3.1.

4 Creep and shrinkage

(1)P Creep and shrinkage of the concrete depend on the ambient humidity, the dimensions of
the element and the composition of the concrete. Creep is also influenced by the maturity of the
concrete when the load is first applied and depends on the duration and magnitude of the
loading.

(2) The creep coefficient, (t,t
0
) is related to E
c
, the tangent modulus, which may be taken as
1,05 E
cm
. Where great accuracy is not required, the value found from Figure 3.1 may be
considered as the creep coefficient, provided that the concrete is not subjected to a
compressive stress greater than 0,45 f
ck
(t
0
) at an age t
0
, the age of concrete at the time of
loading.

Note: For further information, including the development of creep with time, Annex B may be used.

(3) The creep deformation of concrete
cc
(,t
0
) at time t = for a constant compressive stress

c
applied at the concrete age t
0
, is given by:

cc
(,t
0
) = (,t
0
). (
c
/E
c
) (3.6)

(4) When the compressive stress of concrete at an age t
0
exceeds the value 0,45 f
ck
(t
0
) then
creep non-linearity should be considered. Such a high stress can occur as a result of
pretensioning, e.g. in precast concrete members at tendon level. In such cases the non-linear
notional creep coefficient should be obtained as follows:

k
(, t
0
) = (, t
0
) exp (1,5 (k

0,45)) (3.7)

where:

k
(, t
0
) is the non-linear notional creep coefficient, which replaces (, t
0
)
k

is the stress-strength ratio

c
/f
cm
(t
0
), where
c
is the compressive stress and
f
cm
(t
0
) is the mean concrete compressive strength at the time of loading.

a) inside conditions - RH = 50%
0
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0
100
50
30
1
2
3
5
10
20
t 0
(, t 0)
S
N
R
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
C55/67
C60/75
C70/85
C90/105
C80/95
h 0 (mm)


Note:
- intersection point between lines 4 and 5 can
also be above point 1
- for t
0
> 100 it is sufficiently accurate to assume
t
0
= 100 (and use the tangent line)

b) outside conditions - RH = 80%

Figure 3.1: Method for determining the creep coefficient ( , t
0
) for concrete under
normal environmental conditions

(5) The values given in Figure 3.1 are valid for ambient temperatures
between -40C and +40C and a mean relative humidity between RH = 40% and RH = 100%.
The following symbols are used:
(, t
0
) is the final creep coefficient
t
0
is the age of the concrete at time of loading in days
h
0
is the notional size = 2A
c
/u, where A
c
is the concrete cross-sectional area and u
is the perimeter of that part which is exposed to drying
S is Class S, according to 3.1.2 (6)
N is Class N, according to 3.1.2 (6)
R is Class R, according to 3.1.2 (6)

cement of strength Classes CEM 42,5 R, CEM 53,5 N and CEM 53,5 R (Class R)
cement of strength Classes CEM 32,5 R, CEM 42,5 N (Class N)
cement of strength Classes CEM 32,5 N (Class S)

(6) The total shrinkage strain is composed of two components, the drying shrinkage strain and
the autogenous shrinkage strain. The drying shrinkage strain develops slowly, since it is a
function of the migration of the water through the hardened concrete. The autogenous shrinkage
1
4
2
3
5
0
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
100
50
30
1
2
3
5
10
20
t 0
(, t 0)
S
N
R
100 300 500 700 900 1100
1300 1500
h 0 (mm)
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C55/67
C70/85
C90/105
C80/95
C45/55
C40/50
C60/75
C50/60
strain develops during hardening of the concrete: the major part therefore develops in the early
days after casting. Autogenous shrinkage is a linear function of the concrete strength. It should
be considered specifically when new concrete is cast against hardened concrete. Hence the
values of the total shrinkage strain
cs
follow from

cs
=
cd
+
ca
(3.8)

where:

cs
is the total shrinkage strain

cd
is the drying shrinkage strain

ca
is the autogenous shrinkage strain

The final value of the drying shrinkage strain,
cd,
is equal to k
h

cd,0
.
cd,0.
may be taken from
Table 3.2 (expected mean values, with a coefficient of variation of about 30%).

Note: The formula for
cd,0
is given in Annex B.

Table 3.2 Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage values
cd,0
(in
0
/
00
) for concrete

Relative Humidity (in
0
/
0
)
f
ck
/f
ck,cube

(MPa)
20 40 60 80 90 100
20/25 0.64 0.60 0.50 0.31 0.17 0
40/50 0.51 0.48 0.40 0.25 0.14 0
60/75 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.20 0.11 0
80/95 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.16 0.09 0
90/105 0.30 0.28 0.23 0.15 0.05 0

The development of the drying shrinkage strain in time follows from:

cd
(t) =
ds
(t, t
s
) k
h

cd,0
(3.9)

Note:
cd,0
is defined in Annex B.

Where k
h
is a coefficient depending on the notional size h
0
according to Table 3.3

Table 3.3 Values for k
h
in Expression (3.9)

h
0
k
h
100
200
300
500
1.0
0.85
0.75
0.70

( )
( )
3
0 s
s
s ds
04 , 0
) , (
h t t
t t
t t
+

= (3.10)
where:
t is the age of the concrete at the moment considered, in days
t
s
is the age of the concrete (days) at the beginning of drying shrinkage (or swelling).
Normally this is at the end of curing.
h
0
is the notional size (mm) of the cross-section
= 2A
c
/u

where:
A
c
is the concrete cross-sectional area
u is the perimeter of that part of the cross section which is exposed to drying

The autogenous shrinkage strain follows from:

ca
(t) =
as
(t)
ca
() (3.11)

where:

ca
() = 2,5 (f
ck
10) 10
-6
(3.12)

and

as
(t) =1 exp ( 0,2t
0,5
) (3.13)

where t is given in days.


11.3.1 Concrete

(1)P In EN 206-1 lightweight aggregate is classified according to its density as shown in Table
11.1. In addition this table gives corresponding densities for plain and reinforced concrete with
normal percentages of reinforcement which may be used for design purposes in calculating self-
weight or imposed permanent loading. Alternatively, the density may be specified as a target
value.

(2) Alternatively the contribution of the reinforcement to the density may be determined by
calculation.

Table 11.1: Density classes and corresponding design densities of LWAC according to EN
206-1

Density class 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
Density (kg/m
3
) 801-
1000
1001-
1200
1201-
1400
1401-
1600
1601-
1800
1801-
2000
Plain concrete 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850 2050 Density
(kg/m
3
) Reinforced concrete 1150 1350 1550 1750 1950 2150

(3) The tensile strength of lightweight aggregate concrete may be obtained by multiplying the f
ct

values given in Table 3.1 by a coefficient:

1
= 0,40 + 0,60

/2200 (11.1)

where
is the upper limit of the density for the relevant class in accordance with Table 11.1



11.3.2 Elastic deformation

(1) An estimate of the mean values of the secant modulus E
lcm
for LWAC may be obtained by
multiplying the values in Table 3.1, for normal density concrete, by the following coefficient:

E
= (/2200)
2
(11.2)

where denotes the oven-dry density in accordance with EN 206-1 Section 4 (see Table
11.1).

Where accurate data are needed, e.g. where deflections are of great importance, tests should
be carried out in order to determine the E
lcm
values in accordance with ISO 6784.

Note: A Countrys National Annex may refer to non-contradictory complementary
information.

(2) The coefficient of thermal expansion of LWAC depends mainly on the type of aggregate
used and varies over a wide range between about 410
-6
and 1410
-6
/K

For design purposes where thermal expansion is of no great importance, the coefficient of
thermal expansion may be taken as 810
-6
/K.

The differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and lightweight
aggregate concrete need not be considered in design.


















Table 11.3.1: Stress and deformation characteristics for lightweight concrete

A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l

r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
/
E
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n



F
o
r


f
l
c
k

2
0

M
P
a

f
l
c
m

=

f
l
c
k


+

8

(
M
P
a
)

1
=
0
,
4
0
+
0
,
6
0

/
2
2
0
0

5
%

-

f
r
a
c
t
i
l
e

9
5
%

-

f
r
a
c
t
i
l
e

E

=

(

/
2
2
0
0
)
2

s
e
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

3
.
2




s
e
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

3
.
2


s
e
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

3
.
3

s
e
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

3
.
3

|

l
c
u
2
u
|

l
c
2
|


s
e
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

3
.
4

s
e
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

3
.
4

|

l
c
u
3
|

l
c
3
|

8
0

8
8

8
8

2
,
5

2
,
6

1

1
,
4

2
,
2

2
,
6

1

7
0

7
7

7
8

2
,
4

2
,
7

1

1
,
4
5

2
,
0

2
.
7

1

6
0

6
6

6
8

2
,
3

2
,
9

1

1
,
6

1
,
9

2
.
9

1

5
5

6
0

6
3

2
,
2

3
,
1

1

1
,
7
5

1
,
8

3
,
1

1

5
0

5
5

5
8


4
5

5
0

5
3

4
0

4
4

4
8

3
5

3
8

4
3

3
0

3
3

3
8

2
5

2
8

3
3

2
0

2
2

2
8

1
6

1
8

2
2

1
2

1
3

1
7

f
l
c
t
m

=

f
c
t
m

1

f
l
c
t
k
,
0
,
0
5

=

f
c
t
k
,
0
,
0
5

1

f
l
c
t
k
,
0
,
9
5

=

f
c
t
k
,
0
,
9
5

1

E
l
c
m

=

E
c
m

E



















k
f
l
c
m
/
(
E
l
c
i

E
)





{

l
c
1



2
,
0



3
,
5

1




2
,
0



1
,
7
5







3
,
5

1





S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

c
l
a
s
s
e
s

f
o
r

l
i
g
h
t

w
e
i
g
h
t

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

f
l
c
k

(
M
P
a
)

f
l
c
k
,
c
u
b
e

f
l
c
m

(
M
P
a
)

f
l
c
t
m

(
M
P
a
)

f
l
c
t
k
,
0
,
0
5

(
M
P
a
)

f
l
c
t
k
,
0
,
9
5

(
M
P
a
)

E
l
c
m

(
G
P
a

l
c
1

(

l
c
u
1
(

l
c
2

(

l
c
u
2

(

)

n

l
c
3
(

l
c
u
3
(

)



k

=

1
,
1

f
o
r

s
a
n
d
e
d

l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t

a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

11.3.3 Creep and shrinkage

(1) For lightweight aggregate concrete the creep coefficient may be assumed equal to the
value of normal density concrete multiplied by a factor (

/2200)
2
.

The creep strains so derived should be multiplied by a factor,
2
, given by

2
= 1,3 for f
lck
LC16/20
= 1,0 for f
lck
LC20/25

(2) The final drying shrinkage values for lightweight concrete can be obtained by multiplying the
values for normal density concrete in Table 3.2 by a factor,
3
, given by

3
= 1,5 for f
lck
LC16/20
= 1,2 for f
lck
LC20/25

(3) The Expressions (3.11), (3.12) and (3.13), which provide information for autogenous
shrinkage, give maximum values for lightweight aggregate concretes, where no supply of water
from the aggregate to the drying microstructure is possible. If water-saturated, or even partially
saturated lightweight aggregate is used, the autogenous shrinkage values will be considerably
reduced.

Creep and shrinkage strain

B.1 Basic equations for determining the creep coefficient

(1) The creep coefficient (t,t
0
) may be calculated from:

(t,t
0
) =
0

c
(t,t
0
) (B.1)

where:

0
is the notional creep coefficient and may be estimated from:

0 =

RH
(f
cm
) (t
0
) (B.2)

RH
is a factor to allow for the effect of relative humidity on the notional creep
coefficient:

3
0
1 0
100 1
1
h

+ =
,
/ RH
RH
for f
cm
35 MPa (B.3a)
2 1
3
0
1 0
100 1
1
(
(

+ =
h ,
/ RH
RH
for f
cm
> 35 MPa (B.3b)

RH is the relative humidity of the ambient environment in %

(f
cm
) is a factor to allow for the effect of concrete strength on the notional creep
coefficient:

( )
cm
cm
8 , 16
f
f = (B.4)

f
cm
is the mean compressive strength of concrete in MPa at the age of 28 days
(t
0
) is a factor to allow for the effect of concrete age at loading on the notional
creep coefficient:

( )
) 1 , 0 (
1
20 , 0
0
0
t
t
+
= (B.5)

h
0
is the notional size of the member in mm where:

u
A
h
c
0
2
= (B.6)

A
c
is the cross-sectional area
u is the perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere

c
(t,t
0
) is a coefficient to describe the development of creep with time after loading,
and may be estimated using the following Expression:

( )
( )
( )
c
H
t t
t t
t t
0,3
0
0
0
,

(
=
(
+
(

(B.7)

t is the age of concrete in days at the moment considered
t
0
is the age of concrete at loading in days
t t
0
is the non-adjusted duration of loading in days

H
is a coefficient depending on the relative humidity (RH in %) and the
notional member size (h
0
in mm). It may be estimated from:

H
=1,5 [1 + (0,012 RH)
18
] h
0
+ 250 1500 for f
cm
35 (B.8a)

H
=1,5 [1 + (0,012 RH)
18
] h
0
+ 250
3
1500
3
for f
cm
35 (B.8b)

1/2/3
are coefficients to consider the influence of the concrete strength:

7 , 0
cm
1
35
(

=
f

2 , 0
cm
2
35
(

=
f

5 , 0
cm
3
35
(

=
f
(B.8c)

(2) The effect of type of cement (see 3.1.2 (6)) on the creep coefficient of concrete may be
taken into account by modifying the age of loading t
0
in Expression (B.5) according to the
following Expression:

5 , 0 1
2
9
2 , 1
T 0,
T 0, 0

|
|

\
|
+
+
=

t
t t (B.9)

where:
t
0,T
is the temperature adjusted age of concrete at loading in days adjusted according to
Expression (B.10)
is a power which depends on type of cement
= -1 for cement Class S
= 0 for cement Class N
= 1 for cement Class R

(3) The effect of elevated or reduced temperatures within the range 0 80C on the maturity of
concrete may be taken into account by adjusting the concrete age according to the following
Expression:

=
+
=
n
1 i
i
) 65 , 13 )] ( 273 /[ 4000 (
T
i
e t t
t T

(B.10)

where:
t
T
is the temperature adjusted concrete age which replaces t in the corresponding
equations
T(t
i
) is the temperature in C during the time period t
i

t
i
is the number of days where a temperature T prevails.

The mean coefficient of variation of the above predicted creep data, deduced from a
computerised data bank of laboratory test results, is of the order of 20%.
The values of (t,t
0
) given above should be associated with the tangent modulus E
c
.
When a less accurate estimate is considered satisfactory, the values given in Figure 3.1 of 3.1.4
may be adopted for creep of concrete at 70 years.
B.2 BASIC EQUATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE DRYING SHRINKAGE

(1) The basic drying shrinkage strain
cd,0
is calculated from

( )
RH
6
cmo
cm
ds2 ds1 0 cd,
10 exp 110 220 85 , 0
f
f

(

|
|

\
|
+ =

(B.11)

(
(

|
|

\
|
=
3
0
RH
1 1,55
RH
RH
(B.12)


where:
f
cm
is the mean compressive strength (MPa)
f
cmo
= 10 Mpa

ds1
is a coefficient which depends on the type of cement (see 3.1.2 (6))
= 3 for cement Class S
= 4 for cement Class N
= 6 for cement Class R

ds2
is a coefficient which depends on the type of cement
= 0,13 for cement Class S
= 0,12 for cement Class N
= 0,11 for cement Class R
RH is the ambient relative humidity (%)
RH
0
=

100%.