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Bode Plot Method and Example

This document discusses the Bode plot method for analyzing linear time-invariant systems and provides an example of constructing a Bode plot. It begins by reviewing how to handle systems with real poles and zeros. It then discusses how to handle systems with zeros or poles at the origin or with complex conjugate pole/zero pairs. Finally, it provides steps for constructing Bode plots and works through an example of a third-order system.

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148 views13 pages

Bode Plot Method and Example

This document discusses the Bode plot method for analyzing linear time-invariant systems and provides an example of constructing a Bode plot. It begins by reviewing how to handle systems with real poles and zeros. It then discusses how to handle systems with zeros or poles at the origin or with complex conjugate pole/zero pairs. Finally, it provides steps for constructing Bode plots and works through an example of a third-order system.

Uploaded by

hamza abdo mohamoud
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof.

Mark Fowler
Discussion #11
Bode Plot Method and Example

1/13

We have seen two cases: Real Pole & Real Zero


40

|H()| (dB)

30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 10 102 103
H ( s) = s+a a

Real zero

H ( s) =

a s+a

Real pole

a 104 (rad/sec)

105

106

This allows us to handle all real poles/zeros in the left-hand plane. So we still need a way to handle two other cases. -zero/pole at s = 0 -zero/pole complex conjugate pairs 2nd order term
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Zero/Pole at s = 0
Zero at s = 0

H ( s) = s
Replace s j and take magnitude:

Pole at s = 0

H ( s) =

1 s

20 log10 ( ) vs. log10 ( )


Line of slope 20 that goes through 0dB at = 1

3/13

Complex Conjugate Pair (0 1)


General Form: Complex pair of poles Complex pair of zeros

n 2 s 2 + 2n s + n
for 0 1 on j axis

s 2 + 2n s + n

n breakpoint
= 1 gives repeated real roots.

j 2 2 20 log10 + j + 1 vs. log10 ( ) n n

0dB (constant) 40dB per decade

for for

<< n >> n
4/13

For a 2nd order pole:


(shown for n = 100)
20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50

= 0.1

=1

-40 dB/decade Slope

Note that as gets smaller the pole gets closer to the j axis which causes a larger peak.
5/13

For a 2nd order zero:


(shown for n = 100)

Note that as gets smaller the zero gets closer to the j axis which causes a deeper null.
6/13

General Steps to Sequentially Build Bode Plots


1. Factor H(s) leave complex-root terms as quadratics 2. Convert to j form 3. Pull out constants into a gain term 4. Combine constant term with j terms (if any) 5. Identify break points and put in ascending order 6. Plot constant term with j terms at values below the lowest break point 7. At break point, change slope by 20dB/decade or 40dB/decade for 1st order or 2nd order terms, repectively. Repeat this step through ordered list of breakpoints. 8. Make resonant corrections for under damped 2nd order terms (i.e. when < 0.5).

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Example H ( s ) = 0.1s( s + 50)( s + 200) 2


n = 10 2n = 2
2. Convert to j:
= 0.1

( s + 2)( s + 2 s + 100)

1. Already factored

complex pair

0.1 j ( j + 50)( j + 200) H ( ) = ( j + 2)(( j ) 2 + 2 j + 100)

3. Pull Out Constants:

0.1 j ( j + 50)( j + 200) H ( ) = ( j + 2)(( j ) 2 + 2 j + 100)

0.1 50 200 j (1 + j / 50)(1 + j / 200) H ( ) = 2 1004 (1 + j / 2 ) 1 + 2 j / 100 + ( j / 10)2 14 24 3 4 =5

Gain Term

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4. Combine gain term with j term :


(5 j )(1 + j / 50)(1 + j / 200 ) H ( ) = (1 + j / 2 ) 1 + 2 j / 100 + ( j / 10)2

( (

) )

5. Identify Breakpoints and List in Ascending Order:


(5 j )(1 + j / 50)(1 + j / 200 ) H ( ) = (1 + j / 2 ) 1 + 2 j / 100 + ( j / 10)2
List breakpoints in ascending order: Break Points 2 10 50 200 Change in slope -20dB/decade 1st order term in denominator -40dB/decade 2nd order term in denominator +20dB/decade 1st order term in numerator +20dB/decade 1st order term in numerator
9/13

6. Plot constant term with j terms at values below the lowest break point : -Pick value that is (at least) 1 decade below the lowest BP: = 0.1 -Evaluate |5j| there in dB:

20 log10 (5 0.1) = 20 log10 (0.5) = 6dB


-Plot a point at -6 dB at = 0.1 -Draw a line of slope 20dB/decade from this point up to the first BP

10/13

7. At break point, change slope by 20dB/decade or 40dB/decade for 1st order or 2nd order terms, repectively. :
Break Points 2 10 50 200 Change in slope -20dB/decade 1st order term in denominator -40dB/decade 2nd order term in denominator +20dB/decade 1st order term in numerator +20dB/decade 1st order term in numerator

8. Make resonant corrections for under damped 2nd order terms (i.e. when < 0.5). : Finally: Make adjustment for the value from the plot of the 2nd order term: = 0.1 gives peak 14dB up
value 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Adjustment 14 dB 8 dB 5 dB 3 dB 1 dB

11/13

Approximate Bode Plot for Example in Notes


60 dB Adjust for = 0.1 up 1 decade down 0 dB up 1 decade -20 dB up 1 decade -40 dB 0.1 1 2 10 50 100 200 (rad/sec) 1000 10,000
12/13

40 dB

|H()| (dB)

20 dB up 20 dB

40 dB down 20 dB

Exact Bode Plot for Example 60 50 40 30 |H( )| (dB) 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -1 10
0 1 2 3 4

Exact Approximate

10

10

10 (rad/sec)

10

10

13/13

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