FAMILY GROUP NAMES AND CLASSIFICATION

as of 22 May 2009
compiled by

Wojciech J. Pulawski
California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA phone: (415) 379-5313; fax: (415) 379-5715; e-mail: [email protected]

The family and tribe level classification used below follows the findings of Brothers (1999), Melo (1999) and Prentice (1998, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, validated by Hanson and Menke, 2006). Their systems differ at the tribal level, and that of Prentice is accepted here as it is based on a much larger data set, but his one new tribe and one new subtribe are not included since they were not published. The names, authorship, dates, stems, and other pertinent information, are from Menke (1997), who was advised by Don Cameron, a Latin and Greek scholar at the University of Michigan, about the proper formation of names. The classification of Ampulicidae is as proposed by Ohl and Spahn, 2009, that of Gorytina follows Nemkov and Pulawski, 2009, and the authorship of Palarini and Xenosphecini is as corrected by Menke and Pulawski (2002). Because Astatinae and Dinetinae each have a single tribe I am not using them in this catalog. All genera described subsequent to Bohart and Menke (1976) have been added (both extant and fossil), and recently established synonymies are also indicated. A full list of family-group names of Sphecidae s.l. can also be found in M. Engel (2005). Menke (1997) commented that Ammophilomorpha, Sphecinomorpha, and Palmodomorpha could be construed as valid [correctly: available] since they are based on generic names with -morpha endings. Article 11.7.1.3 of the Code (Fourth Edition) leaves no doubt that these names are available, with their original authorship and date, but with a correct suffix (as specified in Article 29.2). All the family group names of Apoidea (including Sphecidae sensu lato treated here) were reviewed by Engel, 2005 (Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). American Museum Novitates 3476:33 pp.). I sincerely thank Helen K. Court, Jean Leclercq, Arnold S. Menke, and Alexander P. Rasnitsyn, who reviewed earlier versions of this document, as well as Helen K. Court, Alexandr V. Antropov, John S. Ascher and Jere S. Schweikert who helped correct a number of mistakes. Families are listed in the presumed phylogenetic order, whereas subfamilies and tribes are listed alphabetically within each family, as are the subtribes within each tribe. The dagger symbol () indicates fossil taxa.

Superfamily: Apoidea
Apoidea Latreille, 1802a:425 (April). Based on Apis Linnaeus, 1758 (stem: Ap-). Sphecoidea Latreille, 1802b:331 (November). Based on Sphex Linnaeus, 1758 (stem: Spheci-).

Family: Heterogynaidae
Ohls and Bleidorns (2006) molecular cladistic analysis suggests that Heterogynaidae are members of Crabronidae.

Heterogynaidae Nagy, 1969:7. Based on Heterogyna Nagy (stem: Heterogyna-). Originally spelled Heterogynidae (stem: Heterogyn-), a junior homonym of Heterogynidae Rambur, 1866, based on Heterogynis Rambur, 1837. Both family name and stem emended by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1987:150, in Opinion 1445, as proposed by Day, 1985b:385.
Included genus: Heterogyna Nagy, 1969 (= Daycatinca Argaman, 1985, = Daya Antropov and Gorbatovskiy, 1992).

Family: Ampulicidae
Ampulicidae Shuckard, 1840:178, 180. Based on Ampulex Jurine (stem: Ampulic-).
Subfamily: Ampulicinae Shuckard, 1840:178, 180. Based on Ampulex Jurine (stem:

Ampulic-).
Tribe: Ampulicini Shuckard, 1840:178, 180.

Based on Ampulex Jurine (stem:

Ampulic-).
Included genera: Ampulex Jurine, 1807, Trirogma Westwood, 1841

Tribe: Cretampulicini Antropov, 2000. Based on Cretampulex Antropov, 2000 (stem:

Cretampulic-).
Included genus: Cretampulex Antropov, 2000.

Tribe: Mendampulicini Antropov, 2000. Based on Mendampulex Antropov, 2000 (stem: Mendampulic-).
Included genus: Mendampulex Antropov, 2000.

Subfamily: Dolichurinae Dahlbom, 1842:3. Based on Dolichurus Latreille, 1809 (stem: Dolichur-). Originally spelled Dolichuridae. Menke (1997:250) incorrectly attributed authorship to Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845. Tribe: Aphelotomini Ohl and Spahn, 2009. Based on Aphelotoma Westwood, 1841 (stem: Aphelotom-).
Included genera: Aphelotoma Westwood, 1841, Riekefella zdikmen, 2005 (= Austrotoma Riek, 1955).

Tribe: Apodolichurini Antropov, 2000. Based on Apodolichurus Antropov, 2000 (stem: Apodolichur-).
Included genus: Apodolichurus Antropov, 2000.

Tribe: Dolichurini Dahlbom, 1842:3. Based on Dolichurus Latreille, 1809 (stem: Dolichur-). Originally spelled Dolichuridae. Menke (1997:250) incorrectly attributed authorship to Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845.
Included genera: Dolichurus Latreille, 1809, Paradolichurus F. Williams, 1960, Protodolichurus Nemkov, 1988.

Tribe unknown within Ampulicidae

Cariridris Brando and Martins-Neto, 1889:201, Longivenula Zhang, 1989.

Family: Sphecidae (sensu stricto)

Sphecidae Latreille, 1802b:331 (November). Based on Sphex Linnaeus, 1758 (stem: Spheci-). Originally spelled Sphegimes, latinized to Sphegineae by Falln, 1812:129, to Sphecida and Sphecides by Leach, 1812 (Edinb. Encycl.), and to Sphegidae by Westwood, 1840 (Introd. Class. Ins.). Tillyard (1926:300) first demonstrated the proper stem.
Subfamily: Ammophilinae Andr, 1886:50. Ammophil-). Based on Ammophila Kirby, 1798 (stem:

= Acutoclypeata Ohl, 1996:32. Not available: not based on any of the included genera (Article 11.7.1). Genera of Acutoclypeata: Eremnophila, Hoplammophila. = Ammophilomorpha Ohl, 1996:35 (correct spelling: Ammophilinae). Based on Ammophila Kirby, 1798 (stem: Ammophil-). Synonym and junior homonym of Ammophilinae Andr, 1886. Genera of Amophilomorpha: Ammophila, Eremochares, Parapsammophila, Podalonia.
Included genera: Ammophila W. Kirby, 1798, Eremnophila Menke, 1964, Eremochares Gribodo, 1883, Hoplammophila de Beaumont, 1960, Parapsammophila Taschenberg, 1869, Podalonia Fernald, 1927.

Subfamily: Chloriontinae Fernald, 1905:16. Originally spelled Chlorioninae.

Included genus: Chlorion Latreille, 1802.

Based on Chlorion (stem: Chloriont-).

Subfamily: Sceliphrinae Ashmead, 1899:349 (1815). Based on Sceliphron (stem: Sceliphr-). Originally spelled Sceliphroninae. The name, a junior synonym of Pelopeini Leach, 1815, was retained by Menke (1997) as valid because of its nearly universal use (Article 40.2.1 of the Code). = Pelopoeinae Leach, 1815:150. Based on Pelopoeus Latreille, 1802. Originally spelled Pelopaeida. = Lutifera Ohl, 1996:19. Not available: not based on any of the included genera (Article 11.7.1). Include Podiini + Sceliphrini. Tribe: Podiini de Saussure, 1892. Based on Podium (stem: Podi-). Originally spelled Podiites, latinized to Podiinae by Ashmead, 1899:348.
Included genera: Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845, Penepodium Menke in R. Bohart and Menke, 1976, Podium Fabricius, 1804, Trigonopsis Perty, 1833.

Tribe: Sceliphrini Ashmead, 1899 (1815).

Included genera: Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843, Hoplisidia Cockerell, 1906, Sceliphron Klug, 1801.

Subfamily: Sphecinae Latreille, 1802b:331. Based on Sphex Linnaeus, 1758. = Sphecinomorpha Ohl, 1996:24 (correct spelling: Sphecini). Based on Sphex (stem: Spheci-). Synonym and junior homonym of Sphecini Latreille, 1802. Include Stangeella +
Eusphecinomorpha Ohl, 1996:26 (not available: not based on any of the included genera; Article 11.7.1; include Sphecini + Ammophilini except Stangeella).

Tribe: Prionychini Bohart and Menke, 1963:94, 141. Based on Prionyx Vander Linden, 1827 (stem: Prionych-). Originally spelled Prionyxina.

= Palmodomorpha Ohl, 1996:29 (correct spelling: Palmodini). Based on Palmodes Kohl, 1890 (stem: Palmod-). Genera of Palmodomorpha: Chilosphex, Palmodes.
Included genera: Chilosphex Menke in R. Bohart and Menke, 1976, Palmodes Kohl, 1890, Prionyx Vander Linden, 1827.

Tribe: Sphecini Latreille, 1802b: 331. Based on Sphex Linnaeus, 1758. Ammobiini Krombein in Krombein and Burks, 1967. Based on Ammobia, a junior synonym of Sphex (stem: Ammobi-). A junior homonym of Ammobiini Desbrochers des Loges, 1903 (which is a synonym of Opatrini Brull, 1832), a tribe in Tenebrionidae. = Eusphecinomorpha Ohl, 1996:26. Not available: not based on any of the included genera (Article 11.7.1). Include Ohls Sphecini + Ammophilini.
Included genera: Isodontia Patton, 1880, Sphex Linnaeus, 1758.

Tribe: Stangeellini Bohart and Menke, 1976:87. Based on Stangeella (stem: Stangeell-).
Included genus: Stangeella Menke, 1962.

Family: Crabronidae
Crabronidae Latreille, 1802b:340. Based on Crabro Fabricius, 1775 (stem: Crabron-). Originally spelled Crabronites, latinized to Crabronida by Leach, 1812 (Edinb. Encycl.). Four other names of Latreille (1802b) were available for this family, but Acloque (1897:80) used Crabronidi acting as first reviser.
Subfamily: Astatinae Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845:231. Based on Astata Latreille (stem: Astat -). Originally spelled Astatites, latinized to Astati by de Saussure, 1867:65. = Diploplectrini W. Fox, 1894:302. Based on Diploplectron (stem: Diploplectr-). = Dimorphini Brues and Melander, 1932:503. Based on Dimorpha Panzer, 1806 (stem: Dimorph-).
Included genera: Astata Latreille, 1797 (= Dimorpha Panzer, 1806), Diploplectron W. Fox, 1893, Dryudella Spinola, 1843, Uniplectron F. Parker, 1966.

Subfamily: Bembicinae Latreille, 1802b:365. Based on Bembex Fabricius [correctly Bembix] (stem: Bembi-). Originally spelled Bembiciles, latinized to Bembecinae by Falln, 1813. Tribe: Alyssontini Dalla Torre, 1897:562. Based on Alysson Panzer (stem: Alyssont-). Originally spelled Alysoninae, based on Alyson Jurine, 1807.
Included genera: Alysson Panzer, 1806, Analysson Krombein, 1985, Didineis Wesmael, 1852.

Tribe: Bembicini Latreille, 1802 b:365. Based on Bembex Fabricius [correctly Bembix] (stem: Bembi-). Subtribe: Argogorytina Nemkov and Lelej, 1996:11. Based on Argogorytes Ashmead, 1899 (stem: Argogoryt-).
Included genera: Argogorytes Ashmead, 1899 (= Malaygorytes Nemkov, 1999), Neogorytes R. Bohart in R. Bohart and Menke, 1976, Paraphilanthus Vardy, 1995.

Subtribe: Bembicina Latreille, 1802b:365. Based on Bembex Fabricius [correctly Bembix] (stem: Bembi-). = Stictiellina R. Bohart and Horning, 1971. Based on Stictiella Parker, 1917 (stem: Stictiell-).

Included genera: Bembix Fabricius, 1775, Bicyrtes Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845, Carlobembix Willink, 1958, Chilostictia Gillaspy, 1983, Editha J. Parker, 1929, Glenostictia Gillaspy in Gillaspy, Evans, and Lin, 1962, Hemidula Burmeister, 1874, Microbembex Patton, 1979c, Microstictia Gillaspy, 1963, Rubrica J. Parker, 1929, Selman J. Parker, 1929, Steniolia Say, 1837, Stictia Illiger, 1807, Stictiella J. Parker, 1917, Trichostictia J. Parker, 1929, Xerostictia Gillaspy, 1963, Zyzzyx Pate, 1837.

Subtribe: Exeirina Dalla Torre, 1897:534. Based on Exeirus Shuckard (stem: Exeir-).
Prentice (1998) recognized the subtribe Clitemnestrina, which is a junior synonym of Exeirina, with the following genera included: Clitemnestra, Olgia, and Exeirus. I regard this as synonymizing Exeirina with Clitemnestrina and Olgiina.

= Clitemnestrina Nemkov and Lelej, 1996:11. Based on Clitemnestra Spinola (stem: Clitemnestr-). Synonymy resulting from Prentices classification of 1998. = Olgiina Nemkov and Lelej, 1996:11. Based on Olgia Radoszkowski (stem: Olgi-). Synonymy resulting from Prentices classification of 1998.
Included genera: Clitemnestra Spinola, 1851 (= Ochleroptera Holmberg, 1903), Exeirus Shuckard, 1838, Olgia Radoszkowski, 1877.

Subtribe: Gorytina Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845. Based on Gorytes Latreille (stem: Goryt-). Originally spelled Gorytites, latinized to Gorytinae by Dalla Torre, 1897:535. Spelled Goritini by A. Costa, 1859:3, 26, 53 (Italian vernacular), and Gorytesii by Acloque, 1897:80. = Arpactini R. Turner, 1915:67. Based on Arpactus Panzer, 1805 (stem: Arpact-). = Hoplisini Rohwer, 1916:654,656. Based on Hoplisus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1832 (stem: Hoplis-).
Included genera: Afrogorytes Menke, 1967, Allogorytes R. Bohart, 2000, Arigorytes Rohwer, 1912, Aroliagorytes R. Bohart, 2000, Austrogorytes R. Bohart, 1967, Biamogorytes Nemkov, 1990, Eogorytes R. Bohart in Bohart and Menke, 1976, Epigorytes R. Bohart, 2000, Gorytes Latreille, 1805 (= Pseudoplisus Ashmead, 1899, = Leiogorytes R. Bohart, 2000), Hapalomellinus Ashmead, 1899, Harpactostigma Ashmead, 1899, Harpactus Shuckard, 1837, Hoplisoides Gribodo, 1884, Lestiphorus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1832, Leurogorytes R. Bohart, 2000, Liogorytes R. Bohart, 1967, Megistommum W. Schulz, 1906, Oryttus Spinola, 1836, Psammaecius Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1832, Psammaletes Pate, 1936, Sagenista R. Bohart, 1967, Saygorytes Nemkov, 2007, Stenogorytes Schrottky, 1911 (= Neoplisus R. Bohart, 1967), Stethogorytes R. Bohart, 2000, Tretogorytes R. Bohart, 2000, Xerogorytes R. Bohart in Bohart and Menke, 1976.

Subtribe: Handlirschiina Nemkov and Lelej, 1996:12. Based on Handlirschia Kohl (stem: Handlirschi-).
Included genera: Ammatomus A. Costa, 1859, Handlirschia Kohl, 1897, Kohlia Handlirsch, 1895, Pterygorytes R. Bohart, 1967, Sphecius Dahlbom, 1843, Tanyoprymnus Cameron, 1905.

Subtribe: Heliocausina Handlirsch, 1925:807. Heliocaus-).

1976.

Based on Heliocausus Kohl (stem:

Included genera: Acanthocausus Fritz and Toro, 1977, Heliocausus Kohl, 1892, Tiguipa Fritz and Toro,

Subtribe: Stizina A. Costa, 1859:2, 4, 55. Based on Stizus Latreille (stem: Stiz-).
Included genera: Bembecinus A. Costa, 1859, Stizoides Gurin-Mneville, 1844, Stizus Latreille, 1802.

Subtribe: Trichogorytina Nemkov and Pulawski, 2009. Based on Trichogorytes Rohwer, 1912 (stem: Trichogoryt-).

Included genus: Trichogorytes Rohwer, 1912.

Tribe: Nyssonini Latreille, 1804:180. Based on Nysson Latreille (stem: Nyssont-, ruled to be Nysson- by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1979, Opinion 1115).
Included genera: Acanthostethus, Smith, 1869, Antomartinezius Fritz, 1955, Brachystegus A. Costa, 1859, Cresson Pate, 1938, Epinysson Pate, 1935, Foxia Ashmead, 1898, Hovanysson Arnold, 1945, Hyponysson Cresson, 1882, Idionysson Pate, 1940, Losada Pate, 1940, Metanysson Ashmead, 1899, [1802] (= Synnevrus A. Costa, 1859), Perisson Pate, 1938, Zanysson Rohwer, 1921. Neonysson R. Bohart, 1968, Nippononysson Yasumatsu and Maidl, 1936, Nursea Cameron, 1902, Nysson Latreille,

Subfamily: Crabroninae Latreille, 1802. Based on Crabro Fabricius, 1775 (stem: Crabron-). Originally spelled Crabronites. Tribe: Bothynostethini W. Fox, 1894:302. Based on Bothynostethus Kohl, 1894 (stem: Bothynosteth-). Subtribe: Bothynostethina W. Fox, 1894.
Included genera: Bothynostethus Kohl, 1894, Sanaviron Vardy, 1987, Willinkiella Menke, 1968.

Subtribe: Scapheutina Menke, 1968:91. Scapheut-). Tribe: Crabronini Latreille, 1802.

Based on Scapheutes Handlirsch (stem:

Included genera: Bohartella Menke, 1968, Scapheutes Handlirsch, 1887.

Subtribe: Anacrabronina Ashmead, 1899:163. Based on Anacrabro Packard (stem: Anacrabron-). = Karossiina Pate, 1936:151. Based on Karossia Arnold, 1929 (stem: Karossi-).
Included genera: Anacrabro Packard, 1866, Entomognathus Dahlbom, 1844. Encopognathus Kohl, 1897, Entomocrabro Kohl, 1905,

Subtribe: Crabronina Latreille, 1802. = Lindeniina Ashmead, 1899:163. Based on Lindenius Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau and Brull, 1834 (stem: Lindeni-). = Thyreopodina Ashmead, 1899:164. Based on Thyreopus (stem: Thyreopod-). Originally spelled Thyreopinae. Thyreocopidae of Strickland, 1947:127 is probably a misspelling. = Rhopalina Ashmead, 1899:164. Based on Rhopalum Stephens, 1829 (stem: Rhopal-). Junior homonym of Rhopalidae Amyot and Serville, 1843, based on Rhopalus Schilling, 1827 (Heteroptera). = Soleniina Bradley, 1926:1029. Based on Solenius Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau and Brull, 1835 (stem: Soleni-). = Pemphilidina Pate, 1935:246. Based on Pemphilis Risso, 1826 (stem: Pemphilid-). Originally spelled Pemphilidae.
Included genera: Alinia Antropov, 1993, Arnoldita Pate, 1948, Chimila Pate, 1944, Chimiloides Leclercq, 1951, Crabro Fabricius, 1775, Crorhopalum Tsuneki, 1984, Crossocerus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau and Brull, 1835 (= Towada Tsuneki, 1970), Dasyproctus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau and Brull, 1835, Echucoides Leclercq, 1957, Ectemnius Dahlbom, 1845 (= Spadicocrabro Tsuneki, 1990), Enoplolindenius Rohwer, 1911, Eupliloides Pate, 1946, Foxita Pate, 1942 ( = Taruma Pate, 1944), Hingstoniola Turner and Waterston, 1926, Holcorhopalum Cameron, 1904, Huacrabro Leclercq, 2000, Huaeva Pate, 1948, Isorhopalum Leclercq, 1963, Krombeinictus Leclercq, 1996, Leclercqia Tsuneki, 1968, Lecrenierus

Leclercq, 1977, Lestica Billberg, 1820, Lindenius Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau and Brull, 1835, Minicrabro Leclercq, 2003, Moniaecera Ashmead, 1899, Neodasyproctus Arnold, 1926, Notocrabro Leclercq, 1951, Odontocrabro Tsuneki, 1971, Pae Pate, 1944 (= Lamocrabro Leclercq, 1951), Papurus Tsuneki, 1983, Parataruma Kimsey, 1982, Pericrabro Leclercq, 1954, Piyuma Pate, 1944b, Piyumoides Leclercq, 1963, Podagritoides Leclercq, 1957, Podagritus Spinola, 1851, Pseudoturneria Leclercq, 1954, Quexua Pate, 1942, Rhopalum Stephens, 1829, Tracheliodes A. Morawitz, 1866, Tsunekiola Antropov, 1986, Vechtia Pate, 1944, Williamsita Pate, 1947, Zutrhopalum Leclercq, 1998.

Tribe: Larrini Latreille, 1810:289, 438. Based on Larra Fabricius (stem: Larr-). = Larradini de Saussure, 1892:471. Based on Larrada F. Smith, 1856 (stem: Larrad-). Subtribe: Gastrosericina Andr, 1886:51. Based on Gastrosericus Spinola, 1838 (stem: Gastroseric-). Originally spelled Gasterosericidae, corrected to Gastrosericidae by Andr, 1888:211. = Tachytina G. Bohart, 1951:945. Based on Tachytes Panzer, 1806 (stem: Tachyt-).
Included genera: Ancistromma W. Fox, 1893, Gastrosericus Spinola, 1839, Holotachysphex de Beaumont, 1940, Kohliella Brauns, 1910, Larropsis Patton, 1892, Parapiagetia Kohl, 1897, Prosopigastra A. Costa, 1867, Tachysphex Kohl, 1883, Tachytella Brauns, 1906, Tachytes Panzer, 1806.

Subtribe: Larrina Latreille, 1810.

Included genera: Dalara Ritsema, 1884, Fabricius, 1804, Paraliris Kohl, 1884. Dicranorhina Shuckard, 1840, Larra Fabricius, 1793, Liris

Tribe: Miscophini W. Fox, 1894:302. Based on Miscophus Jurine, 1807 (stem: Miscoph-). = Lyrodini W. Fox, 1895:302. Based on Lyroda Say (stem: Lyrod-). = Sericophorini Dalla Torre, 1897:577. Based on Sericophorus F. Smith (stem: Sericophor-). = Nitelini Dalla Torre, 1897:697. Based on Nitela Latreille (stem: Nitel-). = Paranyssontini R. Turner, 1914:337. Based on Paranysson Gurin-Mneville (stem: Paranyssont-). Originally spelled Paranyssoninae.
Included genera: Aha Menke, 1977, Auchenophorus R. Turner, 1907, Larrisson Menke, 1967, Lyroda Say, 1837, Miscophoidellus Menke in Bohart and Menke, 1976, Miscophoides Brauns in Kohl, 1897, Miscophus Jurine, 1807, Namiscophus Lomholdt, 1985, Nitela Latreille, 1809, Paranysson Gurin-Mneville, 1844, Plenoculus W. Fox, 1893, Saliostethoides Arnold, 1924, Saliostethus Brauns in Kohl, 1897, Sericophorus F. Smith, 1851, Solierella Spinola, 1851, Sphodrotes Kohl, 1889.

Tribe: Oxybelini Leach, 1815:152. Based on Oxybelus Latreille (stem: Oxybel-). Originally spelled Oxybellida.
Included genera: Belarnoldus Antropov, 2007, Belokohlus Antropov, 2007, Belomicrinus Antropov, 2000, Belomicroides Kohl, 1899, Belomicrus A. Costa, 1871, Brimocelus Arnold, 1927, Enchemicrum Pate, 1929, Gessus Antropov, 2001, Guichardus Antropov, 2007, Minimicroides Antropov, 2000, Nototis Arnold, 1927, Oxybelomorpha Brauns, 1897, Oxybelus Latreille, 1797, Pseudomicroides Antropov, 2001, Wojus Antropov, 1999.

Tribe: Palarini Schrottky, 1909:249. Based on Palarus Latreille, 1802 (stem: Palar-). Originally spelled Palaridae. = Palarini Brner, 1919:185. Based on Palarus Latreille (stem: Palar-). = Mesopalarini Lomholdt, 1985:22. Based on Mesopalarus Brauns (stem: Mesopalar-). Synonymized with Palarini by Prentice (1998).

Included genera: Mesopalarus Brauns, 1899, Palarus Latreille, 1802.

Tribe: Trypoxylini Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845:224. Based on Trypoxylon Latreille (stem: Trypoxyl-). Originally spelled Trypoxylites, latinized to Trypoxylidae by Thomson, 1870:207, and incorrectly to Trypoxylonidae in subsequent publications. = Pisini Ashmead, 1899:241 (originally spelled Pisoninae). Based on Pison Jurine, Greek for pea, and also one of the rivers in the Garden of Eden (stem: Pis-). May have been based on the Roman family name Pison, in which case the stem would be Pison-.
Included genera: Aulacophilinus Lomholdt, 1980, Aulacophilus F. Smith, 1869, Eopison Nel, 2005, Megapison Zhang, 1989, Pison Jurine in Spinola, 1808, Pisonopsis W. Fox, 1893, Pisoxylon Menke, 1968, Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796.

Subfamily: Dinetinae W. Fox, 1895:305. Based on Dinetus Panzer (stem: Dinet-).

Included genus: Dinetus Panzer, 1806.

Subfamily: Eremiaspheciinae Menke, 1967:148. (stem: Eremiaspheci-). Tribe: Eremiaspheciini Menke, 1967.

Based on Eremiasphecium Kohl, 1897

Included genus: Eremiasphecium Kohl, 1897 (= Taukumia Kazenas, 1991, = Xanthosphecium Simon Thomas, 1994).

Tribe: Laphyragogini R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:217. Based on Laphyragogus Kohl (stem: Laphyragog-).
Included genus: Laphyragogus Kohl, 1889.

Subfamily: Mellininae Latreille, 1802b:337. Based on Mellinus Fabricius (stem: Mellin-). Originally spelled Melliniores, latinized to Mellinii by Falln, 1812:130. Tribe: Mellinini Latreille, 1802.
Included genus: Mellinus Fabricius, 1790 (= Trachogorytes R. Bohart, 2000).

Tribe: Xenosphecini F. Parker, 1966:195. Based on Xenosphex F. Williams (stem: Xenosphec-). = Xenosphecini R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:437. Based on Xenosphex F. Williams (stem: Xenosphec-).
Included genus: Xenosphex F. Williams, 1954.

Subfamily: Pemphredoninae Dahlbom, 1835:2, 6, 8. Based on Pemphredon Latreille (stem: Pemphredon-). Nomen protectum (Article 23.9). Originally spelled Pemphedronides, corrected to Pemphredonides in Isis von Oken, 1936, Heft 4:col. 288, and spelled Pemphredonidae by Dahlbom, 1842:1. = Cemoninae Falln, 1812:131. Based on Cemonus Panzer, 1806 (stem: Cemon-), a junior synonym of Pemphredon. Nomen oblitum (Article 23.9). Originally spelled Cemonii. Not listed by Menke, 1997. Tribe: Entomosericini Dalla Torre, 1897:557. Based on Entomosericus Dahlbom (stem: Entomoseric-).
Included genus: Entomosericus Dahlbom, 1845.

Tribe: Odontosphecini Menke, 1967:144. Odontosphec-).

Included genus: Odontosphex Arnold, 1951.

Based on Odontosphex Arnold (stem:

Tribe: Pemphredonini Dahlbom, 1835. Subtribe: Ammoplanina Evans, 1959:182, 189. Based on Ammoplanus Giraud (stem: Ammoplan-).
Included genera: Ammoplanops Gussakovskij, 1931, Ammoplanus Giraud, 1869 (= Ammoplanellus Gussakovskij, 1931), Protostigmus Turner, 1918 (= Anomiopteryx Gussakovskij, 1935), Pulverro Pate, 1937, Timberlakena Pate, 1939.

Subtribe: Pemphredonina Dahlbom, 1835.

Included genera: Diodontus Curtis, 1834, Passaloecus Shuckard, 1837, Pemphredon (= Sinostigma Hong, 1984), Polemistus de Saussure, 1892.

Subtribe: Spilomenina Menke, 1989:740. Spilomen-).

Xysma Pate, 1937.

Based on Spilomena Shuckard (stem:

Included genera: Arpactophilus F. Smith, 1863, Microstigmus Ducke, 1907, Spilomena Shuckard, 1838,

Subtribe: Stigmina R. Bohart and Menke, 1976:175, 185. Based on Stigmus Panzer (stem: Stigm-).
Included genera: Allostigmus Melo and Naumann, 1999, Araucastigmus Finnamore, 1995, Aykhustigmus Finnamore, 1995, Ceratostigmus Melo and Naumann, 1999, Carinostigmus Tsuneki, 1954, Incastigmus Finnamore, 1995, Llaqhastigmus Finnamore, 1995, Paracrabro Turner, 1907, Parastigmus Antropov, 1992, Stigmus Panzer, 1804, Tzustigmus Finnamore, 1995.

Fossil genera of Pemphredoninae not assigned to tribes.

Cretoecus Budrys, 1993, Cretospilomena Antropov, 2000, Eomimesa Budrys, 1993, Eopinoecus Budrys, 1993, Eoxyloecus Budrys, 1993, Iwestia Rasnitsyn and Jarzembowski in Rasnitsyn, Jarzembowski, and Ross, 1998, Lisponema Evans, 1969, Palanga Budrys, 1993, Pittoecus Evans, 1973, Prolemistus Antropov, 2000, Psolimena Antropov, 2000, Succinoecus Budrys, 1993.

Tribe: Psenini A. Costa, 1858:4, 21. Based on Psen Latreille (stem: Psen-). = Mimesini Cresson, 1887:119. Based on Mimesa Shuckard (stem: Mimes-). = Psenulini Gittins, 1969:50. Based on Psenulus Kohl (stem: Psenul-). Originally spelled Psenuli.
Included genera: Ammopsen Krombein, 1959, Deinomimesa Perkins, 1899, Lithium Finnamore, 1987, Mimesa Shuckard, 1937, Mimumesa Malloch, 1933, Nesomimesa Malloch, 1933, Odontopsen Tsuneki, 1964, Pluto Pate, 1937, Psen Latreille, 1796, Pseneo Malloch, 1933, Psenulus Kohl, 1897.

Subfamily: Philanthinae Latreille, 1802b:365. Based on Philanthus Fabricius (stem: Philanth-). Originally spelled Philanthores, spelled Philanthoidae by Agassiz, 1847:284. Tribe: Aphilanthopini R. Bohart, 1966. Based on Aphilanthops Patton (stem: Aphilanthop-). Originally spelled Aphilanthopsina.
Included genera: Aphilanthops Patton, 1881, Clypeadon Patton, 1897 (= Listropygia R. Bohart, 1959).

Tribe: Cercerini Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845:1. Based on Cerceris Latreille, 1802 (stem: Cercer-). Originally spelled Cercrites, latinized to Cerceridae by A. Costa, 1860:6.
Included genera: Cerceris Latreille, 1802, Eucerceris Cresson, 1865.

Tribe: Philanthini Latreille, 1802b:365. Based on Philanthus Fabricius (stem: Philanth-). Originally spelled Philanthores, spelled Philanthoidae by Agassiz, 1847:284. Subtribe: Philanthina Latreille, 1802 b:365. Based on Philanthus Fabricius (stem: Philanth-). Originally spelled Philanthores, spelled Philanthoidae by Agassiz, 1847:284.
Included genera: Philanthus Fabricius, 1790, Prophilanthus, Cockerell, 1906 (placed here tentatively), Trachypus Klug, 1810.

Subtribe: Philanthinina Menke, 1967:148. Based on Philanthinus de Beaumont (stem: Philanthin-).

Included genus: Philanthinus de Beaumont, 1949.

Tribe: Pseudoscoliini Menke, 1967:148. Pseudoscoli-).

Based on Pseudoscolia Radoszkowski (stem:

Included genus: Pseudoscolia Radoszkowski, 1876.

Family: Apidae (sensu lato) =

= Apoidea of bee workers See: C.D. Michener. 2000. The bees of the world. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. 913 pp. Second edition: 2007, 953 pp.

Fossil Subfamilies of Uncertain Position Within Apoidea

Subfamily: Angarosphecinae Rasnitsyn, 1975:109 Based on Angarosphex Rasnitsyn, 1975 (stem: Angarosphec-). Originally spelled Angarosphecidae. = Baissodinae Rasnitsyn, 1975:122 Based on Baissodes Rasnitsyn, 1975 (stem: Baissod-). Originally spelled Baissodidae.
Included genera: Angarosphex Rasnitsyn, 1975 (= Shandongodes Zhang, 1985), Archisphex Evans, 1969 (= Cretosphex Rasnitsyn, 1975, = Paleapis Hong, 1984, = Mateosphex Zhang, 1985), Baissodes Rasnitsyn, 1975, Cretobestiola Pulawski and Rasnitsyn, 2000 (= Bestiola Pulawski and Rasnitsyn, 1999, junior homonym of Bestiola Nikolskaya, 1963, and of Bestiola Andronov, 1972), Calobaissodes Zhang, 1992, Cretosphecium Pulawski and Rasnitsyn, 2000, Eosphecium Pulawski and Rasnitsyn, 2000, Eubaissodes Zhang, 1992, Ilerdosphex Rasnitsyn, 2000, Montecosphex Rasnitsyn and Martnez-Delcls, 2000, Oryctobaissodes Rasnitsyn, 1975, Pompilopterus Rasnitsyn, 1975, Trichobaissodes Rasnitsyn, 1975.

Subfamily: Burmastatinae Antropov, 2000:60. Based on Burmastatus Antropov, 2000 (stem: Burmastat-).
Included genus: Burmastatus Antropov, 2000:60.

Subfamily: Cirrosphecinae Antropov, 2000:61. Based on Cirrosphex Antropov, 2000 (stem: Cirrosphec-).
Included genus: Cirrosphex Antropov, 2000:62.

Genera incertae sedis.

Gallosphex Schlter, 1978:83, Trigampulex Antropov, 2000:70.

Genus and species unknown.

Rasnitsyn, Jarzembowski, and Ross, 1998:379 (England, body without head or wings); Rasnitsyn and MartnezDelcls, 2000:85, 86 (Spain: Lrida Province: Montsec Range).

FOSSIL GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN SPHECIDAE (sensu lato) AND TRANSFERRED TO OTHER FAMILIES
Jibaissodes Ren in Ren, Lu, Guo, and Ji, 1995:120. Type species: Jibaissodes giganteus Ren in Ren, Lu, Guo, and Ji, 1995, by original designation and monotypy. Transferred to Megalodontidae by Rasnitsyn (2002, pers. comm.). Taimyrisphex Evans, 1973d. Type species: Taimyrisphex pristinus Evans, 1973, by original designation and monotypy. Included species: Taimyrisphex pristinus Evans, 1973d:168, . Holotype: Russia, Taimyr Peninsula: Yantardagh Hill 3 km S up from mouth of Maimetcha River (PIN). Age: Upper Cretaceous amber. Transferred to Falsiformicidae (Scolioidea) by Rasnitsyn, 1980:28. Shandongodes necrodes Zhang, 1985:35. Holotype: China: Shandong Province: Laiyang District: Tuanwang (Shandong Provincial Museum, Shandong, China). Age: Lower Cretaceous (as Upper Jurassic), Laiyang Formation. Rasnitsyn, Jarzembowski, and Ross, 1998:370 (is not a member of Aculeata because of external ovipositor).