10.0 450 x 250 12.5 14.2 16.0 8.0 10.0 500 x 200 12.5 14.2 16.0 8.0 500 x 300 10.0 12.5
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

3 sides

4 sides

Mass per metre Kg 60.3 74.5 91.9 103 115 57.8 72.8 90.2 112 126 141 49.9 62.8 77.7 95.8 108 120 52.8 66.5 82.4 102 115 128 57.8 72.8 90.2 112 126 141 85.4 106 131 148 166 85.4 106 131 148 166 85.4 106 131 148 166 97.9 122 151

Area of the section cm2 76.8 94.9 117 132 147 73.6 92.8 115 142 160 179 63.5 80.0 98.9 122 137 153 67.3 84.8 105 130 146 163 73.6 92.8 115 142 160 179 109 135 167 189 211 109 135 167 189 211 109 135 167 189 211 125 155 192
40 VOL 1: SECTION 1

m-1 110 90 75 65 60 130 105 85 70 60 55 145 115 95 75 70 65 145 115 90 75 65 60 140 110 90 70 65 60 105 85 70 60 55 105 85 70 65 55 110 90 75 65 60 105 85 70

m-1 85 70 55 50 45 115 95 75 60 55 50 100 80 65 55 50 45 105 85 70 55 50 45 110 90 70 60 50 45 95 75 60 55 50 90 70 60 50 45 85 70 55 50 45 90 75 60

m-1 130 105 85 75 70 165 130 105 85 75 70 165 130 105 85 80 70 165 130 105 85 75 70 165 130 105 85 75 70 130 105 85 75 70 130 105 85 75 70 130 105 85 75 70 130 105 85

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 14: 2006 Rectangular Hollow Sections Dimensions to EN 10210 S355J2H

Designation Size D x B Thickness t mm mm 14.2 16.0 20.0 Mass per metre Kg 170 191 235 Area of the section cm2 217 243 300

Section factor A/V (Hp/A)

3 sides

4 sides

m-1 60 55 45

m-1 50 45 40

m-1 75 70 55

NB Data on older and other steel sections can be found on ASFP website/technical section

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

41 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

Table 15: July 06 CASTELLATED SECTIONS

Castellated Universal Beams Serial size Original Castellated mm mm 914 x 419 1371 x 419 Mass per metre kg 388 343 289 253 224 201 226 194 176 197 173 147 170 152 140 125 238 179 149 140 125 113 101 122 109 101 92 82 98 89 82 74 67 Castellated Universal Beams (continued) Serial size Original Castellated mm mm Mass per metre kg 82 74 67 60 52 74 67 60 54 46 39 67 57 51 45 39 33 54 46 40 48 42 37 33 28 25 43 37 31 28 25 22 30 25 Castellated Universal Columns Serial size Original Castellated mm mm Mass per metre kg 634 551 467 393 340 287 235 202 177 153 129 283 240 198 158 137 118 97 167 132 107 89 73 86 71 60 52 46 37 30 23

457 x 152 686 x 152

914 x 305 1371 x 305

356 x 406 546 x 406

838 x 292 1257 x 292

406 x 178 609 x 178

356 x 368 534 x 368

762 x 267 1143 x 267

406 x 140 609 x 140

356 x 171 534 x 171

686 x 254 1029 x 254

305 x 305 458 x 305

356 x 127 534 x 127 305 x 165 458 x 165

610 x 305 915 x 305

610 x 229 915 x 229

254 x 254 381 x 254

305 x 127 458 x 127

305 x 102 458 x 102

533 x 210 800 x 210

203 x 203 305 x 203

254 x 146 381 x 146

152 x 152 228 x 152

457 x 191 686 x 191

254 x 102 381 x 102 203 x 133 305 x 133

Cellular beams To accommodate building service within the beam depth, steel beams are now available with a variety of web apertures, to form cellular and castellated beams. Whilst hexagonal, rectangular and elongated lozenge shaped apertures are available, circular apertures are the most common. A mixture of such aperture shapes is also possible. See Section 6.

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

42 VOL 1: SECTION 1

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

2.

STRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING

Many structural design codes now include fire resistant design. In the UK the relevant design code is BS 5950 Part 8: 2003 and is called Code of practice for fire resistant design. In the Eurocodes, EC3 is the design code for steel and EC4 is the code for composite steel and concrete structures. The fire resistant design parts of these codes is Part 1.2 (EN 1993-1-2 and EN1994-1-2). All these codes cover the design of a number of types of steel element and include the calculation of the temperatures of fire protected steel. The guidance of ENV 13381-4 is recommended. An important feature of these codes is that they introduce the concept of a variable steel failure temperature - the limiting steel temperature before the critical failure temperature is reached. All Eurocodes have National Annexes. These are official national deviations from the published codes and for EC3 -1-2 and EC4 1-2 these are expected to be published during 2007. A National Annex normally contains small changes to safety factors to bring the Eurocode in line with existing national standards. They also contain guidance on the use of Informative Annexes. Section 8.3.1 of BS 5950-8 states that where recommendations (for limiting temperatures) are made when factored loads for the fire limit state differ from those applied in the tests they should be prepared by a suitably qualified person For the purpose of assessing the thickness of fire protection materials, a detailed knowledge of these codes is not required but the basic concepts are explained below. 2.1 Strength of steel at elevated temperature

As steel is heated it will gain strength up to a temperature of about 200C and then, on further heating, lose strength. It melts at about 1600C. The variation of strength retention factor with temperature for the normal structural steels S275 to S355 at strain(%) of 1.5 is given in Table 16. The effect of the initial gain in strength is normally ignored. The values given are taken from BS 5950-8: 2003. For other grades expert advice should be sought. However, for stainless steel the data may be used as it loses strength more slowly with increasing temperature. In all design there is a built in factor of safety, based on strength, of at least 1.5 and for various reasons designers may chose to use a higher factor. In fire, it is permissible to reduce this factor to 1.0, or less, and thus, a steel element (beam or column) will be able to resist the applied loads at temperatures in excess of 500C. The exact temperature will depend on the type of element and the initial cold factor of safety.

Table 16 Variation of the effective yield strength factor of normal structural steels with temperature
Temperature (C) Effective yield strength factor 20 1.00 100 1.00 200 1.00 300 1.00 400 0.956 500 0.756 600 0.460 700 0.223 800 0.108

Note: The factors are applied to the cold strength of the steel to obtain the elevated temperature strength. For example, at 600C the effective yield strength of S275 steel is 0.46 x 275 = 126.5 N/mm2 2.2 Load ratio

BS 5950-8 uses the concept of load ratio as a measure of the applied load that a member can resist at the time of a fire. The Eurocodes use a similar concept of load level. The load ratio is defined as:

Load ratio

Load or moment at time of fire Member strength at 20C

The load ratio can be seen as the ratio of the factors of safety for fire and normal design. If the factor of safety used for the original, cold, design was, say, 1.7 and the factor for fire was 1.0, then the load ratio would be 1/1.7, i.e. 0.59. Often, the permitted factor of safety for fire design is less than unity, in which case, the load ratio, in the example, might be less than 0.59. This would arise because BS 5950-8 allows the imposed load on floors to be reduced to 80% of the nominal value in many cases and the Eurocodes allow the imposed load to be reduced to 50%. These reductions in loading can be justified using statistical evidence of actual measured imposed floor loading.
Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk 43 VOL 1: SECTION 2 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

The load ratio is a useful concept because it allows different size elements to be considered in the same way. A 200 mm deep beam will fail at approximately the same temperature as a 400mm deep beam if they are both working at the same load ratio. In practical designs the load ratio will vary from 0.45 to 0.55. Load ratios much higher than 0.6 are very rare although the maximum value could be as high as 0.7 for an element carrying purely the dead weight of the structure! For a given load or stress level, the maximum permitted temperature is termed the critical temperature in the Eurocodes and the limiting temperature in BS 5950-8. The appraisal of the limiting or critical temperature of any member should be only be carried out by a qualified engineer [registered with the UK Engineering Council] and will normally be made by the consulting engineer for the job. In essence, the steel member will function satisfactorily at the limiting temperature but fail at higher temperatures. For illustrative purposes only, the load ratios and limiting temperatures for columns and laterally restrained beams supporting concrete slabs or composite slabs (the most common type in multistorey buildings) are given in Table 17. The data is extracted from Table 8 of BS 5950-8:2003. Also see more detail in Section 1.5.2

Table 17: Limiting temperature for columns and beams

Description of member Typical column in compression in multistorey building Non-composite beam supporting concrete slabs or composite slabs in multistorey building Composite beams supporting concrete or composite slabs, with 100% shear connection Limiting temperature (C) for a load ratio of: 0.7 510 590 0.6 540 620 0.5 580 650 0.4 615 680 0.3 655 725 0.2 710 780

550

580

610

645

685

740

NOTE - SCI 4 November 1997 The existing temperatures of 550C and 620C are acceptable for most circumstances, but they are not always conservative. A suitable statement must be provided in all contracts and quotations

2.3

Composite beams and voids

When a composite beam is constructed using a profiled steel deck, a potential void is created between the deck and the top flange of the beam. With open trapezoidal steel decks this void is comparatively large and could be 180mm wide and 60mm high. With a closed dovetail deck the void is much smaller with an opening of between 12 and 15mm. In the case of the open trapezoidal deck the fire resistance of the composite beam may be reduced because of the effects of additional heat entering the steel beam through the top surface of the flange. The effect of filling or not filling voids was investigated by SCI and ASFP and others in a series of fire tests NEWMAN, G.M., LAWSON, R. M. Technical Report: The fire resistance of composite beams Steel Construction Institute, P109, 1991. Although it is very rare for a steel beam supporting a composite floor slab not to be designed to act compositely with the floor slab, a fire protection contractor will normally not be able to tell whether a beam is composite simply by visual inspection. In a finished beam, the shear connectors will be covered by the floor slab and so the contractor will have to obtain confirmation from an appropriate engineer. Recommendations were prepared by SCI on situations when voids could be left unfilled. This was published separately by SCI and ASFP. The guidance was originally based on the protection thickness for the beam being nd taken from the 2 Edition (Revised) of this publication and was based on limiting temperatures of either 550C or 620C. When the void above a composite beam is left unfilled two effects occur. Firstly, the rate at which heat enters the section is increased. The temperatures of all parts of the section are increased, although the increase on the bottom flange is small. Secondly, the increased temperatures cause the section to lose strength at a faster rate. These two effects can both be expressed in terms of a temperature increase compared to a protected beam with filled voids carrying the same loading. For 60 minutes fire resistance the effective increase is approximately 70C and for 90 minutes the effective increase is 90C. These increases should be subtracted from the temperature,
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based on load carrying capacity, in assessing the fire protection requirements. Thus, if based on BS 5950-8 the limiting temperature is 630C, a beam with unfilled voids should be considered to be at 560C for 60 minutes or 540C for 90 minutes fire resistance. This analysis has been carried out for beams with a high degree of shear connection and is conservative for beams designed with a low degree of shear connection. The temperature modifications are appropriate to both passive and reactive types of fire protection. The existing guidance states that if the fire protection is based on a steel temperature of 550C (for 60 minutes) then no increase in fire protection thickness is required. A beam with unfilled voids will actually be at a temperature of 550C plus 70C, i.e. 620C. From BS 5950-8: 2003, the load ratio for offices at 610C is 0.5. For buildings with largely non-permanent loading (See 1.5) this level of loading is almost never exceeded so, no increase in fire protection is required. Voids at compartment walls Voids must ordinarily be filled on beams that are part of a compartment wall otherwise the integrity and insulation criteria of the wall will be breached. Voids may only be left unfilled on beams that do not form part of a compartment wall. For decks with the profile running parallel to beams no special recommendations are made for spray applied materials but, for board protection, the boards should be taken past the edge of the flange to abut the underside of the deck.

Table 18: Recommendations for beams assessed at 550C or 620C (using section 1 of this publication) This table is subject to the scope of the SCI report P109 as referenced in Clause 2.3 above. Trapezoidal deck
Beam type Fire protection on beam Up to 60 Composite Materials assessed at 550C No increase in thickness Increase thickness by 20 % or assess thickness using A/V increased by 30%* Fire resistance (minutes) 90 Increase thickness by 10 % or assess thickness using A/V increased by 15%* Increase thickness by 30 % or assess thickness using A/V increased by 50%* Fill voids above the flange * The least onerous option may be used For cellular beams - refer to manufacturers specific data and see Sections 6.1 and 6.2 Over 90 Fill voids

Composite Non-composite

Materials assessed at 620C All types

Fill voids

Dovetail decks
Beam type Any Fire protection on beam All types Up to 60 90 Over 90 Voids may be left unfilled for all periods of fire resistance

For cellular beams refer to manufacturers specific data and see Sections 6.1 and 6.2 NOTE 1 - The assessed at temperature relates to that used in the performance assessment document (assessment) for beams subjected to maximum design stress as defined in BS 5950-1:2000 Structural use of steel in building: Part 1 Code of Practice for design, for the required fire resistance period. NOTE 2 - Where such assessment temperatures exceed 550 deg C, it is appropriate to use the 620 deg C value when defining requirements, these to be applied to the thicknesses derived for the fully stressed beam(s).
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When filling voids above beams protected with a passive fire protection material it is not necessary to use the same material to fill the voids as was used to protect the beam. Any non-combustible material with proven fire stopping ability may be used. If, in Table 18 or 19, fill voids is specified and an intumescent coating is being used then it may be interpreted that the upper surface of the top flange should have the same coating thickness as the other parts of the beam. The physical filling of the void is not necessary, provided that the other fire resistance criteria for any fire resisting walls, being penetrated by the beams, are also met [see 1.6.3]. If the protection to a beam is not based on any structural fire engineering analysis then the recommendations for when voids may be left unfilled are given in Table 18. This applies to thicknesses specified using section 1 of this publication. If the design specifies a limiting temperature the temperature modifications should be taken from Table 19. This applies to thicknesses specified using section 3 or 4 of this publication.

Table 19: Temperature modifications for beams with specified limiting temperature
Trapezoidal deck Beam type 30 Composite Non-composite 50C Temperature reductions for fire resistance (minutes) of 60 70C Fill voids For cellular beams refer to manufacturers specific data and see Section 6.1 and 6.2 Dovetail decks Beam type Any 30 60 90 Over 90 No temperature modifications are required For cellular beams refer to manufacturers specific data and see Sections 6.1 and 6.2 90 90C Over 90 Fill voids

Trapezoidal Deck

Dovetail Deck

ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR TREATMENT OF VOIDS ABOVE TOP FLANGE OF BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS. In most cases, lengths of profiled decking will be positioned perpendicularly across steel beams. Section 6 of this document discusses the special measures required for steel beams with web openings. In such cases the, limiting temperature of the beam can be reduced by the openings, depending on the size, shape, spacing and location of the openings. The limiting temperature should be provided by the steel supplier and/or structural engineer. The following Footnotes 1 and 2 give additional guidance where voids exist above the top flange/ FOOTNOTE 1: For Westok CellBeam with web openings. Westok SCI software already makes provision for voids above the steel top flange. [a] [b] For fire periods greater than 90 minutes with trapezoidal decking, the voids in the deck must be filled to provide fire protection to the top flange. For fire periods not exceeding 90 minutes with trapezoidal decking, the Westok CellBeam software is able to consider both filled and unfilled cases.

The software default is to consider unfilled trapezoidal deck voids as this gives the worst case and the safest assumption. When checking a cellular beam with unfilled trapezoidal voids over the cells the software conservatively assumes that the beam is subjected to a 90 minute fire even if the fire period is 30 or 60 minutes. This was done to keep engineering solution as simple as possible. An extract of the SCI text states that:Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk 46 VOL 1: SECTION 2 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 29 Jun 2010

"Where trapezoidal steel decking is used and orientated perpendicular to the beam a void is formed between the underside of the slab and the top flange of the steel section. If this void remains unfilled the temperature of the top flange will be higher than for a beam supporting a solid concrete slab. Following the guidance given in Table 19 the temperature of the top flange is increased if the user opts to leave the void unfilled. The magnitude of the temperature increase is dependant on the fire resistance period considered. The Westok CellBeam does not differentiate between the periods of fire resistance required, and the software adopts conservatively a value of 90 degrees C for the temperature increase of the top flange. This temperature increase is appropriate for 90 minutes fire resistance. For higher fire resistance periods the voids should always be filled. The Westok CellBeam model also takes account of following the recommendations of EN1994-1-2. Viz., the temperature of the shear connectors are taken as 80% of the temperature of the top flange and the temperature of the concrete flange is taken as 40% of the temperature of the top flange of the section, along with adjusting the stud temperatures along the beam. FOOTNOTE 2: For all other cell beams with web openings If a manufacturer is asked to protect a solid web composite beam with unfilled voids and no info is supplied re load levels and limiting steel temperatures then Table 18 must be used. Table 18 was created before cellular beams were thought to be a problem. If the beam is cellular or has significant web openings, or has a specified limiting temperature, then Table 19 must be used. Thus: 1. 2. 3. A solid web beam with a specified temperature of say 560 (or even 530 or 630) must be assessed using Table 19 A cellular beam assessed using SCI guidance will have a specified temperature and must be assessed using Table 19. SCI have stated that this is the case. A cellular beam with significant web openings should have a specified limiting temperature and if it does then Table 19 must be used. If no temperature is specified then no guidance can be offered at present about any aspect of fire protection. The problem of what is a significant opening is complex. This situation should change when SCI report on the research work on beams with rectangular openings for ASFP.

The comments apply to all fire protection systems and products used for this application

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TEST & ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES GENERAL GUIDANCE

Methods of assessing the performance of fire protection materials have been developed in the UK which enable the thickness of protection for a wide range of situations to be predicted. The assessment procedures were developed by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection in consultation with Industry, with a view to: 1. Making assessments more consistent from different sources. 2. Establishing more consistent acceptance criteria. 3. Providing guidance to manufacturers on testing requirements. 4. Providing practical guidance for evaluation of constructions which are un-testable. 5. Consolidating available information on the performance of fire protection materials. Separate procedures are given for intumescent coatings and passive materials in recognition of the technical differences and physical performance characteristics of these materials. Guidance on the test and assessment procedures of European Standard ENV 13381-4 is given in Section 6. 3.1 General information

The appropriate procedures detailed in this document have resulted from discussions of the ASFP Technical Committee and the ASFP Technical Review Panel. These procedures are based on the best available knowledge at the time of writing and are considered to provide a reliable means of evaluating the performance of fire protection materials and coatings in terms of BS 476-21. The assessment procedures use data generated either from tests on loaded beams and columns to BS 476-21, in conjunction with tests on unloaded beams and columns exposed to the heating conditions specified in BS 476-20 or from tests on loaded /unloaded beams and columns to the relevant part of EN13381. However, many factors can affect the performance of fire protection materials and coatings under test conditions and some minor variation between the performance in tests and that predicted by these assessment methods may occur. The scope of a product assessment need not cover all the shapes and orientations detailed in this document. For example, where a product is intended to be used only on beams, an assessment based on a loaded beam test and other data from unloaded short sections may be used. The programme of tests need not be restricted to one steelwork shape, but additional loaded tests may then be necessary. Similarly an assessment need not cover all the steelwork shapes. An assessment can be restricted to one or more shapes alone, e.g. I sections only, but at least three loaded tests plus unloaded sections would be required to cover both orientations and a range of thicknesses. The assessments will be primarily based on test information from accredited 3 party test laboratories accredited to ISO 17025; e.g. UKAS accredited laboratories. Appropriate data from other independently validated sources may be used to supplement the assessment but will not be used as the main basis of the evaluation. Where BS 476-21 or EN 13381 series does not provide full details of test procedures, the resolutions of the Fire Test Study Group and the scheme described in Test Procedures Sections 3.2 and in 4.2 or 5.2, should be followed for the particular type of protection systems The potential fissuring, cracking or detachment of a fire protection material or coating may only become apparent during full scale loaded fire resistance tests. The loaded tests are therefore designed to provide information regarding the physical/mechanical performance of fire protection under the following conditions: 1. Vertical and horizontal orientations (columns and beams) as appropriate. 2. Maximum and minimum protection thicknesses. 3. Maximum and minimum fire resistance periods under consideration. To demonstrate the retention of the fire protection material, loaded beam tests should be continued until the deflection at mid-span reaches a minimum value of span/35. Loaded column tests should be continued until structural failure is imminent. 3.2 General test procedures
rd

The general procedures used for determining the fire resistance of load-bearing elements of structure are specified in BS 476: Part 20 and 21: 1987. Part 20 is concerned with general principles and covers common requirements Part 21 covers the testing of load-bearing beams, columns, floors and walls In assessing the performance of fire protection materials the relevant parts are:Part 20: Method of determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction (general principles) and Part 21: Method of determination of the fire resistance of load-bearing elements of construction.
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The European standard ENV 13381-4 also makes reference to the European EN 1363 series of standards, which contain general information about conducting fire resistance tests. However, as all the procedures for assessing fire protection to structural steel are specified in ENV 13381-4 (a graphical method is being reviewed), it is this standard which is generally referred to in this document, unless stated otherwise. ENV 13381-4 has no parallel British Standard. In both BS 476 and the new European Standards the performance of load-bearing steel beams and columns is judged against the criteria of load-bearing capacity which is related to the ability of the element to remain in place without excessive deformation. Primary test evidence must be obtained from 3 party test laboratories accredited to ISO 17025; e.g. UKAS accredited laboratories or in a laboratory recognized by UKAS, operating in accordance with EN ISO 9000 or EN 45000. Loaded specimens should comply with the dimensional requirements of BS 476-21 or ENV 13381-4 and nonloaded specimens used to provide temperature data should have a length of at least 1 metre. 1. 2. 3. To provide maximum information tests should ideally be continued until all steel sections have reached a mean temperature of 700C (or other maximum assessment temperature required by the sponsor). If loadbearing capacity failure of a loaded beam occurs (or for columns is imminent) the load should be removed and the test continued until the conditions given in 4 are achieved. The mean steel temperature shall be calculated at intervals not exceeding 2 minutes and is defined as follows: I-section beams with three-sided exposure: (mean temperature of lower flange + mean web temperature)/2. I-section columns with four-sided exposure: (mean temperature of both flanges + mean web temperature)/2. RHS beams with three-sided exposure: mean temperature of the three exposed faces. RHS/CHS columns with four-sided exposure: mean temperature of exposed face[s]. The load applied to loaded specimens shall either be equal to the maximum permissible load calculated in accordance with BS 449-2 (including amendments 1 to 7 but excluding subsequent amendments) or comply with the requirements of ENV 13381-4 and/or EN 13381-8 when the draft is agreed or published. Stone mineral or ceramic fibre insulation should be provided between the top flange of all unloaded beam sections and the concrete cover slabs. Loaded beams shall be tested with their ends simply supported. Columns should be axially loaded with their ends fixed (i.e. restrained in direction and against rotation).
rd

4.

5. 6.

In certain cases it may not be practical to comply with all the above requirements. In such cases all variations should be agreed with the assessor and the reasons for, and details of the variation, will be included in the assessment report. 3.3 General assessment procedures

ENV 13381-4 specifies a number of methods of analysis of the data generated by the specified programme of tests. It is acceptable to adopt the methods given in this European standard subject to the criteria of acceptability being met [see later]. The permitted extensions listed in this Standard may also be applied provided that full data input set is available. 3.3.1 Assessment procedure and basis of assessment

Temperatures attained by steel sections In practice the fire performance of steel sections will depend on their load ratio and the maximum allowable steel temperature. The temperature of the steel at failure will vary, depending on these factors, and whether or not the section is designed to act in composite action with the floor. Critical, limiting and design temperatures The critical temperature is defined as the steel temperature at which failure of the structural steel element is expected to occur against a given load level. The limiting temperature is the maximum temperature of the critical element of a member prior to failure under specified fire conditions. The design temperature is the temperature determined by calculation at which failure of the structural steel element is expected against a given load level at a particular location in a building

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4.
4.1

TEST AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Test programme - passive protection systems

For a passive fire protection material / product /system being evaluated to BS 476-21, a typical exploratory testing programme would include the following combinations of steel sizes and orientations over the range of manufactured/applied thicknesses. A/V Section factor Profile Protection 180 180 180

Table 20

Loaded steel I section beams 305 x 127mm x 42kg/m 305 x 127mm x 42kg/m Loaded steel I section column 203 x 203mm x 52kg/m 1m long unloaded specimens Beams 305 x 102mm x 25kg/m 305 x 102mm x 25kg/m 254 x 146mm x 31kg/m 254 x 146mm x 43kg/m 356 x 171mm x 67kg/m 356 x 171mm x 67kg/m Columns 203 x 203mm x 52kg/m 254 x 254mm x 89kg/m 152 x 152mm x 30kg/m 254 x 254mm x 132kg/m K d pmax d pmin dp

A/V Section factor Box Protection 140 140 125

Thickness Factor K 1.0 0.0 1.0

285 285 230 170 140 140 180 130 235 90

225 225 160 120 105 105 125 90 160 65

0.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.3

= thickness factor = (dp - dpmin) / (dpmax - dpmin), where = maximum thickness to be assessed (mm) = minimum thickness to be assessed (mm) = average thickness of fire protection material applied (mm)

If reinforcement is used over part of the thickness range additional loaded tests will be required. Details of the programme of sections to be tested for the European Standard are given in ENV 13381-4. The data from the fire tests is used for the UK assessment procedures without the inclusion of any of the correction factors described in the European Standard. 4.2 Test procedure - passive protection systems

These procedures are additional to, or highlight those, specified in BS 476-21 or ENV 13381-4. 1. The materials and standards of workmanship of the test specimens shall be representative of good site practice. The applied thickness of protection should generally be maintained within 15% of the mean applied thickness. Test specimens shall be conditioned in such a manner that they correspond as closely as possible, in temperature, moisture content and state of cure to the expected state of a similar element in service. When possible the moisture content or state of cure should be measured immediately prior to test. Loaded specimens should comply with the dimensional requirements of BS 476-21 or ENV 13381-4 and non-loaded specimens used to provide temperature data should have a length of at least 1 metre. To provide maximum information tests should ideally be continued until all steel sections have reached a mean temperature of 700oC (or other maximum assessment temperature required by the sponsor) or until the insulation system has suffered a significant detachment from the steel section. If loadbearing capacity failure of a loaded beam occurs (or for columns is imminent) the load should be removed and the test continued until the conditions given in (5) are achieved.
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2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

4.3

Assessment of performance of passive protection systems

Test specimens shall be conditioned in such a manner that they correspond as closely as possible, in temperature, solvent content and state of cure to the expected state of a similar element in service or as specified by the manufacturer. 4.3.1 Basis of Assessment

The aspects considered in the assessment of test data are: Section Factor (A/V) Shape of section (e.g. I-section, rectangular hollow section) Size of section Fire resistance period Temperatures attained by steel sections Critical temperature Orientation of section Thickness and density of applied protection Surface preparation of steel Reinforcement (if any) Primer compatibility Fixing and support detail Physical performance and retention of protection material Over-coating The thickness of material required to provide specific standards of fire resistance, at a given critical temperature for the steel, is derived by means of an empirical relationship in the equation below

Fire resistance time (minutes) t = a0 + a1 dp V/A + a2 dp

Equation 1 Where a0, a1, a2 = constants applicable to the material, dp = thickness of fire protection material (mm), and A/V = Section Factor (m-1). The values of the constants ao, a1 and a2 are determined by means of multiple linear regression using information from the unloaded sections only as input data. These data may be from tests to either BS 476-21 or ENV 13381-4. For the purposes of analysis, the fire resistance time is taken as the time for the steel sections to achieve the given critical temperature. The analysis may be repeated at other critical temperatures. The range of critical temperatures agreed for this publication is 350C to 700C, usually in 50C steps. With many fire protection materials it is possible to achieve a coefficient of determination (r2) in excess of 0.95, which indicates a high level of agreement between test and predicted data. If the coefficient of determination is found to be less than 0.95, further investigations must be carried out to determine the reasons for the discrepancy and an appropriate safety factor may be included in the analysis to compensate for the variation. By re-arranging the equation and substituting values of ao a1 a2 derived from the regression analysis it is possible to derive protection thicknesses for given values of A/V and derive tables of the form presented in the Data Sheets (Section 9).

dp =

t a0 (a1 V/A + a2)

Equation 2

The tests on the loaded sections are carried out with the loads on the specimen calculated to give a critical temperature of 550C for columns and 620C for beams. If the results of the loaded tests are worse than those of the short sections at the same critical temperature or if the mean temperature of the loaded section at failure is less than 550C (columns) or 620C (beams) then further investigations must be carried out to determine the reasons for the discrepancy and an appropriate safety factor may be included in the analysis to compensate for the variation. A coefficient of determination less than 0.9 indicates an inadequate correlation which could arise because: (a) the standard equation is unsuitable for the specific product (e.g. due to a high combined moisture level).

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(b)

the test data are unreliable due to excessive density variation, loss of material during test, etc.

In either case the assessing body should seek to establish the reason for the variation. In the case of (a) an appropriate assessment technique should be adopted. The basis for the justification of the alternative technique should be documented in detail in the assessment report. In the case of (b) the data should be rejected and further tests carried out or suitable safety factors included in the analysis. General assessment procedures are referred to in Section 3.3. 4.3.2 Assessment procedures

The following general conditions are applied to the assessment of passive fire protection materials. 1. Assessments are only made regarding the performance of horizontal elements if the loaded beam test with maximum thickness in accordance with BS 476-21 or ENV 13381-4 has achieved the maximum fire resistance under consideration. If this criterion is not met (e.g. a beam fails at 210min rather than 240min or more) the result may still be acceptable provided that the load is removed after a deflection of at least span/35 has occurred and the test is run-on until the full period is completed. The material should remain intact during this over-run period for the extrapolation to be considered. Assessments are only made regarding the performance of vertical elements if a loaded column has been tested and meets requirements similar to those noted for steel beams under (1). The average thickness of material applied to a test specimen is used in the analysis. The predicted thicknesses are always considered as the minimum required for on-site application. Assessments only apply to the specific formulation tested. In certain cases the standard method of assessment may not be appropriate (e.g. for materials containing significant quantities of combined water) and alternative or modified methods of analysis are not precluded; however, any alternative approach must be fully documented and justified in the assessment report, subject to agreement by the Fire Test Study Group and ASFP Technical Review Panel The acceptable range of thicknesses is related to the maximum and minimum thicknesses tested on loaded sections. The extrapolation of maximum thickness will normally only be acceptable by up to 10% of the maximum thickness tested, and subject to a maximum increase of 10% in the section factor. The extrapolation of minimum thickness will normally only be acceptable by up to 10% of the minimum thickness tested as shown below

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

Permitted extended use of data

Section Factor A/V Material Thickness Positive extension: + 10% Negative extension: -10% Positive extension: + 10%

7.

The assessments derived from the procedures detailed in this document may be applied directly to steel sections having the following properties: Re-entrant profile Profiles that are not re-entrant provided that the fixing of the sprayed fire protection system is equivalent to that tested. Useful information is also provided in BS 8202-1 for guidance on use of supporting mesh. Depth not exceeding 686mm Width not exceeding 325mm Where any of the above criteria are not met additional assessment and/or test work will be required to ensure that the fire protection material will be retained in position under fire conditions Section 1.6.2 provides relevant additional information.

8.

In the computation of required spray material thickness for presentation in the product data sheet the calculated value shall be rounded as in the following example: 15.1 or above becomes 16mm 15.09mm becomes 15mm.

9.

In the computation of the maximum Section Factor (A/V) for a stated board thickness for presentation in the product data sheet the calculated value shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number.
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4.3.3

Assessment report

Following the completion of the appropriate test and assessment package a fully documented report should be prepared by the assessor for consideration by the ASFP Technical Review Panel prior to acceptance for rd publication in Section 8 of this document. In the case of a 3 Party Certificated product, review by the ASFP Technical Review Panel will not be required provided that the Certification Body adopts the requirements / recommendations of this Publication. The assessment report will fully detail the scope of approval, basis of the assessment and justification for any deviations from the procedures detailed in this document. All test data used in the preparation of the assessment should be fully referenced by test number, test standard and type of test (beam/column, loaded/unloaded, full scale/small scale, etc). The format of the report should provide the following minimum details: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fire protection material /product/ system - Brief description of generic types. Test specimens - Number of specimens and sizes used in the analyses. Limits of acceptability - Details of any constraints. Predictive analyses at each critical temperature with summary of test results and summary of analysis data. Predicted thicknesses for various Section Factors and critical temperatures. Data sheets (details as Section 8). The test reports used for the assessment should be appended to the Assessment Report. Physical performance and retention of material.

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5.

TEST AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES REACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

This Section presents guidance with respect to the evaluation of structural steel sections protected against fire by thin film intumescent coatings. See Section 6 for the fire protection of cellular steel beams. 5.1 Test programme [Reactive systems]

prENV 13381-8 specifies a programme of tests for reactive (intumescent) systems and reference should be made to this document should it be required to test in accordance with this European Standard. It should be noted that the current European fire test standard ENV 13381-4 is in the course of being revised and will be reissued as two separate standards: ENV 13381-4 for passive Boards and Spray coatings, and prEN 133818 for Reactive coatings. In addition, the fire testing and assessment of cellular beams is not within the scope of these standards under revision, and therefore there is currently no agreed European approach that deals with the fire protection of steel cellular beams as elements of construction. See section 6.2 For tests carried out to BS 476, in order to maintain a consistency of approach the following guidance is given. To enable the test laboratories to maintain a stock of appropriate test specimens, the following steel sections are suggested for the development of a test programme with respect to BS 476: Part 21.

Table 21
Steel I Sections mm x mm x Kg/m 305 x 102 x 25 254 x 146 x 31 356 x 171 x 67 203 x 203 x 52 254 x 254 x 89 254 x 254 x132 406 x 178 x 60 305 x 127 x 42 254 x 146 x 43 152 x 152 x 30 610 x 305 x 238 Steel Rectangular Hollow Sections mm x mm x mm 80 x 80 x 3.6 120 x 60 x 3.6 150 x 150 x 5.0 200 x 200 x 6.3 150 x 100 x 8.0 300 x 200 x 8.0 140 x 140 x 5.0 250 x 250 x 12.5 100 x 100 x 5.0 300 x 300 x 12.5

The scope of the assessment will depend upon the nature of tests carried out and the performance of the material in those tests. 5.1.1 Loaded tests For a system which is to be used over a range of thicknesses, steel shapes and critical steel temperatures the following loaded tests are considered appropriate. Thicknesses refer to dry film thickness. For approval of I Section Beams 406mm x 178mm x 60kg/m Suitable beam for a particular target assessment. Maximum thickness, or Maximum thickness

For approval of "I" section columns (alternatively a tall unloaded column can be tested only if a loaded beam is tested) 203mm x 203mm x52kg/m Suitable I column for a particular target assessment Maximum thickness, or Maximum thickness

For approval of Hollow Column Sections (alternatively a tall unloaded column can be tested only if a loaded I section or hollow beam is tested) 200mm x 200mm x 6.3mm Column Suitable hollow column for the target assessment Maximum thickness, or Maximum thickness

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For approval of Rectangular Hollow Beams 300mm x 200mm x 6.3mm Suitable rectangular hollow beam for the target assessment Maximum thickness or Maximum thickness

(To our knowledge, it has never been shown that there is a stickability problem at the minimum dry film thickness especially as it is a phenomenon related to excessive film builds) If mesh reinforcement is used over part of the thickness range additional loaded tests will be required. A test programme for unloaded sections is required to explore the relationship between fire resistance, dry film thickness and section factor. A typical programme will include at least ten sections where a range of dry film thicknesses is required. The sections are generally selected from the list given above. To allow the short section beam data to be corrected for stickability, a short reference beam made from the same steel as each loaded beam and with the same nominal protection should be included in the testing. Similarly, to allow the short section column data to be corrected for stickability, a short reference column made from the same steel as each loaded column or tall column and with the same nominal protection should be included in the testing. To establish the performance of a material on deep web sections a deep web unloaded beam section (e.g. 610mm x 305mm x 238kg/m) should be included in the test package. See 5.3.3 to determine which hollow section shape is most onerous for assessment. 5.2 Test procedures [Reactive systems]

These procedures are additional to those in Section 3, or highlight those specified in BS 476: Parts 20/21 or prEN13381-8. 1. The materials and standards of workmanship of the test specimens shall be representative of good site practice. For test purposes the coating should be applied such that the standard deviation of dry film thickness about the mean is not more than 15% using the principles of ASFP TGN 007:2001. Assuming that the readings are normally distributed this implies that: a) b) c) 68% of readings are within 15% of mean. 95% of readings are within 30% of mean. 99% of readings are within 45% of mean.

If measurement shows that the readings are not in accordance with this distribution it will be necessary to make adjustments by removing paint or touching up to ensure conformity. The method of measurement and equipment operation is given in Section 5.3.6 2. Test specimens shall be conditioned in such a manner that they correspond as closely as possible, in temperature, solvent content and state of cure to the expected state of a similar element in service or as specified by the manufacturer. Where it is required that both beams and columns are to be assessed the assessment shall be based on the data obtained from testing at least one loaded beam, a tall unloaded column at least 2m in height and a package of short beams and columns. Where loaded column data is available this should be used in preference to the tall-unloaded column specified in ENV 13381 but the tall column option is sufficient when carrying out new tests. If the assessment is to be confined to columns only, the assessment shall be based on the data obtained from testing a loaded column and a package of short columns. The specification for temperature measurement shall be as given in prEN13381-8. In the absence of loaded column data the following critical temperatures shall be used in the assessment of the performance of columns under maximum permissible design loading: I-shaped sections: Hollow sections: 550C 520C

Where it is desired to carry out the assessment of hollow columns at a different design temperature a suitable loaded column should be tested in order to establish the critical steel temperature at the maximum permissible load subject to a maximum temperature of 550C. For hollow beams a suitable loaded beam should be tested in order to establish the critical steel temperature at the maximum permissible load. The
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actual steel temperature at structural failure may be used in the assessment, subject to a maximum temperature of 620C. 5.3 5.3.1 Assessment procedures [Reactive systems] Basis of Assessment

Assessments may be based on tests to BS 476 Part 21:1987 or prEN 13381-8. The aspects considered in the assessment of test data are: Section factor (A/V) Any test programme should include a number of steel sections with the widest possible range of section factors. Shape of section (e.g. I-section, rectangular hollow section) The performance of reactive coatings can vary depending on the shape/profile of the steel cross section. Generally coatings will perform better when applied to steel sections with a re-entrant profile. In addition, reactive coatings on circular hollow sections may provide a slightly better result than the same coating applied to rectangular/square hollow sections. Therefore, re-entrant sections are dealt with separately from hollow sections, requiring their own set of loaded and unloaded sections in the test programme. See 5.3.3 to determine which hollow section shape is most onerous for assessment. Size of section The fire performance of some reactive coatings can reduce when they are applied to deep web or narrow flange beams. If the web of the section is large, or the flange is small, the reactive coating on the web will not be supported as well by the coating on the flanges. It is therefore advisable to include a 610mm deep web unloaded beam and a 120mm wide flange unloaded beam in the test programme. This would normally cover all standard steel sizes up to 914mm deep web. For deeper beams, a separate assessment is required. Fire resistance period The fire resistance period of each tested loaded section is the duration of the test until the specimen is no longer able to support the test load (see Section 1). Orientation of section The fire performance of reactive coatings can vary between vertical columns and horizontal beams. Generally, therefore, unless there is particularly good correlation in the data being considered between the two types, the test results and assessment of those results is carried out for beams and columns separately. Thickness of applied protection The performance of most reactive coatings will increase as the thickness increases up to a certain limit. After such limits are exceeded there may be little or no improvement. In fact, the performance will often decrease. Surface preparation of steel The adhesion of the coating system, including the primer, will depend on satisfactory preparation of the steel Surface reinforcement (if any) If any mesh reinforcement has been used with the coating system during the fire tests, then the same system must be used in practice. Primer compatibility The generic type of primer, its thickness and method of application, can play an important role in the overall performance of the system. An assessment of the coating system will generally be limited to the primer type and thickness used in the tests. The use of alternative primers should be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Method of application The method of application of water-based intumescent coatings does not significantly affect the results so any method may be used but spray application is recommended. Solvent based intumescent coatings are much more sensitive to the method of application and spray application should be used unless the manufacturer specifically recommends a different method which should then be used. The method of application used shall be recorded in the assessment and where solvent based intumescent are applied by brush for testing then the application shall be restricted to this method whereas if applied by spray for testing then the application shall allow both brush and spray.

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Effects of over-coating Overcoating the reactive coating system with a non-fire paint, including a top coat, may have a detrimental effect on the overall performance of the system. It is therefore recommended that if most of the test specimens do not have a top coat that there are some unloaded sections with topcoats, which can be used for comparison. Alternatively the manufacturer may be able to demonstrate satisfactory performance using secondary test evidence from in-house tests. Number of coats The number of coats to build the required thickness may affect the overall performance of the coating, although the evidence for this is limited. It is therefore recommended that the number of coats applied on the test specimens is similar to the number used in practice and is recorded in the test report. Physical performance and retention of the protection material A critical factor in the performance of any reactive coating is its ability to remain coherent and in position for the defined range of deformations, furnace and steel temperatures, such that its ability to provide fire protection is not impaired. This is known as stickability of the coating system. Hence, the importance of testing loaded sections protected with the expected maximum thickness of intumescent coating. 5.3.3 Assessment protocol

The following general conditions are applied to the assessment of reactive intumescent fire protection materials. 1. Assessments will only be made regarding the performance of horizontal elements if a loaded beam test has been successfully completed for the required fire resistance period, in accordance with BS 476: Part 21 or ENV 13381-4, or for a period capable of being extrapolated to the required time period as defined in clauses 3 and 6. Assessments will only be made regarding the performance of vertical elements if a loaded column test in accordance with BS 476: Part 21 or prEN 13381-8 has been successfully completed or a tall unloaded column has been tested in conjunction with the loaded steel beams (1 above). If, during a loaded test, load-bearing capacity failure of the specimen occurs before the appropriate fire resistance period is achieved, (e.g. 115min rather than 120min or more) the result may still be acceptable provided that, for beams, the load is removed after a deflection of at least span/35 has occurred or, for columns, the load is removed when structural failure is imminent and the test is run-on until the full period is completed. The materials should remain intact during the over-run period for the extrapolation to be considered. The time extrapolation will be limited to 10% of the achieved maximum load-bearing capacity for any particular specimen shape or orientation. The average total dry film thickness (dft) will be used as a basis for assessments. The assessment should take account of the individual dfts of primer, reactive coating and topcoats. If the criteria specified in Section 5.2 (1) are not met the assessor should consider the thickness distribution in detail and, where appropriate, safety factors introduced into the assessment to take account of the variability. Test Reports and Assessments only apply to the specific system and formulation as tested, including primer, basecoat and topcoat if tested. Guidance for other primers and topcoats may be found in the ETAG No 018 Part 2 Reactive Coatings for Fire Protection of Steel Elements. The acceptable maximum thickness is related to the maximum thicknesses tested on loaded beams and tall column sections. In the case of maximum thicknesses, these may differ for different steel shapes and orientations and, as such, are not transferable from columns to beams or from I-sections to hollow sections. The extrapolation of maximum thickness will normally only be acceptable by up to 10% of the maximum thickness tested. The extrapolation of minimum thickness will normally only be acceptable by up to 10% of the minimum thickness tested on short sections. For assessment purposes steel section shapes will be divided into the following groups: I section (or other section shape providing a re-entrant profile) a) Horizontal b) Vertical Square/rectangular section a) Horizontal b) Vertical
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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Each of the shape groups detailed in (7) is treated separately for the purposes of assessments. Testing of circular and rectangular hollow columns protected with intumescent coatings does not conclusively demonstrate that one particular shape is more onerous than another. To allow test data to be used for both types, testing should be undertaken to adequately demonstrate which particular shape is more onerous, prior to assessing both circular and rectangular hollow shapes on the basis of testing one shape only. The following process shall be followed to determine whether the coating performs differently on circular or rectangular hollow columns [a] [b] [c] Fire test a tall column of each type with the same nominal section factor, protected with the same coating thickness, that relates to the nominal maximum thickness. Determine the most onerous performance, by comparing the steel temperature profiles of each type of column with respect to time, and include this in the product assessment. Once the determination of the most onerous type of hollow section has been made, the short sections may be selected accordingly.

Alternatively fire tests on both circular and rectangular hollow sections may be conducted and assessed separately. Any other steel profile shapes considered more onerous by a Certification Body should be assessed separately. 9. 10. To establish the performance of a material on deep web sections (max 914mm web) a deep web unloaded beam section (min 610mm web) should be included in the test and assessment package. Where this information is not available, the following constraints shall apply based on the size of the loaded beam tested.

Table 22: Constraints for use of limited data from loaded beam tests
Beam size tested 406mm x 178mm x 60kg/m Suitable beam 11. Maximum web size for assessment purposes 686mm + 280mm

Maximum flange size for assessment purposes 305mm +127mm

When considering the performance of elements fully loaded in accordance with BS 449-2, the following criteria shall apply. The assessment shall be carried out separately for beams, columns and different shaped sections. The temperature used for the assessment shall be the lowest temperature at failure of the appropriate beam or column when tested in accordance with BS 476-21 or prEN 13381-8, except that this temperature should not exceed 550C (except beams with 3 sided exposure and supporting concrete slabs where the temperature should not exceed 620C). Analysis may be carried out at other limiting steel temperatures between 350C and 700C, provided that the protection system has proved to be effective and intact at those temperatures, fire resistance periods and section factors. To take into account the stickability performance of the product the temperature data for the short sections is to be corrected against the loaded beams, loaded columns and tall columns depending upon the selected test programme. The correction for the short beams is based on interpolation between the performance at maximum and minimum protection thickness. In order to do this the following steps should be applied: 1 For both minimum and maximum thickness obtain the performance in terms of time to reach the specified design temperature for the short reference beam if it was protected with the same amount of material as its equivalent loaded beam. Divide the time for the loaded beam by the corrected time for the short reference beam to reach the specified design temperature for both minimum and maximum thickness. These are the correction factors for maximum and minimum thickness (kmax and kmin). Where the factor is greater than 1 a value of 1 is to be used. By interpolation between kmin and kmax obtain for each short section beam the factor appropriate to the actual thickness applied to the section. Multiply the time to reach the specified design temperature for each short section by the calculated factor to obtain the corrected time. Use the corrected time for each section in the analysis.
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12.

3 4 5

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Example Calculation

Table 23: data for example

Loaded and ref sections LB 1 dmax Ref B 1 max LB 2 dmin Ref B 2 min DFT d (mm) 2.5 2.56 0.38 0.39 Time to design temp (mins) 67 70 39 46 44.8 68.4 0.87 (kmin) Corrected time for df (mins) Ratio (lb/sb) 0.98 (kmax) This is time the short beam would have got if dft was as LB If k greater than 1 then 1 is used

LB loaded beam. Ref B equivalent short beam There is no need to consider the effect of a difference in section factor if the equivalent pairs are from the same piece of steel. Short section short beam DFT d i (mm) 1.25 Time to design temp (mins) 75 *factor ki 0.92 Modified time (mins) 69

* obtained by linear interpolation between k max and k min as follows:

Correction for columns is determined in a similar manner but using only factors derived from the loaded or tall column with the nominal maximum thickness. All the methods of data analysis specified in prEN 13381-8 are acceptable provided that the acceptance criteria therein are applied. Alternatively, the data may be analysed graphically in accordance with the method described in Section 5.3.4 but it shall meet the conditions detailed below item (12) above 13. Criteria for Acceptability. The following criteria shall be applied to the analysis to ensure the predictions are valid: (a) (b) (c) For each short section the predicted time to reach each design temperature shall not exceed the time for the corrected temperature to reach the design temperature by more than 15%. The mean value of all percentage differences in time as calculated in (a) shall be less than zero. A maximum of 30% of individual values of all percentage differences in time as calculated in (a) shall be more than zero.

The above criteria shall be applied to each design temperature. 14. Permitted extensions are as follows:

Table 24: Permitted extended use of data

Section Factor A/V Material Thickness 15. Negative extension: no limit below the minimum A/V tested, using the dry film thickness assessed for the minimum A/V tested. Positive extension: + 10% Negative extension: -10% Positive extension: + 10%

Situations may arise where certain of the above principles are not appropriate to a particular assessment. In such circumstances the reason for the variation and the justification for the alternative approach must be clearly detailed in the assessment report and must be agreed by the ASFP Technical Review Panel (BRE/Warringtonfire/ASFP).
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5.3.4 Assessment Guidelines: Graphical Approach Data The input data shall be the mean time to reach the limiting steel temperature derived in accordance with Section 5.2 for all sections tested. The data shall be modified in accordance with the principles given in Section 5.3.3 (10). The justification for excluding any of the test results from the analysis must be given in the assessment report. Examples of suitable justification are falling debris or flame impingement. It is not acceptable to exclude any result solely on the basis that it is lower than expected. Method Generally, where steel beams and columns perform differently, only steel beam data points shall be used for the assessment of steel beams and only steel column data points should be used for the assessment of columns. In situations where all equivalent steel beams and columns, i.e. those of the very similar section factor and thickness, produce fire resistance times, within 5%, it is acceptable to use all data points for both beams and columns. The performance may be adjusted to accommodate small differences in section and thickness of up to 15% using a similar technique to that used to correct the data (section 5.3.3 (11)). The equivalent sections must cover the range of section factors and thickness. For each fire protected steel section tested, plot the inverse section factor (V/A m) against time taken (minutes) to reach the limiting steel temperature. For each data point of the same mean dry film thickness draw a line which represents the best fit such that the plot is conservative. Normally a minimum number of 3 points is necessary to draw a curve but one of these points could be a conservative baseline point of 10 minutes. Figure 7 shows a typical graph. Note that to obtain the same mean dry film thickness it is necessary to calculate the value assuming linear behaviour so that if trying to plot a 500 and a data point of 523 with a time of 64 minutes use 500/523 x 64 i.e. 61 minutes. Corrections using this approach should be limited to one standard deviation (15%) of the nominal target. Additional graphs e.g. dry film thickness versus time to reach the limiting steel temperature for constant section factor may be also be used to illustrate particular aspects of the assessment. To draw curves, typically at least three data points of a nominally similar thickness must be available. It is acceptable to use a minimum of two data points to draw a curve when such points are intermediate between curves established from three data points. In certain circumstances it is acceptable to draw straight lines between points. Instances where these may occur are where two data points are close to and are to each side of a required fire resistance period and where there is only one data point at a particular thickness. In these types of situations straight lines can be drawn between points or to a point on the axes representing zero respectively as these lines are considered conservative and therefore acceptable. Establish the limiting inverse section factor at the intercept between each required period of fire resistance for each of the nominal dry film thickness plots. From the intercepts derive the limiting section factor for each required period of fire resistance for each of the nominal dry film thickness plots. The achieved time for any of the data points plotted on the graphs may only be linearly extrapolated to a required fire resistance by a maximum of 10%. For each fire resistance period linearly interpolate between the limiting section factor and the dry film thickness to obtain intermediate values.

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Figure 7

Limiting Steel Temperature: 550 Deg C

0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014
No extrapolation justified for DFT 1 to 60 minutes: >10% No extraploation justified for DFT 2 for 90 minutes: >10%

Inverse section factor m

0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0 10

Limited extrapolation justified for DFT 3 to 90 minutes: <10%

Lines drawn conservatively upwards

DFT 2 DFT 1 DFT 3

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Time minutes
Conditions for Acceptability In order for the Assessment Report to be valid, the conditions for acceptability given in Section 5.3.3 (13) must be met. Where the criteria are not met the data points should be re-appraised in accordance with method above drawing lines more conservatively until the criteria are just met. Direct Application of Results Permitted extensions are given in section 5.3.3 (14). 5.3.5 Assessment Report

Following the completion of the appropriate test and assessment package a fully documented report should be prepared by the assessor for consideration by the ASFP Technical Review Panel (BRE/Warringtonfire/ASFP) prior rd to acceptance for publication in Section 8 of this document. In the case of a 3 Party Certificated product, review by the ASFP Technical Review Panel will not be required provided that the Certification Body adopts the requirements / recommendations of this Publication. The Assessment Report will fully detail the scope and limits of approval, basis of the assessment and justification for any deviations from the procedures detailed in this document. All test data used in the preparation of the assessment should be fully referenced by test number, test standard and type of test (beam/column, loaded/unloaded, full scale/small scale, etc).
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The format of the Assessment Report should provide the following minimum details: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) 5.3.6 Fire protection material /product/system - Brief description of generic types. Test specimens, number of specimens and sizes used in the analysis. Details of method of analysis adopted. Predictive analyses at each critical temperature with summary of test results and summary of analysis data. Compliance with criteria of acceptability, details of any constraints and permitted extensions. Predicted thicknesses for various section factors and critical temperatures. The test reports used for the assessment should be appended to the assessment report. Physical performance and retention of material /product/system. Surface preparation and primer details. Method of application (validity of assessment for the application method). Reasons for the omission of any test data.

Measurement of Dry Film Thickness

Equipment Type Thickness shall be measured using an instrument employing either the electromagnetic induction or eddy current principle, with a probe contact diameter of minimally 2.5mm. The instrument shall satisfy the following criteria. a) b) c) d) Possess a total range greater than the highest thickness to be measured. Provide a digital display of coating thicknesses and be capable of storing measured values. Capability to calculate statistical parameters max/min values, mean and standard deviation. Capability to provide hard copy print out of data.

Operation and Calibration The instrument shall be operated in accordance with the manufacturers instruction for use. Calibration shall be carried out immediately prior to any series of measurements being taken. The instrument shall be set to zero on the flat plate supplied. Calibration shall be carried out utilising calibration shims both above and below the anticipated thickness being measured. Calibration shims shall be no more than 50% greater or less than the coating thickness being measured. Number and Location of the Thickness Measurements Thickness shall be measured on all coated surfaces other than edges and web/flange joins. Measurements shall be 2 evenly distributed over all the coated surface(s) and there shall be minimally one reading per 50cm of coated 2 surface. For I sections, there shall be minimally one reading per 25cm on the web. No readings shall normally be taken within 25mm of edges, web/flange joins or web stiffeners but it may be necessary to waive this requirement for narrow flange beams e.g. 100mm. In the case of a primer being employed, primer thickness shall be determined prior to application of the intumescent coating and subsequently subtracted from the measured total thickness of primer and intumescent coating.

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6.

THE FIRE PROTECTION OF CELLULAR BEAMS & CASTELLATED SECTIONS

To satisfy building design requirements, steel beams are now available with a variety of apertures created in the basic section size, during a secondary manufacturing process, to form deeper cellular beams than the parent beam. Alternatively, cellular beams can be created from three flat steel plates welded together. Castellated sections have hexagonal apertures. Whilst cellular beams are available with rectangular and/or elongated aperture shapes, most apertures are circular in shape. A large range of circular aperture sizes and spacing/pitch is available. The dimensions of the residual web post between adjacent openings can affect the performance of the cellular beam in fire. Section factor The method of calculating section factor for cellular beams with apertures is treated in a different manner than in the case of solid and hollow steel sections in Section 1.6, because for any beam with closely spaced openings failure in fire will in most cases be caused by failure of the steel web. It is therefore important that the steel web temperature needs to be controlled. Moreover, the method of calculating section factor must be suitable for symmetric and asymmetric beams fabricated from hot rolled sections and for beams fabricated from steel plate. Asymmetric steel beams may have different flange widths top and bottom. The position of the aperture may not be centrally located within the web of the beam. In view of these variables, the ASFP has agreed to adopt the recommendation from the Steel Construction Institute, as published in RT1085, that for castellated sections and cellular beams manufactured from all rolled steel sections and from welded plate, the Section Factor for both passive and active fire protection systems should be calculated as Section factor [m ] = 1400 / t where t = the thickness [mm] of the lower steel web and applies for beams made from all steel rolled sections and from welded steel plate. 6.1 Cellular beams, including castellated sections, protected by passive fire protection systems [e.g. boards and sprays]
-1

In previous editions of this publication, it has been recommended that to obtain the thickness of passive fire protection [boards and sprays] for a castellated section, the thickness of fire protection should first be obtained based on the section factor as determined for the original parent steel section and then increased by 20%, for the installed fire protection product. This guidance is now withdrawn and replaced by new inclusive guidance for all castellated and cellular beams, as described below. The use of reactive coatings (intumescent paints) is discussed in 6.2 A new passive rule for the fire protection of all cellular beams and castellated sections is now permitted, subject to the provisions listed below a) That the Section factor [m ] is determined by SCI method, as above Section factor [m ] = 1400/t where t is the thickness [mm] of the lower steel web b) That the default design temperature is the limiting temperature for the steel cellular beam as determined and declared by the steel beam manufacturer, or a competent structural engineer, recognised by the Engineering Council. No proposal should be offered where the limiting temperature is not provided.
-1 -1

NOTE 1 - The previous 550C default temperature is removed as inappropriate to all types of cellular beams. It is considered that the manufacturers declared Limiting Temperature for each beam will make sufficient provision for any effects from particular web-post dimensions and spacings, added stiffener plates, etc. c) d) The passive fire protection product being considered must have been tested and assessed for standard solid I -section beams. The thickness of the passive fire protection product/system will be determined from the Section Factor, the limiting temperature, and fire protection product temperature tables, for the appropriate fire resistance periods. This thickness will then be multiplied by 1.20 to provide a prudent and conservative generic solution.

NOTE 2 - The ASFP will support manufacturers who develop specific multi temperature analysis tables/ thermal models in conjunction with independent structural models such as SCI RT1085 v04, so that the factor 1.20 can be avoided.

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e)

The maximum thickness of a boxed board or reinforced sprayed PFP system to be used on the cellular beam must not exceed the maximum temperature or thickness, as tested and assessed by an independent body on a loaded solid beam. The maximum thickness of a profiled board or sprayed PFP system to be used, must not exceed the maximum temperature or thickness, as tested and assessed by an independent body on a loaded solid beam.

f)

NOTE 3 - If a tested boxed PFP system is to be used as a profiled PFP system then it shall be deemed necessary to confirm the manufacturers proposal by a member of the ASFP Technical Review Panel, to assess the acceptability of the stickabilityof the proposed PFP system. g) The proposal for sealing the PFP around the apertures in the cellular beam shall be covered by a suitable assessment from an independent body and deemed acceptable by a member of the ASFP Technical Review Panel. [This must not be the same member who may have made the Assessment]

NOTE 4 - The fixing detail and stickabilityof the proposed PFP system must not be prejudiced by narrow web post widths, based on the existing test protocol in Sections 3 and 4 of this Publication h) The PFP system being offered must ensure that there are no exposed areas of the steel except where normally accepted at re-entrant profiles adjacent to the supported soffit above the beam [see Section 2.3 in this Publication] Cellular beams protected by reactive coatings [e.g intumescent coatings]
rd

6.2

In the 3 Edition, it was stated that no definitive guidance could be provided for the use of reactive intumescent coatings for the fire protection of cellular beams. That situation has now changed, as detailed in the text that follows. 6.2.1 Background Recent testing of cellular beams has proven that previous practices, not supported by ASFP, of adding 20% to the fire protection thickness of a particular steel section (for an equivalent solid section in terms of A/V and for a given fire protection period) does not necessarily provide a safe solution for reactive coatings. It is now recognised that the thickness of a reactive coating required to provide a given fire resistance to a cellular beam is a function of the beams web thickness, the hole shape and dimensions, the width of the web post, the degree of the beam asymmetry and the structural utilisation factor, as well as the nature of the proprietary fire protection itself. The design of the beam determines the position and nature of the critical stresses within the beam. These critical stresses are independent of the fire protection required and are used to determine the limiting structural temperatures for the beam. The ability of a reactive coating product to provide protection to the critical area(s) of the beam is very product specific. Individual protection products, normally quite similar in performance when compared on the basis of rolled steel sections, may require radically different thicknesses for the same cellular beam. Therefore its likely that most reactive coating products will need a thickness adjustment factor to be applied to the data obtained from solid rolled sections. This factor may be more or less than 20%. 6.2.2 Fire protecting cellular beams with reactive coatings It is essential that the reactive coating manufacturer seeks information from the cellular beam manufacturer regarding the mechanical properties of the particular cellular beam design. This will include the limiting temperature, the section factor and the web post width the dimension between adjacent openings. It is up to the intumescent coating manufacturer then to determine by testing and, if appropriate, by calculation the thickness of the specific product required to achieve the required level of protection. The Section factor [m ] is determined by SCI method, as above Section factor [m ] = 1400/t where t is the thickness [mm] of the lower steel web, and applies for beams made from all steel rolled sections and from welded steel plate. For some beam design /reactive product combinations, the combined influence of variations in beam design and required thicknesses of reactive coating are the subject of a complex computer analysis, the validity of which shall be proven over the range of its application.
-1 -1

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Alternatively, the limiting temperature of a cellular beam may be established using a suitable structural model, based on the principles given in the relevant Eurocode. The model shall take account of any increased temperatures of the web post relative to the flanges. A protocol To evaluate and characterise reactive fire protection products, the ASFP has devised a cellular beam fire protection testing protocol to provide product specific thermal data for the fire protection of cellular beams, see Section 6.3. These tests should be conducted by a UKAS approved fire test laboratory utilising the standard temperature/time curve given in BS 476 Part 20 or BS EN 1363 1. To utilise the data from the cellular beam fire testing protocol, the reactive coating (intumescent) manufacturer must first have a multi-temperature analysis (MTA) of the performance of the product on plain rolled sections, for each fire protection period. This, together with the data obtained from the cellular beam testing protocol is used to derive the required thickness of fire protection for a particular beam design. 6.2.3 Generic advice As far as it is possible to give generic advice regarding the determination of required thicknesses of intumescent fire protection products for cellular beams, the Steel Construction Institute has published SCI RT 1085 v04 which includes limitations of use such as it only refers to cellular beams with circular holes up to 80% of the beam depth; width of end posts not less than 30% of the opening diameter; width of web posts not less than 130mm; ratio of opening spacing to opening diameter not less than 1.3; and beams subject to loading typical of office buildings. The SCI RT1085 v04 currently excludes beams with rectangular or elongated openings; roof beams; beams without lateral restraint or intermediate lateral restraint. Readers should contact the Steel Construction Institute for the latest guidance.
NOTE - that it also assumes that for cellular beams - SCI RT1085 v04 clause 1.3 Scope comments that it is assumed that the voids formed by steel decking above the top flange are filled. Beams with unfilled voids may be used provided that the protection thickness is further increased by use of the ASFP guidance in Clause 2.3 of this ASFP publication. ALSO refer to manufacturers specific data.

6.2.4

Product specific thickness determinations Product specific information based on multi-temperature analysis [MTA] of the product on plain rolled sections and the data obtained from the same product in the cellular beam testing protocol can be used to provide the required level of fire protection to cellular beams of a variety of designs. Based upon the nature and design of the cellular beam (method of construction, shape and spacing of holes, etc.,) this may require an analysis of the structural design data and the product data, or may represent a more simple analysis of information based on the fire testing of unprotected beams in comparison with protected beams. The former shall result in a product specific analysis or assessment of the combined steel beam and protection product performance [similar to RT 1085] as provided by a competent structural fire engineer. In order to undertake the assessment and to determine the appropriate reactive coating thicknesses, input data is required from [a] the steel beam manufacturer on the one hand and [b] the fire protection coating manufacturer on the other.

6.3

The ASFP fire testing protocol for cellular beam protection

Where a reactive coating manufacturer wishes to obtain product specific thermal data for the fire protection of cellular beams, this requires data from tests as described in the ASFP protocol. The assessments will be rd primarily based on test information from 3 party test laboratories accredited to ISO 17025; e.g. UKAS * accredited laboratories. Furnace control should be to either BS 476-21 or EN 13381-4: 2002 [for passive * protection systems] or prEN 13381-8 [for reactive coatings] when exposed to the standard time-temperature curve specified in BS 476 -20 or BS EN 1363-1. [* See comments in the Notes to Section 7.1] The ASFP test protocol only uses circular openings in the steel web. The approach initially requires a conventional plain beam assessment, (see 5.1) for each product which is to be tested and evaluated for use on cellar beams. The plain beam assessments provide a baseline dry film thickness onto which has to be added an additional thickness derived from the beam characteristics. N.B. Test programme results cannot be extrapolated for a higher period of fire resistance i.e. factors derived from a 60 minute test programme cannot be used for 90 or 120 minute requirements.

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6.3.1

Thermocouples

Mineral insulated thermocouples must be used to in order to ensure reliable recording of the localised data and can be fitted on either steel face at mid depth. However, the main beam web reference thermocouples must form a 50mm square in the centre of the plain web areas, see Figure 8. A pair of diagonally opposite thermocouples must be placed on either side of the web to form the 50mm square, which must be positioned centrally between the stiffener and the vertical edge of the half circular opening. In addition, three thermocouples must be used on each web post on the web post centre line (see Figure 8). One must be fitted in the middle of the web post, and the outer two must be fitted 25mm from the edge of the openings. For assessment purposes, the average web post temperature will be the weighted average based upon the separation distances of each thermocouple from the edge of the opening. Thirty-five mineral insulated thermocouples, with optional welded cover plates, must be used. These must be placed in the web/flange corners and vertically up and down the web. The precise positions of the thermocouples are not shown dimensionally, but their position in relation to each pair of circular and semicircular openings are shown in Figure 8. The test laboratory will provide detailed drawings in the test report. It should be noted that the thermocouples above the bottom flange, on the centre line of the web post, should be equidistant from the edge of the openings and the bottom flange. Likewise, the thermocouples below the full circular openings should be equidistant from the edge of the opening and the bottom flange. 6.3.2 Dry film thickness [dft] measurements

Dry film thickness measurements should be taken in the usual way to provide an overall average for each section. Specific zone dfts should also be measured as indicated below. Ten dft measurements should be taken in the web post zones WP1, WP2 and WP3, which must be situated 125mm above and below the web centreline - See Figure 9 below. These measurements should be taken randomly on either side of the web and the thicknesses averaged separately for each face. The combined averages of these measurements are considered to represent the average dft. A plain web reference zone (WR) should also be included in the measurements. Ten dft measurements should be taken randomly either side of the web within a 250mm x 250mm square around the four thermocouples. These measurements should then be averaged out for each side and a combined average taken. See Figure 9 for details of the positions of the web post measurement zones i.e. WP1, WP2, WP3 and WR. Six dft measurements must be taken on each of the underside bottom flange zones, BF1, BF2 and BF3. Each zone must be 250mm in length and must be situated immediately below its equivalent web post zone. The resultant measurements will be averaged as separate zones. Similarly, six measurements should be taken immediately under the plain web reference zone BF0. See Figure 9 for details of the positions of the bottom flange zones i.e. BF1, BF2 BF3 and BF0. The total underside bottom flange (TBF) must also be averaged as a separate zone. In this respect, the total zone averages of WR, WP1, WP2, WP3, TBF, BFO, BF1, BF2 and BF3 must be equal to or greater than 0.85 of the maximum zone average, i.e. all zone dfts must be within 15% of each other. If any zone does not meet this requirement, physical adjustments must be made to ensure compliance. In the case of the intumescent coating around all other web thermocouples [not included in these zones] the dfts should be measured locally. Three measurements must be taken on each side of the steel section within a 25mm radius of each thermocouple. The intumescent coating around the remaining bottom flange thermocouples must also be treated in a similar manner - i.e. six dft measurements must be taken on the underside face only. The short symmetrical beams must be treated as detailed above, but should exclude the plain web reference area. The short asymmetrical beam must also be treated as detailed above, but the web zones must be divided into two discreet halves; above and below the centre line. Five dft measurements should be taken above and below the centre line on both sides of the web. See Figure 10 for details of the positions of the thermocouples on both the symmetrical and asymmetrical short beams. Note: dft measurements must be taken at a minimum of 20mm from the edge of any opening as electronic gauges are not reliable at less than this distance. Refer to gauge manufacturers for details.

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6.3.3

Test specimens

The steel sections used in the test must be grade S275 and the loaded sections must be fabricated from plate steel topped with Holorib composite decking. The decking should incorporate two shear connectors between each dovetail, positioned across the top flange width, parallel to the dovetail. The concrete slab must be 120mm thick, 700mm wide and cast from C30 topping reinforced with A142 mesh. It should be noted that the sections specified differ for the 60, 90 and 120 minute test programmes because, for example, 120 minutes would not necessarily be achieved using the lighter more slender sections required for the 60 minute fire test. The SCI has calculated the applied loads for each test programme in order to ensure web post buckling at failure. Tables 25, 26 and 27 provide details of the sections to be tested for 60, 90 and 120 minute requirements. All web openings must be circular and 400mm in diameter for both the 90 and 120 minute test sections. Openings for the 60 minute test section should be circular and 380mm in diameter. The loaded sections must incorporate three pairs of circular openings/half circular openings, to provide three web posts. The web post widths must be 130mm. 160mm and 225mm and it should be noted that the beams must be fitted with stiffeners in order to prevent web buckling. Figures 11, 12 and 13 provide details of web post widths and web stiffeners. Each test programme must include four short sections. Each section must be 1200mm in length and must incorporate two web posts as detailed. The test results will apply equally to any cellular beam made from hot rolled steel sections or steel plate. Figure 10 provides details of the short sections. NOTE - The short sections include web/flange ratios that apply to both hot rolled sections and plate girders, and also cover a wide range of slenderness ratios from 50 to 97 and Hp/As from 100 m to 270 m. To provide an indication of the behaviour of protected asymmetrical sections, one of the 1200mm short sections may be asymmetrical in order to provide a degree of basic thermal data 6.3.4 Web post line assessment

The web post assessment should be based on the ratio of the web post temperature to the average bottom flange temperature; for each period of fire resistance. This ratio should be plotted against web post width. Where the two web post assessments are carried out from a single fire test and the lower fire resistance period results in lower web post factors than for the higher fire resistance period, the factors from the higher fire resistance period must be used for both. As a minimum requirement, the average bottom flange temperature must not reach 620C before it is in within 10% of the required period of fire resistance. However, it may be possible to extend the 10% limit provided that sufficient supporting evidence is available. No upper limit has been set in this respect, as the web to flange temperatures will be taken when the bottom flange has reached 620C and not when the predicted period of fire resistance has been achieved. This will ensure that no benefit will be gained from conservative over-application of the coating. When the average bottom flange temperature reaches 620C the weighted average web temperatures should be determined, according to the Position Number, as follows: Position 1: temperature of web post at a distance of 25mm from one edge of hole. Position 2: temperature of web post at a distance of 25mm from other edge of hole. Position 3: temperature at centre of web post. a) For web post width 100mm Average = b) (Position 1) + (Position 2) + (Position 3) 3 For web post width 130mm When web post widths (P) are 130mm.

c)

(Position 1 x 45) + (Position 2 x 45) + (Position 3 x 40) 130 For web post width 160mm or more When web post widths (P) are 160mm or greater. Weighted Average = (Position 1 x 50) + (Position 2 x 50) + (Position 3 x 60) 160 For web post width 225mm (Position 1 x 50) + (Position 2 x 50) + (Position 3 x 125) 225
67 VOL 1: SECTION 6 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 20 Jan 2010

Weighted Average =

d)

Weighted Average =

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

The ratios of each [weighted average web post temperature / the overall bottom flange temperature] must be determined at the time taken for the bottom flange to reach 620C and also at the required period of fire resistance. In each case the higher value should be used as the relative temperature ratio. The temperature ratios for each web post width are averaged using the data from the loaded beam and the short sections. The web post width (X-axis) in mm should then be plotted against the average relative temperature (Y-axis). The plot should take account of the reference area of the web, which is deemed to have a web post width of 450mm, and should use the simple average web reference temperature. The 450mm ratio is the anchor point for any plot and if this value is less than unity at the point where the line crosses unity on the Y-axis, all web post ratios greater than this should be taken as one. NOTE - The thermal data from the asymmetrical short sections is not used in the web post line calculation. The web post line must not be extrapolated below 115mm unless additional test results can prove otherwise. The web post line can be a linear or curved plot provided an R >0.9 can be shown. Web post assessments must be based upon fire test report and assessment from a 3 party test laboratory accredited to ISO 17025; e.g UKAS accredited laboratories, prior to submission to an independent structural engineer recognised by the Engineering Council, such as the SCI. The structural engineer will then produce specific limiting temperature tables based upon the specific web post line.
rd

FIG 8. Thermocouple positions for loaded beams

Bottom Flange Plan View T/C Positions at points

FIG 9. DFT Zones

WP1

WR

WP2

WP3

BF1

BF0

BF2

BF3

TBF = Total Bottom flange Average Underside only

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FIG 10. Short section detail

1200 mm 1200 mm

Post 1

Post 2

Post 1

Post 2

Bottom Flange Plan View T/C Positions at points

Symmetrical Sections Post 1 = 130 mm in all cases Post 2 = 160 or 225 mm

Asymmetric Section Post 1 = 130 mm Post 2 = 160 mm

FIG 11. Loaded section detail

4500 3565(3555 3035(3045) Stiffeners on both sides at loading points: 50 x 10

No. in brackets is for 60 min test

1480(147

See Figure 12 for central dimensions

920 (930)

150 67 5

160

225

130

150

1725 2775

See Figure 13 for end bearing detail

382 Test 60 90 120

Steel depth

DO NOT SCALE

Opening

Flanges 160x12 180x12 180x15

Web

d/t 79 66 52

Applied

500 mm 550 mm 550 mm

380 400 400

6 8 10

4 x 50kN 4 x 90kN 4 x 105kN

Note: All dimensions in mm. All steel grade S275. All welds 5mm double sided fillet. Web post dimensions are for reference only

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FIG 12. Central dimensions

225

Based on 400 50

100 approx

1725

425 2775

NOTE: The two half openings have been reduced in size and offset to increase the area of plain web. This will have negligible effect on the structural performance as the shear is very low in this region.

FIG 13. End bearing detail

20 plate

25

Roller 50 dia

400

Floor slab detail

Width Depth Decking Deck sheet thickness Reinforcement Shear connectors 700 120

DO NOT SCALE

Holorib or similar, Voids to be unfilled, Deck to span across flange 1 approx A142, placed on deck 19 dia x 100, welded through deck Studs to be placed in pairs at every deck trough

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Table 25: Cell beam fire test programme - for 60minutes Slenderness d/t Cell spacing S/d Equivalent Plate Girder Fire Resistance (min) BottomTee Hp/A (m-1) 200 200 200 250 250 195 195 NA 195 100 100 BottomTee Hp/A (m-1) 190 190 190 195 195 165 165 NA 165 100 100 BottomTee Hp/A (m-1) 145 145 145 155 155 125 125 NA 135 100 Beam Ref Web post P (mm) Parent Section Web: flange ratio (tw/tf) 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.67 0.67 0.58 0.58 0.69 0.63 0.40 0.40 Web: flange ratio (tw/tf) 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.62 0.40 Web: flange ratio (tw/tf) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.40 0.40

LBa 4200mm SBa 1200mm SBb 1200mm SBc 1200mm SBd 1200mm
Note 1: Note 2:

406x140x39kg 406x140x39kg 406x140x39kg 356x127x33kg 356x127x33kg 356x171x51kg 356x171x51kg TT356x127x33kg BT356x171x51kg 550x200x25x10 550x200x25x10

500x160x12x6 N.B. 380 dia holes 600x125x10x6 600x171x12x8 NA DITTO

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Depth (mm) 500 500 500 600 600 600 600 600 600 550 550

79 79 79 97 97 73 73 84 84 50 50

130 160 225 130 225 130 160 130 160 130 160

1.325 1.4 1.5625 1.325 1.5625 1.325 1.4 1.325 1.4 1.325 1.4

Short section SBc is included for information only, relating to asymmetrical beams and is not used in the web post calculations. This may be replaced by a second SBb but with both web posts 100mm wide, if data is required for narrower web posts. Bottom Tee Hp/A is based on the plate girder except in the case of the asymmetric section.

Table 26: Cell beam fire test programme - for 90minutes Slenderness d/t Cell spacing S/d 1.325 1.4 1.5625 1.325 1.5625 1.325 1.4 1.325 1.4 1.325 1.4 1.325 1.4 1.5625 1.325 1.5625 1.325 1.4 1.325 1.4 1.325 Cell spacing S/d Equivalent Plate Girder Web post P (mm) 130 160 225 130 225 130 160 130 160 130 160 Web post P (mm) 130 160 225 130 225 130 160 130 160 130 Fire Resistance (min) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Beam Ref Parent Section

LBb 4200mm SBe 1200mm SBf 1200mm SBg 1200mm SBh 1200mm
Note 1: Note 2:

406x178x67kg 406x178x67kg 406x178x67kg 356x171x51kg 356x171x51kg 356x171x57kg 356x171x57kg TT356x171x51kg BT406x178x67kg 550x200x25x10 550x200x25x10

550x180x12x8 NB 400 dia holes 600x171x12x8 600x171x15x8 NA DITTO

Depth (mm) 550 550 550 600 600 600 600 600 600 550 550

66 66 66 72 72 71 71 68 68 50 50

Short section SBg is included for information only, relating to asymmetrical beams and is not used in the web post calculations. This may be replaced by a second SBf but with both web posts 100mm wide, if data is required for narrower web posts. Bottom Tee Hp/A is based on the plate girder except in the case of the asymmetric section.

Table 27: Cell beam fire test programme - for 120 minutes Slenderness d/t 52 52 52 52 52 47 47 56 56 50 Equivalent Plate Girder Fire Resistance (min) 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Beam Ref Parent Section

LBc 4200mm SBi 1200mm SBj 1200mm SBk 1200mm SBl

Note 1: Note 2:

406x178x74kg 406x178x74kg 406x178x74kg 356x171x67kg 356x171x67kg 457x152x82kg 457x152x82kg TT356x171x67kg BT457x152x82kg 550x200x25x10

550x180x15x10 N.B 400 dia holes 550x173x15x10 600x153x20x12 NA DITTO

Short section SBk is included for information only, relating to asymmetrical beams and is not used in the web post calculations. This may be replaced by a second SBj but with both web posts 100mm wide, if data is required for narrower web posts. Bottom Tee Hp/A is based on the plate girder except in the case of the asymmetric section.

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Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 20 Jan 2010

6.4

Cellular beams with rectangular openings protected by reactive coatings.

6.4.1 Background This test programme is an extension to the protocol referred to in Section 6.3 and deals with cellular beams with rectangular holes in the web. Prior to undertaking the testing it is essential that the testing protocol referred to in Section 6.3 has been completed for beams with circular holes protected by the same reactive coating. Cellular beams with rectangular web openings behave differently in fire compared with those containing circular holes and therefore different structural design considerations are necessary. However the thermal data and measurement of physical properties required for the assessment of each type may be generated in a similar manner albeit they may be have different values. 6.4.2 Test Requirements The testing is designed to extend the scope of the cellular beam testing protocol for beams with circular web openings to include those with rectangular holes. It is not sufficient to allow the assessment of beams with rectangular openings in isolation. It is not required to test a loaded beam since it is considered that the stickability of the coating has already been demonstrated by the loaded test as required by the protocol for beams with circular openings. It is however necessary to establish the relationship between the thermal data (web post temperature) associated with beams with rectangular holes with that previously generated for beams with circular holes. Therefore it is only required to test short unloaded beam sections to establish this relationship. 6.4.2.1 Measured Parameters The following methods for the determination of various parameters should be adopted: Thermocouples: The type to be as defined in Section 6.3.1 but positioned as described in Section 6.4.2.3 Dry Film Thickness (dft) measurement: Principles are as defined in Section 6.3.2. For the specific zones refer to 6.4.2.3 Web post line assessment: The principles outlined in Section 6.3.4 should be followed and the web post weighted average temperature calculated accordingly to the width of the web post as given in the Section 6.4.2.3 Section factor: as defined in Section 6. 6.4.2.2 Test Specimens Typically structural designs for beams with rectangular web openings means the spacing between holes is much greater than the spacing for beams with circular web openings e.g. typically web post widths greater than 500mm are common for beams with rectangular web openings. However, even though the testing should reflect realistic end use it should also provide a reasonable comparison with the much shorter spacing for circular holes particularly as the structural model for beams with rectangular holes in the webs will also cover much narrow web posts. The following short unloaded beam test specimens are required for each reactive product:
Beam Ref Parent Section (universal beam)
mm x mm x kg/m

Equivalent Plate mm

Depth mm

Slenderness* (d/t)

Web Post width (P) mm

Web/Flange Ratio* (tw/tf)

SRB1 SRB2

356x171x51 356x171x51

600x125x12/8 600x125x12/8

600 600

73 73

200 400 600 130

0.64 0.64

SRB3

356x171x51

600x125x12/8

600

73

160 130

0.64

* data for Universal beam section

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The beams should be a minimum length of 1.5m, be symmetrical and installed within the test furnace in a similar manner to those listed in Section 6. The holes should be 450mm high and situated at mid-height in the web. The following drawings show the details. Beam SRB1
DIMENSIONS IN MM. DO NOT SCALE

150

200

WEB CUT-OUT POSITIONS 200 200 400

125 200 150 62.5 C/L 62.5

12 FLANGE

C/L FULL WELD, FULL LENGTH

12 FLANGE

1500

8 WEB

SIDE ELEVATION OF BEAM SRB1

VERTICAL SECTION

Beam SRB2

DIMENSIONS IN MM. DO NOT SCALE

250

200

WEB CUT-OUT POSITIONS 600

125 200 250 62.5 C/L

12 FLANGE

62.5

C/L FULL WELD, FULL LENGTH

12 FLANGE

1500

8 WEB

SIDE ELEVATION OF BEAM SRB2

VERTICAL SECTION

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450 WEB CUT-OUT

225

600 450

225

450 WEB CUT-OUT

225

600 450

225

SRB3
DIMENSIONS IN MM. DO NOT SCALE

140

200

WEB CUT-OUT POSITIONS 160 200 130 200

125 130 200 140 62.5 C/L

12 FLANGE

62.5

C/L FULL WELD, FULL LENGTH

12 FLANGE

1500

8 WEB

SIDE ELEVATION OF BEAM SRB3

VERTICAL SECTION

Dimensions in mm. Drawings not to scale.

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450 WEB CUT-OUT

225

600 450

225

6.4.2.3 Thermocouple Positions The thermocouple positions for the web posts for SRB3 (web post widths up to 200mm) are identical with those for similar beams with circular holes defined in Section 6.3.4. The weighted average temperature is determined in accordance with the calculations given in 6.3.4 i.e. the same as for short beams with circular holes. A minimum of four thermocouples are to be fixed to the bottom flange of SBR3 in similar positions to those shown for short beams with circular holes given in Figure 10. Additional thermocouples are required on web posts greater than 200mm as shown in the following drawing to take into account the effect of the greater mass of steel towards the centre of the web post. A minimum of four thermocouples are to be fixed to the bottom flange in similar positions to those for SRB3. 400mm and 600mm Web Posts 25
equal
equal 25

equal

Centreline of web post

Position 4 Position 1 Position 2 Position 3

Weighted web post average temperatures are determined as follows: Web post 400mm weighted average (Pos 1 x 50 ) + (Pos 2 x 150) + (Pos 3 x 150) + (Pos 4 x 50) 400

Web post 600mm weighted average (Pos 1 x 50 ) + (Pos 2 x 150) + (Pos 3 x 150) + (Pos 4 x 50) 600

6.4.2.4 Measurement of Coating Thickness The coating thickness will be measured in the web post areas and the lower flange areas adopting the principles in Section 6.3.2 and as indicated in Figure 9.

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7.

TEST AND ASSESSMENT METHODS TO THE EUROPEAN STANDARD ENV 13381- 4

The current European fire test standard ENV 13381-4 is in the course of being revised and is expected to be reissued as two separate standards. These are expected to be ENV 13381-4, which will cover passive products such as boards and non-reactive spray coatings, and prEN 13381-8 which is expected to deal with reactive coatings. Alternatively, the possibility exists that Part 8 may become a sub-section of a revised ENV 13381-4 7.1 Introduction

The European standard ENV 13381-4 adopts a slightly different approach to the assessment of fire protection to structural steelwork when compared to that currently used in the UK. Therefore it may be helpful to consider briefly the basic philosophies of the two approaches before discussing in detail the requirements of the European standard. The UK approach in earlier publications of this document considered the ability of the protection material to maintain the steel temperature below the temperature at which structural failure occurs under the maximum permissible design loading. Consequently the appraisal of the fire resistance of protected steel is usually confined to this critical temperature. The testing programme and assessment procedures are designed to utilise the critical temperature obtained from tests on fully loaded steel members. The critical temperature may be different for columns and beams and therefore two design temperatures may be used in the assessment. It is well documented that the ability of structural steel components to support load varies with temperature, consequently the individual components of the steel frame of a building can be designed such that they are able to support the applied load at temperatures other than that related to the maximum permissible loading. Increasingly, buildings constructed using structural steel, particularly complex ones, are being designed using fire engineering principles which provide for protection thicknesses which are related to the load-bearing capability of the steel member in situ. For further information see Section 2 The European approach given in the ENV 13381-4 allows for a wider range of steel design temperatures, generally 350C to 700C, to be used, consequently the thickness of applied fire protection may be varied in accordance with the load carried by the individual steel member. The European document is in two main parts: [a] the Fire Test which specifies the tests required to provide information about the physical and thermal performance of the protection material and [b] the Assessment which prescribes how the data from the fire test is analysed. NOTE 1 The fire testing and assessment of cellular beams is not within the scope of ENV 13381-4 and, therefore there is currently no agreed European approach that deals with the fire protection of cellular beams. Also see Section 6 7.2 General

The standard is designed to cover a range of thicknesses of applied protection material, a range of steel sizes, a range of design temperatures and a range of fire protection periods. The evaluation consists of a test and a subsequent assessment protocol based on the data obtained from the tested sections. There are three basic assessment protocols which initially refer to I-shaped or H-shaped sections. Other shaped sections, e.g. hollow sections, are dealt with by modifying the I or H section data or including additional test specimens. The test programme specifies the test specimens appropriate to the assessment method and determines the ability of the fire protection specimen to remain coherent and fixed to the steelwork (stickability) and provides data on the thermal characteristics of the material. The test programme is carried out on loaded sections and unloaded short sections and may include a 2m tall column if the protective system is reactive e.g. an intumescent product. The loaded beam sections are subjected to a total load which represents 60% of the design moment resistance according to ENV 1993-1-1, calculated using the nominal steel strength and the recommended values given in ENV 1993-1-1. The loaded column sections are subjected to an axially applied load which represents 60% of the design buckling resistance according to ENV 1993-1-1, calculated using the nominal steel strength and the recommended values given in ENV 1993-1-1. The test loading required by the standard is largely similar to that adopted for tests to BS 476-21. The assessment procedure is used to establish:

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(a) (b)

a correction factor for the physical performance or stickability of the material based on the temperature data derived from the testing of loaded and unloaded sections. the thermal properties of the material derived from the testing of short steel columns.

The standard defines criteria for acceptability which must be met for the assessment to be valid. It also defines the limitations of the assessment and the permitted direct application of the results to variations in the tested system e.g. different shaped sections. A number of methods of analysing the test data are defined since there is unlikely to be a single method which is suitable for all protection materials. The methods are listed as follows: (a) (b) (c) Differential equation based on thermal conductivity (variable and constant) Multiple linear regression Graphical

The first analysis of the data is normally on the basis of either differential equation or numerical regression methods. Also defined is an evaluation of reactive systems against a slow heating regime which may be required in some areas of Europe such as Germany. 7.3 Testing Protocol

The selection of the number and steel section sizes (section factor A/V) of the test specimens is decided according to the assessment method. This largely relates to whether the protection material /product is passive or reactive to the fire exposure. Generally, the standard adopts the principle that passive materials /products are likely to be more predictable than reactive systems. Consequently, a lower number of test specimens will be needed to satisfy the criteria of acceptability of the standard. The methods associated with physical principles (thermal conductivity) and statistical analysis (multiple linear regression) generally require less specimens than the graphical approach. The assessment can be limited to 3 and 4 sided protection (beams and columns) or 4 sided protection (columns only) at the request of the test sponsor.

Table 28: Steel sections to be tested to ENV 13381- 4 [for passive products] or to prEN 13381-8 [for reactive coatings]
Specimen Beam Beam Beam Beam Column Loading loaded unloaded loaded unloaded loaded or unloaded Equivalent Section Size mm x mm x kg/m 406 x 178 x 67 406 x 178 x 67 406 x 178 x 67 406 x 178 x 67 305 x 305 x 97 Section Factor A/V Profiled 155 155 155 155 145 Section Factor A/V Boxed 115 115 115 115 100 Thickness min min max max max

Typically the sections listed in Table 28 are to be tested in order to establish the physical properties of the material (stickability): The section sizes shown in Table 28 are the nearest UK equivalent of the sections listed in the European document. The unloaded sections are 1000mm plus or minus 50mm in length. The loaded beams have a heated length of not less than 4000mm ; they also contain web stiffening at supports and loading points. A tall column (305mm x 305mm x 97kg/m) with maximum thickness is also required for reactive systems. For a separate assessment for columns only (4 sided protection) the above tall column and loaded beams may be substituted by two tests on loaded columns (maximum and minimum thickness). The standard selection of short columns for the differential equation or the regression analysis methods (generally passive protection materials although they may be suitable for reactive systems if additional specimens are included) is based on a minimum of 10 specimens and that for the graphical method (generally thin film reactive systems) is 18 specimens. The test protocol specifies the particular section size and thickness of material to be tested.
77 VOL 1: SECTION 7 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 20 Jan 2010

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 7.4

Additional specimens may be needed to provide additional data points and the standard test packages may be varied if the thickness of the protection is provided in a number of discrete thicknesses Test Conditions

The furnace pressure and heating conditions are specified in EN 1363-1 and are similar to those given in BS 476-20. The temperature of the furnace is controlled using plate thermometers rather than the thermocouples specified by the British standard. A description of the plate thermometer is given in Section 1.3.2. When loaded beams are tested with short columns, plate thermometers located in the vicinity of the short columns are used to control the furnace rather than those in the region of the loaded beam. 7.5 Properties of Test Component Materials

The properties of the test specimens, including steel section size, protection material thickness and distribution and, where appropriate, the density of the material, are required to be measured for each specimen. The measured properties are required to satisfy certain rules in order for the temperature data from the specimens to be acceptable for the analysis. 7.6 Validity of the Temperature Data

The standard requires certain rules to be followed in order for the temperature data from the sections to be considered valid for the analysis. These rules take into account malfunction of thermocouples and could lead to the rejection of all the data obtained on a particular section. However, the standard requires a high number of thermocouples on each section which makes the complete rejection of data from a section unlikely. 7.7 Correction of Temperature Data Only temperature data from the short columns is used for the basic analysis. This data must be corrected for stickability and for any difference in protection thickness between the loaded sections and their respective short section. For reactive systems, correction is also made against the tall column. The passive and reactive systems are treated slightly differently in respect of data correction, which also relates to the method of analysis adopted. In all cases the correction factors are calculated on the basis of steel temperature.
NOTE that the correction factors are based on the characteristic temperature which is the sum of the mean temperature and the maximum temperature divided by 2.

For the analysis, the mean temperatures of the short steel columns are used. Assessment Methods

7.8

Assessment of the thermal performance of the protective materials for all methods uses the corrected data for the short columns. 7.8.1 Differential Equation

The two methods using the differential equation are based on a one dimensional heat flow equation and assume the predominant heat flow is conduction through the protection material with the outer face assumed to be at the standard fire temperature. The protection material is described using its thermal conductivity, specific heat and density and the moisture content is also taken into account. The basic equation is:

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The differential equation is solved to give thermal conductivity as a function of time. The thermal conductivity is then adjusted until the criteria for acceptability given in the document are just satisfied. The results are presented to give the thickness of protection material required to provide specified fire resistance periods to various section factors for various design temperatures. 7.8.2 Numerical Regression Analysis

The numerical regression analysis is a statistical approach which has time to reach a specified design temperature, steel temperature, section factor and protection thickness as variables. The multiple linear regression is performed using the following equation:

Transposition of Equation 5 to determine protection thickness gives:

Using the corrected data from the short columns, the regression coefficients are determined and modified if necessary to satisfy the criteria for acceptability. The coefficients are used to predict the thickness of protection material required to provide specified fire resistance periods to various section factors for various design temperatures.

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7.8.3

Graphical Approach

At each design temperature the corrected data from each short column is used to provide plots of time to reach the particular design temperature against protection thickness for constant section factors. From each of these graphs and for each thickness of protection material a second series of graphs are plotted showing the variation in time to reach the design temperature as a function of section factor. When these graphs are plotted a number of simple rules must be applied. These rules are summarised as follows: 1. 2. 3. The points on the graph are connected by straight lines, i.e. curve fitting is not allowed. The time to the design temperature must also increase as the thickness of material increases. The time to the design temperature must decrease as the section factor increases.

If rules 2 and 3 are not satisfied the relevant point is omitted. From the second series of graphs the variation in section factor against temperature for each thickness of material and for each specified period of fire resistance is plotted. 7.9 Criteria for Acceptability

For the assessment to be valid, the following criteria for acceptability must be met : (a) (b) (c) 7.10 For each short column section the predicted time to reach each design temperature shall not exceed the time for the corrected temperature to reach the design temperature by more than 30%. The mean value of all percentage differences in time shall be less than zero. A maximum of 20% of individual values of all percentage differences in time shall be more than zero. Direct Application of Results

Permitted extension of the variables evaluated during the test is dependent upon the assessment method adopted and is given in Table 29.

Table 29: Permitted extension of the tested variables

Assessment Method Section Factor A/V Material Thickness Design Temperature
7.11

Differential Equation Differential Equation (variable l) (fixed l) -20% to +50% -20% to +50% -20% to +20% -5% to +5% -0% to +10% -0% to +7.5%

Numerical Regression -10% to +10% -5% to +5% -0% to +5%

Graphical 0% 0% 0%

Presentation of the Results

An example of a method of presenting the results is given in Table 30:

Table 30: Fire Resistance Classification R30 (30 minutes)

Design Temp C A/V 40 60 etc to limit
The limits on section factor, material thickness and temperature are those determined by Table 26. The section factor interval may be varied as required. The results may also be presented graphically.

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

limit

Thickness of material required in mm

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Applicability of the Results of the Assessment to Other Section Shapes Structural Hollow Sections - Passive Protection Systems

For boxed protection systems the thickness for circular or rectangular hollow sections is equal to that for the I or H section of the same boxed section factor. For profiled protection systems the required thickness for circular or rectangular hollow sections is based on the following modification to the equivalent thickness for I or H sections: (a) For A/V values up to 250 m-1

where dp = thickness of protection based on I or H section data A/V = section factor for hollow section (b) For A/V values higher than 250 m-1 modified thickness = 1.25dp where dp = thickness of protection based on I or H section data The maximum thickness assessed for I or H sections should not be exceeded.

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Structural Hollow Sections - Reactive Protection Systems

In order to adapt the data derived from I or H sections to circular or rectangular hollow sections, it is necessary to provide additional test evidence to confirm the stickability of sections which have no re-entrant detail. The test specimens are tall 2m circular or rectangular columns protected with both minimum and maximum material thickness. For circular sections the nominal size recommended is 76.1mm diameter by 5mm wall thickness (A/V = 214 m-1) and for rectangular sections the nominal size recommended is 100mm by 100mm by 7.1 mm wall thickness (A/V = 147 m-1). The temperature data obtained from the hollow sections is used to correct the data from the short I or H section columns in a similar manner to that referred to in the main body of this section of the document. The maximum value of any correction factor should not exceed 1.5. If this value is exceeded the correction of the I or H section data to suit hollow sections is deemed inappropriate and a new testing programme should be undertaken involving hollow sections. The maximum thickness assessed for I or H sections should not be exceeded unless substantiated by test. 7.12.3 Angles, Channels & T-Sections

The standard does not give specific guidance on the protection to these types of sections but merely refers to obtaining advice from appropriate design codes such as those referred to in Section 1. In the absence of a definitive European approach to assessing the required protection for these types of sections it is considered reasonable to adopt the assessment method referred to in Section 3. 7.13 Assessment of Existing BS 476 Test Data to ENV 13381- 4

The test protocol and the assessment methodology of ENV 13381-4 differs with respect to the testing procedure of BS 476-21 and the current UK assessment techniques in a number of important aspects. The most critical are summarised as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) The upper flange of the loaded beam is insulated from the lightweight slab above by an insulating gasket compared with in situ cast high density concrete used for the BS test. The temperature of the upper flange is measured and used in the calculation of the characteristic temperature. These temperatures may not be available with existing data. A greater number of thermocouples are fixed to the sections. The loading is applied to the top of the beam and not via the concrete slab. The loaded section contains web stiffeners. The short sections which provide the data for the analysis are columns only, whereas existing data is likely to be a mixture of beams and columns that may not be as specified by the test protocol. The data must be corrected for stickability and if appropriate for discrepancy in thickness. Without identical unloaded reference beams it may not be possible to correct the data as required. The furnace temperature must be controlled using plate thermometers which were unlikely to be available at the time the existing test data was generated.

Therefore, because of the differences highlighted above, and different assessment methods, BS 476 test data is unlikely to be an acceptable basis for assessing to the requirements of ENV 13381-4.

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8.1 8.1.1

FIRE PROTECTION PRODUCT/ SYSTEM DATA SHEETS AND THEIR APPLICATION

Structural fire protection using passive products/systems Introduction

The data sheets in Section 9 for the various Passive fire protection products (boards and sprays) describe their characteristics and summarise the recommended fixing systems. The data sheets enable the required thickness of fire protection, for any given fire resistance period, critical steel temperature and Section Factor (A/V), to be chosen for any steel section, without recourse to individual assessment. The manufacturers installation instructions should be followed for on-site applications Values of A/V for various sections for three and four sided protection are tabulated in Section 1, which also shows in Fig. 6 how A/V values may be calculated for any protection configuration and sets out modified procedures which may be required in respect of castellated sections and bracings, etc. The particular method of calculating Section Factors for cellular beams is given in Section 6. Each fire protection system has been the subject of test and has been assessed by one of the methods described in Sections 3 and 4 or 5 or 6. These are: Tests and assessment based on the traditional UK procedure at steel temperatures of typically 550C and/or 620C. Assessment based on the traditional UK procedure but at a range of steel temperatures from 350C to 700C. Test data from BS476-21 or ENV 13381-4 (+ loaded column if vertical members are to be included). Tests and assessment based on the ENV 13381-4 procedures.

NOTE -The current European fire test standard ENV 13381-4 is in the course of being revised and is expected to be reissued as two separate standards. These are expected to be ENV 13381-4, which will cover passive products such as boards and non-reactive spray coatings, and prEN 13381-8 which is expected to deal with reactive coatings. Alternatively, the possibility exists that Part 8 may become a sub-section of a revised ENV 13381-4. In addition, the fire testing and assessment of cellular beams is not within the scope of these standards, therefore there is currently no agreed European approach that deals with the fire protection of these types of beams. Also see text in Section 6. The assessments are based on the critical steel temperatures listed above, stickability and any limitations which must be imposed on the basis of the physical characteristics of the materials. The assessment methods can be used to derive thicknesses, for any specified critical steel temperature, provided the necessary tests have been programmed correctly. 8.1.2 Notes on the application of the data sheets

In the following any reference made to the manufacturer is intended to imply manufacturer, supplier or applicator as appropriate. 1. In respect of fire resistance, A/V and thickness, together with protection details, no deviation can be made except for specific situations where some variation may be necessary. Such variations must be validated by an independent authority, or an appropriate testing laboratory, or a body as defined in Appendix A of Approved Document B to the Building Regulations 2000. Ancillary data, contained in Data Sheet items 12 to 16, are provided by the manufacturer for information and guidance only. The protection techniques referred to as Profile and Box are explained in Section 1 (Figs. 1 and 2). It is emphasized that the selection of the fire protection material should not be based on consideration of fire resistance alone, but should involve other important aspects such as interior or exterior application, impact and abrasion resistance. Products should comply with BS 8202 Guidance for the fire protection of building elements, or with ETAG 018 Fire protective products: Specific guidance for individual products may be obtained from the manufacturer. The fire protection thicknesses embody safety factors which are incorporated within the EN assessment procedure or which, in the UK assessment procedure, are due to the need to round up the calculated thicknesses of board products to fit the available manufactured thickness and, in the case of spray products, converting the calculated average thickness to a minimum on site. Thicknesses of fire protection required for different A/V values, fire resistance periods and critical steel temperatures are given in tabular form. Interpolation is permissible to determine thickness. However, if the A/V of a section coincides with the cut off between two board product thicknesses, the lesser
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thickness shall be used. In using the data it is imperative that any constraints for fire resistance (item 11 in data sheets) are implemented. 6. For the surface preparation of the steel with respect to fire performance, reference should be made to the individual data sheets or the product manufacturer. Where a direct bond to the steel is required, the normal recommendation is for the steel to be de-greased and loose scale and rust removed. Where a steel primer is specified it should be compatible with the protection and advice should be obtained from the manufacturer of the protection material. For pre-formed casings, or board or spray applied to mesh, no preparation of the steel is required. It does not matter if the steel is primed eg for corrosion purposes, except in those instances where the protection is bonded to the steel section, when the primer must be compatible with the adhesive used. The thickness of protection to be applied to a section having a calculated A/V less than the minimum A/V given in the data sheets is the thickness required at that minimum value. If the calculated A/V of a section exceeds the maximum figure in the data sheets reference should be made to the manufacturer for an individual assessment by an appropriate authority as defined in (1). For wet applied protection, thicknesses given are minimum on site. The data sheets specify the dry thickness. Where the thickness is found to be less than that specified it may still be acceptable provided that:(a) (b) 9. 10. The thickness is not less than 85% of the specified thickness, the deficient area does not exceed 1m2 and no other deficient area occurs within 3m of this area; or The thickness is not less than 75% of the specified thickness, the deficient area does not exceed 0.2m2 and no other deficient area occurs within 1m of this area.

7.

8.

Some materials undergo dimensional changes after application, and special care should be taken to recognise this factor for site control purposes (see data sheets for information where appropriate). In the case of sprayed/ trowelled protection, special consideration may have to be given to the need for reinforcement or modified/additional support if the sections on site do not allow for encapsulation or if there is no re-entrant detail, unless specific tests have been carried out. (See fig. 14) Re-entrant detail

Examples showing encapsulation

Re-entrant detail

No re-entrant detail

Examples showing no re-entrant detail Figure 14: Protection Configurations 11. In the case of sprayed or trowelled protection to deep web or wide flange sections, in-depth reinforcement in the form of a corrosion protected wire mesh, 25, 38 or 50mm x 0.9mm, should be included where: Web depth between flanges exceeds 650mm or flange width exceeds 325mm except where applicable test data is available to show such reinforcement is unnecessary. The mesh should preferably be in the middle third of the thickness and be retained by welded pins and non-return washers at nominal 500mm centres. The use of expanded metal lath as a support medium does not obviate the need for this additional reinforcement.
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12.

Where expanded steel lathing is used to form a hollow encasement, it should be spaced from any steel surface to allow penetration of the lath by the fire protection material to form a mechanical key. A method for achieving this is to wire 6mm diameter steel rods to the lath prior to fitting. Sprayed mineral materials should comply with BS 8202-1 Code of practice for the selection and installation of sprayed mineral coatings. The data sheet includes information on the limiting Section Factors (A/V) which can be protected with each system. Application of data sheets

13. 14. 8.1.3

The following examples demonstrate how the data sheets, tables and constraints should be interpreted and applied for some of the protection systems which may be encountered. (Any similarities between any of the examples and real products are unintentional.) Example 1 A 406mm x 178mm x 60kg/m universal beam is to be protected on three sides using a spray applied profile protection to provide fire resistance of 120 minutes at a critical steel temperature of 620C. (a) (b) Determine the A/V value from tables in Section 1. In this case the A/V value is 170m-1 (Table 3). Consult the data sheet in Section 9 for the product selected to determine the thickness required. Product X was chosen and an extract from its data sheet for a critical steel temperature of 620C follows as Table 31:

Table 31: Extract from datasheet for product X criticial steel temperature 620C
Section factor A/V 150 170 190 210 Thickness (mm) to provide fire resistance (minutes) 30 10 10 10 10 60 12 13 13 14 90 25 26 27 28 120 36 38 40 41 180 57 60 63 65 240 79 83 87 90

This table indicates that the thickness required for a A/V of 170m-1 and fire resistance of 120 minutes would be -1 38mm, whilst that for a A/V of 190m-1 would be 40mm. If, the section factor had been 175m , then by linear -1 interpolation the theoretical thickness for a A/V of 175m is 38.5mm. This should be rounded up and 39mm -1 would be the minimum on site thickness for the section factor of 170m . Constraints for fire resistance, item 11 in some data sheets, must also be considered. They are: (a) (b) (c) (d) Minimum dry thickness - 10mm Maximum dry thickness for 60 minutes fire resistance -19mm Maximum dry thickness for 120 minutes fire resistance - 42mm Maximum un-reinforced thickness for up to and including 240 minutes fire resistance - 70mm

It will thus be seen that 38mm, un-reinforced, is acceptable for 120 minutes fire resistance. Example 2 A universal beam section 762mm x 267mm x 173 kg/m is used as a column and it is required to be protected on four sides using a box encasement to provide fire resistance of 240 minutes at a critical steel temperature of 550C. The A/V value from Table 3 in Section 1 is 95m -1. Product U was selected and part of the block diagram relating A/V to thickness of protection and fire resistance period at a critical steel temperature of 550C, given in its data sheet, is presented below in Table 31 as an extract from the data sheet.

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Table 32: Extract from table for Product U

Section factor A/V (Hp/A) Fire resistance period (minutes) 550C 30 60 90 120 180 240 89 95 101 110 119 Product thickness 30mm 36mm 45mm 48mm 54mm

From the table it will be seen that the A/V value coincides with the boundary between 45mm and 36mm. Hence in accordance with Note 5 in 5.1.2 the requirement is 36mm, the lesser protection thickness. The data sheet must also be consulted to check that 36mm for 240 minutes fire resistance is within the limitations imposed by the constraints and to establish how 36mm can be obtained within the thicknesses available. The following extracts from the data sheet are therefore reproduced: 9. Thickness range Nominally 12,15, 18 and 21mm in single layers but may be laminated to produce greater thicknesses. 10. Fire resistance range: (a) (b) 11. 30 to 240 minutes A/V: 17-260m-1

Constraints for fire resistance (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Minimum thickness - 12mm Maximum single layer thickness - 21mm Maximum multi-layer thickness - 63mm No more than 3 laminates may be used to provide the thickness and the thickest laminate should be on the outside Minimum thickness for 180 minutes - 18mm Minimum thickness for 240 minutes - 21mm For 240 minutes fire resistance in laminated panels, the outer layer should not be less than 18mm.

The board thickness information indicates that a laminated system is required and constraint (d) requires that not more than three laminates may be used. Further, constraints (d) and (g) state that the thickest layer should be on the outside and not less than 18mm thick. In this example, to create 36mm of fire protection therefore requires two layers each 18mm thick. 8.1.4 Failure Temperatures

For the purpose of consistency in earlier editions of this publication, all assessments of passive fire protection materials were assessed on the basis of a failure temperature of 550C. A failure temperature of 620C could however be adopted for passive materials when applied to steel beams supporting a concrete slab provided test data was available to support this critical temperature. Intumescent coatings were generally assessed on the basis of 620C for beams with concrete slabs over. 550C has generally been used for columns and other beams. However, as described in Section 1.5 of Section 1, many structural design codes now include fire resistant design, introducing the concept of a variable steel failure or limiting temperature. As such, this publication now includes assessments at a range of limiting /critical steel temperatures from 350C to 700C (usually in 50C steps) based on either the traditional UK procedure or on the EN procedures. Manufacturers may utilise data based upon other failure temperatures where this is appropriate to the design of the structure and the data has been assessed by an appropriate independent body.

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Structural fire protection using reactive coatings Introduction

The data sheets for the various reactive coatings describe their characteristics and application techniques to enable the correct thickness of coating for any given fire resistance period to be chosen for any steel section, given its A/V and critical steel temperature, without recourse to individual assessment. Values of A/V for various sections for three and four sided protection are tabulated in Section 1 which also shows (Fig. 6) how A/V values may be calculated for any protection configuration. Each product has been the subject of test and has been assessed by one of the methods described in Sections 3 and 5 These are: a) b) Tests and assessment based on the traditional UK procedure at steel temperatures of typically 550C and/or 620C. Assessment based on the traditional UK procedure but at a range of steel temperatures from 350C to 700C. Test data from BS 476-21 or prEN 13381-8 plus a loaded column if vertical members are to be included. Tests and assessment based on the prEN 13381-8 procedures [also see NOTE below]

c)

The assessments are based on the limiting / critical steel temperatures listed above, stickability and any limitations which must be imposed on the basis of the physical characteristics of the materials. The assessment method can be used to derive thicknesses for any specified critical temperature, provided the necessary tests have been programmed correctly. NOTE - The current European fire test standard ENV 13381-4 is in the course of being revised and is expected to be reissued as two separate standards. These are expected to be ENV 13381-4, which will cover passive products such as boards and non-reactive spray coatings, and prEN 13381-8 which is expected to will deal with reactive coatings. Alternatively, the possibility exists that Part 8 may become a sub-section of a revised ENV 13381-4. In addition, the fire testing and assessment of cellular beams is not within the scope of these standards, therefore there is currently no agreed European approach that deals with the fire protection of these types of beams. Also see text in Section 6. 8.2.2 Notes on the application of the data sheets

In the following any reference made to the manufacturer is intended to imply manufacturer, supplier or applicator as appropriate. 1. In respect of fire resistance, A/V and thickness (together with protection details) no deviation can be made except for specific situations where some variation may be necessary. Such variations must be evaluated by an independent authority or an appropriate testing laboratory or consultant, as defined in Appendix A of Approved Document B to the Building Regulations 2000. Ancillary data, contained in Data sheet items 1 to 16, are provided by the manufacturer for information and guidance only. The protection techniques referred to as Profile and Box, are explained in Section 1 (Figs. 1 and 2). It is pointed out that the selection of the fire protection material should not be based on consideration of fire resistance alone, but should involve other important aspects such as interior or exterior application, impact and abrasion resistance. Products should comply with BS 8202 Guidance for the fire protection of building elements or with ETAG 018 Fire protective. Specific guidance for individual products may be obtained from the manufacturer. Thicknesses of fire protection required for different A/V values, fire resistance periods and critical steel temperatures are given in tabular form. Interpolation is permissible to determine thickness. In using the data it is imperative that any constraints for fire resistance noted in data sheets are implemented. Preparation of steel is given against each product. The thickness of protection to be applied to a section having a calculated A/V less than the minimum A/V given in the data sheets is the thickness required at that minimum value. If the calculated A/V of a section exceeds the maximum figure in the data sheets reference should be made to the manufacturer for an individual assessment by an appropriate authority as defined in (1) which will take into account all aspects of the project. The data sheets specify the dry film thickness. Some materials undergo dimensional changes after application, and special care should be taken to recognise this factor for site control purposes (see data sheets for information where appropriate).
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5. 6.

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9. 8.2.3

The data sheet includes information on the limiting section factors (A/V) which can be protected with each system. Application of data sheets

The following examples demonstrate how the data sheets, tables and constraints should be interpreted and applied for some of the protection systems which may be encountered. Any similarities between any of the examples and real products are unintentional Example 1 A 406 x 178mm x 60kg/m universal beam is to be protected on three sides using an intumescent coating to provide fire resistance of 30 minutes at a critical steel temperature of 620C. 1. 2. Determine the A/V value from tables in Section 1, in this case the A/V value is 170m-1 (Table 3). Consult the data sheet in Section 9 for the product selected to determine the dry film thickness required for this A/V value along with other constraints on usage and the manufacturers claims regarding durability. Product M was chosen and an extract from its data sheet for a critical steel temperature of 620C follows: For A/V up to and including 191m-1 use 1.8mm dry film thickness to provide 30 minutes fire resistance for flexural members. For A/V up to and including 285m-1 use 2.3mm dry film thickness to provide 30 minutes fire resistance for flexural members. The data indicates that the dry film thickness required for an A/V of 170m-1 and fire resistance of 30 minutes would be 1.8mm. Example 2 A circular hollow section column of external diameter 219.1mm and wall thickness 10mm is to be used as a compression member and to be profile protected using a reactive coating at a critical steel temperature of 550C. 1. 2. Determine the A/V value from Table 12 in Section 1. In this case the A/V value is 105m-1. Consult the data sheet in Section 9 for the product selected to determine the dry film thickness for this A/V value along with other constraints on usage and the manufacturers claims regarding durability. Product S was chosen and the following figures were extracted from the data sheet at a critical steel temperature of 550C as shown: Compression CHS 60 minutes For A/V up to 140m-1 use 2.5mm For A/V 141 - 200m-1 use 4.5mm

The table indicates that a minimum dry film thickness of 2.5mm is required for a compression member with an A/V value of 105m-1. Before the intumescent coating is applied the steel should be shot blasted and primed. Reference should be made to the manufacturer for advice on suitable primers, and on the durability of the coating if the column is in an external location.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES

www.asfp.org.uk
Spray coatings for the fire protection of structural steel: Part 1 Technical guidance note for the mechnaical retention of sprayed mineral coatings based upon the requirements of BS 82021:1993 On site measurement of intumescent coatings: Part 1: Technical guidance note for measurement of dry film thicknesses for intumescent coatings Structural steel fire protection using intumescent coting systems in conjunction with - [a] existing paint layers [b] zinc rich primers On site guidance note for the specifiction and use of site applied intumescent coating systems Fire protection for structural steel in buildings: 4th Edition: 2007: ISBN 978 1 870409 25 4

ASSOCIATION FOR SPECIALIST FIRE PROTECTION

ASFP TGN 002-1:1994

ASFP TGN 003-1: 1996 ASFP TGN 006: 1998 ASFP TGN 007:2001 ASFP Yellow Book

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 449-2: 1996 BS 476: BS 476-4: 1970 [1984] BS 476-20: 1987 BS 476-21: 1987 BS 476-22: 1987 BS 476-23: 1987 BS 5950 BS 5950-1: 1990 BS 5950-3 BS 5950-8: 2003 BS 8202 BS 8202-1:1995 BS 8202-2:1992 DD 9999: 2005

www.bsi-global.com

Structural steel in buildings: 1996 Metric units Fire tests on building materials and structures Non combustibility tests for materials Method for determination of the fire resistnce of load bearing elements of construction [general principles] Method for determination of the fire resistance of load bearing elements of construction Method for determination of the fire resistance of non load-bearing elements of construction Methods for determination of the fire resistance of the contribution of components to the fire resistance of a structure The stuctural use of steelwork in buildings Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous construction Design in composite construction; Section 3.1 Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous composite beams Structural use of steelworkin buildings Part 8; Code of Practice for fire resistant design Coatings for fire protection of building elements Code of practice for the selection and installation of sprayed mineral coatings Code of practice for the use of intumescent coating systems to metallic substrates for providing fire resistance Code of practice for fire safety in the design, construction and use of buildings

BSI/ EUROPEAN STANDARDS

BS EN 1363-1:1999 BS EN 1363-2:1999 ENV 1363-3: 1998 BS EN 1365-3:2000 BS EN 1365-4:1999 BS EN 1991-1 BS EN 1991-2 BS EN 1993 -1-1 BS EN 1993-1-2:2005 BS EN 1994-1-2:2005 BS EN 13501-2: 2003 ENV 13381-2:2002 Fire resistance tests - Part 1: General requirements Fire resistance tests - Part2: Alternative and additional procedures Fire resistance tests -Part 3: Verification of furnace performance Fire resistance tests for load-bearing elements: Part 3: Beams Fire resistance tests for load-bearing elements: Part 4: Columns Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures. Part 1: Basis of design Eurocode 1: Basis of design nd action on structures. Part 2: Actions on structures exposed to fire Eurocode 3: Design of steel structurs Part 1.1 General rules and rules for buildings Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1-2:General rules Structural fire design Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures. Part 1-2: General rules Structural fire design Fire classification of construction products and building elements: Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members: Part 2: Vertical protective membranes

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ENV 13381-3:2002 ENV 13381 -4: 2002 PrEN 13381-8 PrEN 13381-4 ETAG 018-1 ETAG 018-2 ETAG 018-3: 2006 ETAG 018-4: 2003

Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members: Part 3: ApplIed protection to concrete members Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members: Part 4: Applied protection to steel members Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members: Part 8: Applied reactive protection to steel members Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members: Part 4: Applied passive protection to steel members Fire protective products: Part 1: General Fire protective products: Part 2: Reactive coatings for fire protection of steel elements Fire protective products: Part 3: Renderings and rendering kits intended for fire resisting applications Fire protective products: Part 4: Fire protective board, slab and mat products and kits

BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT Ltd [BRE]

BRE Report [BR 128]

www.bre.co.uk

Guidelines for the construction of fire resisting structural elements: 1998: MORRIS W.A; READ R.E.H and COOKE G.M.E; ISBN 0 85125 293 1

DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Approved Document B: 2006 Fire safety. Volumes 1 and 2 The Building Regulations 2000 [SI 2000/2531] for England and Wales The Regulatory Reform [Fire Safety] Order 2005: ISBN 0 11072 945 5

www.communities.gov.uk www.planningportal.gov.uk

DEPARTMENT FOR EDUCATION AND SKILLS

Building Bulletin [BB] 100

www.dfes.gov.uk

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Construction Products Directive: Commission Decision

www.dh.gov.uk www.ec.europa.eu
CPD 89/106/EC 2000/553/EC of 6th September 2000 implementing Council Directive 89/106/EC 2000/367/EC of 3rd May 2000 implementing Council Directive 89/106/EC [93/68/EC] [SI 1991 No 1620]

HTM 05-02 Guidance in support of functional provisions for healthcare premises

Commision Decision [European tests] The European CE Marking Directive Construction Products Regulations 1991

Construction Products [Amendment] Regulations 1994 [SI 1994 No 3051]

EXOVA WARRINGTONFIRE

www.warringtonfire.net www.thefpa.co.uk

FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

Essential principles

The LPC design guide for the fire protection of buildings 2000

FOOTBALL LICENSING AUTHORITY

Concourses: ISBN 0 95462 932 9

www.flaweb.org.uk/home.php www.hse.gov.uk

HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION

The Workplace [Health Safety and Welfare Regulations 1992 Construction [Design and Management] Regulations 2007 : Managing health and safety in construction

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION

ISO / IEC 17025: 2005 ISO 9000: 2005

www.iso.org

General requirements for the competence of testing and claibration laboratories Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary

NORTHERN IRELAND

www2.dfpni.gov.uk/buildingregulations

The Building Regulations [Northern Ireland] 2000

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk 90 VOL 1: SECTION 10 Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 20 Jan 2010

DFP Technical Booklet E Fire safety 2005

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE [SCI]

SCI 288 SCI P313 SCI P109: 1991 SCI P109: 2nd Edition SCI RT 1085v04: 2007

www.pfpf.org.uk www.steel-sci.org

Ensuring best practice for pasive fire protection in buildings; ASFP ISBN 978 1 870409 19 3

Fire safe design: A new approach to multistorey steel framed buildings [ 2nd Edition] ISBN 1 85942 169 5 Single storey steel framed buildings in fire boundary conditions ISBN 85942 135 0 The fire resistance of composite beams Lawson R.M and Newman G.M The fire resistance of composite floors with steel decking [2nd Edition] Newman GM Guidance on the use of intumescent coatings for the fire protection of beams with web openings

SCOTLAND

www.infoscotland.com/firelaw

The Building Scotland Regulations 2004 Technical Handbook [Fire] 2005 for domestic and non-domestic buildings

THE FIRE TEST STUDY GROUP [UK] [FTSG] UKAS www.ukas.com

www.warringtonfire.net

The United Kingdom Accreditation Service

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

91 VOL 1: SECTION 10

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10.

LIST OF PRODUCT DATA SHEETS

BOARDS...........................................................................................................................................................Vol 2: Part 1 British Gypsum Gyplyner Encase ................................................British Gypsum Ltd ColumnClad .................................................................................Rockwool Ltd FirePro Beamclad Systems .........................................................Rockwool Ltd Glasroc Firecase S ......................................................................British Gypsum Ltd Knauf Fireboard ...........................................................................Knauf Insulation Intutec ..........................................................................................Firetherm Promat TD Board .........................................................................Promat UK Ltd Promatect 250..............................................................................Promat Ltd Rocksilk FireTech Slab & Rocksil Dry Fix Noggin Slab................Knauf Insulation Supalux ........................................................................................Promat UK Ltd Vermiculux ...................................................................................Promat UK Ltd CASINGS / BLANKETS ...................................................................................................................................Vol 2: Part 2 Firemaster 607 Blanket ................................................................Thermal Ceramics Ltd CIRCULAR PRE-FORMED PRODUCTS .........................................................................................................Vol 2: Part 2 FirePro Fire Tube .........................................................................Rockwool Ltd Vicutube .......................................................................................Promat UK td SPRAYED NON REACTIVE COATINGS .........................................................................................................Vol 2: Part 3 Cafco 300 ....................................................................................Cafco International Cafco Blazeshield II .....................................................................Cafco International Cafco Mandolite CP2 ...................................................................Cafco International Cafco Mandolite HS3 ...................................................................Cafco International Cafco Mandolite TG .....................................................................Cafco International Monokote MK6 .............................................................................Grace Construction Products Monokote Z106 ............................................................................Grace Construction Products Monokote Z146 ............................................................................Grace Construction Products Steelguard CM4703 .....................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard CM4704 .....................................................................PPG Industries Vermiplaster BD ...........................................................................Proteccion Pasiva SPRAYED REACTIVE INTUMESCENT COATINGS .......................................................................................Vol 2: Part 4 3M Scotchkote SPX 710 ..............................................................3M E Wood 3M Scotchkote SPX 720 ..............................................................3M E Wood 3M Scotchkote SPX 730 ..............................................................3M E Wood Firesteel 47-4 ...............................................................................Firetherm Firesteel 47-4 EXT .......................................................................Firetherm Firesteel Classic 120....................................................................Firetherm Firetex FX1000 / FX2000 .............................................................Leighs Paints Firetex FX3000 / FX4000 .............................................................Leighs Paints Firetex FX5000 ............................................................................Leighs Paints Firetex FX5002 ............................................................................Leighs Paints Firetex FX7000 / FX8000 .............................................................Leighs Paints Firetex M95 ..................................................................................Leighs Paints Interchar 212 ................................................................................International Paint Ltd Interchar 963 ................................................................................International Paint Ltd Interchar 973 ................................................................................International Paint Ltd Intusteel WB.................................................................................Bollom Fire Protection Nullifire System S605...................................................................Nullifire Ltd Nullifire System S606...................................................................Nullifire Ltd Nullifire System S706...................................................................Nullifire Ltd Nullifire System S707-60 .............................................................Nullifire Ltd Nullifire System S707-120 ...........................................................Nullifire Ltd Sika Unitherm Safir ......................................................................Sika Korrosionsschutz GmbH Sika Unitherm 38091 ...................................................................Sika Korrosionsschutz GmbH Sprayfilm WB3 .............................................................................Cafco International Steelguard FM549 .......................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard FM550 .......................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard FM560 .......................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard FM580 .......................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard FM585 .......................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard FM2570 .....................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard 551.............................................................................PPG Industries Steelguard 561.............................................................................PPG Industries

Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk

92 VOL 1: SECTION 10

Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 4th Edition revised 20 Jan 2010