MODERN INDIA

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS

Vasco da Gama first arrived at Kappad near Kozhikode in Kerala. Saint Gabriel was the name of the ship in which Vasco-daGama landed at Kappad, the port of Zamorin of Calicut. The most famous Portuguese men from the point of view of India were Vasco da Gama,

s a Portuguese Vasco da Gama wa explorer. Cape of route to India via A new Sea fern tip of South A Good Hope (South a in Vasco da Gam rica) discovered by e beginning of Euro 1498 AD marked th an History. pean period in Indi second ama arrived for the Vasco-da-G r the third chance in time in 1502 and fo rt Cochin and was 1524. He died at Fo ere. Later Francis Church th cremated at the St. rtugal in 1539. ought back to Po In dia his remains were br nor of Portuguese 1524 he wa s Gover t time in For a sh or y. r th e title of Vicero unde

Almeida

Almeida and Albuquerque. Don Francisco deAlmeida was the first Portuguese governor in the East. His policy was called the bluewater policy which aimed at the establishement of strong navy. In 1507 the Portuguese arrived at Madras. The city finally got its name from their leader Madra. The greatest Portuguese governor the East was Albuquerque. He was the real founder of the Portuguese authority in India. Albuquerque tried to abolish Sati. Second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian ocean.

The first church, for Europeans only, was constructed by Franciscan Friars in Cochin, who were brought by Albuquerque. The church was dedicated to St. Antony but is presently known as church of St. Francis. Albuquerque died near Goa in December 16, 1515 His policy of mixed colony system was to encourage intermarriage between the Portuguese and Indians. The Portuguese religious policy of Latinisation of the Kerala Church brought them into conflict with the native Christians ( the later Syrian Christians) The conflict for the establishment of Latin rite and Syrian rite led to the Coonan Cross Oath incident in 1653. The Portuguese introduced agricultural products such as cashew, coconut, custardapple, pineapple etc in India.

They introduced Tobacco in the court of Akbar in 1604. The Portuguese authority in Indian seas remained upto 1595. The Portuguese started the first press in India at Goa in 1556.

St. Francis CSI Church, in Kochi. Vasco da Gama, died in Kochi in 1524 when he was on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church.

The first Portuguese fort in India was constructed at Cochin. The Portuguese captured Goa from the Bijapur Sulthan in 1510. In 1534 the Portuguese captured Basseine of Maharashtra and Diu of Gujarat from Sultan Bahadur Shah who offered Bombay including Elephanta island ( the original name of the island was Gharapuri) Hunho da Cunha built a Portuguese fort at Bassein Bhadur Shah of Gujarat and Malwas who tried to escape from the Portuguese captivity died at Diu (on February 14, 1537) The Portuguese settled down in Hoogly in 1579, which place became the first international riverine port in India. The main reasons for the initial success of the Portuguese in India were ; the enmity among the native rulers, the position of the Malabar Coast, the support of the Vijayanagar rulers, the Bull of Pope Alexander VI in 1493 and the absence of any superior rivals. The major causes for the decline of the Portuguese power were ; The rise of the Dutch and the English, annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1518, the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the rise of the Marathas the degenera tion and demoralisation of the Portuguese men in India, the Colonisation of Brazil by Portugal and the fanatic religious policies of the Portuguese Christians.

The Dutch
In 20 March 1602 the United East India Company of the Netherlands was formed. The name of the Dutch Company was Vereenidge Oostindische Companie (VOC). The Dutch set up their first factory at Masulipattanam in 1605 and built their first fort at Pulicat in 1609. 1610: King of Chandragiri allowed the Dutch to have settlement in Pulicat which became the chief slave trading centre.

1612: The Portuguese expelled the Dutch from Pulicat but a convention in 1616 Pulicat went back to the Dutch. 1625: The Dutch had their settlement in Bengal at Chinsura 1645: The Dutch established a factory at Kayal, South of Tuticorin. They returned to Hoogly for business. They captured Nagapattanam from the Portuguese in 1659. In 1663, the Dutch captured Cochin. In 1741, Marthandavarma, the Travancore ruler defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Kolachal. The final Collapse of the Dutch came with their defeat by the English in the Battle of Bedara in 1759.

THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH

The English East India Company was formed by a group of Merchants known as The Merchant Adventurers in 1599.

Early name of the company was John Company. The English East India Company was formally established on 31st December 1600 by a Charter issued by Queen Elizabeth of the Tudor dynasty. Hector, the first ship of the English East India company reached Surat on 24 August 1606. In 1612 the Company became a joint stock company. Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassador of James I of England landed at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 and the first English factory, was established at Surat. The first factory was established by Thomas Aldwarth. The Company made a settlement in Aramgaon, which was the first fortified area in India. The company acquired Bombay from Charles II on lease which he got as dowry from Portugal. The designation of Chief Justice was introduced in India by the English in 1678. In 1672 the Court of judicature was setup as directed by the East India Company and English law was for the first time introduced in India. Madras became the first presidency chartered as Municipal Corporation with Mayors court 1687. Job Charnock founded the city of Calcutta. Francis Carton set up the first French factory at Surat in 1668. The First French Governor of Pondicherry was Francois Martin.

ring the 18th tary contests du e a series of mili nies. As a Wars wer h tr ading compa The Carnatic h and the Frenc ance among n the Britis ished its domin century betwee company establ sh trading result, the Briti ithin India. nglish for g companies w ench and the E European tradin the between the Fr 1748 by t Carnatic war 42. It ended in The firs a occurred in 17 uth Indi supremacy in So . Aix-la-Chapple to 1754. The treaty of was from 1748 c war rd Carnatic second Carnati to 1763. The Thi The from 1758 tish was engal where Bri rd Carnatic war The Thi India and into B nd southern ndernagore (now War spread beyo lement of Cha the French sett the signing of forces captured concluded with 1757. The war in Chandannagar) ris. 63 Treaty of Pa the 17 The arrival of Dupleix as French Governor in India in 1742 saw The Charter of August 9, 1683 the beginning of Anglo- French issued by the British crown Conflict. authorised the company full Robert Clive was the Governor power to declare and make of the English during the peace and war with any of the Carnatic wars. nations of Asia and to recruit The Gregorian Calendar came to such military forces as be used throughout the British necessary. The company dominion in 1752. enrolled the companies of Rajput soldiers (perhaps the first The Second Carnatic war ended with the treaty of Pondicherry build up of an Indian army by in 1754. the company). Madras became the first In 1759 Robert Clive defeated an expedition from the Dutch Presidency chartered as company to re-establish Dutch Municipal Corporation with a position in Bengal, which Mayors Court (1687). marked the end of Dutch Power Job Charnock founded the city in India. of Calcutta on 24 August 1690 in Sutanuti village and At the Battle of Wandiwash, Eyre Coot defeated French genestablished the first English eral Lally in 1760. factory in Calcutta. He died at Calcutta in 1693 and buried With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 there. His tombstone was made peace was settled between the of Charnokite granite named French and English. after him. The Battle of Plassey was fought in the year 1757 June 13. King George I of England empowered the company to In 1756, Siraj-ud-daula, the establish Municipal Corpora Nawab of Bengal, attacked tions and Mayors Court in Calcutta and captured it. 146 Bombay and Calcutta. British prisoners including their

commander John Zepheria Holwell and four women were locked in a small room. 123 of them died inside due to suffiocation. This incident is known aBlack-hole tragedy. Battle of Plassey was fought between Robert Clive and Sirajud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal. Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in the battle. Mir Zafar was made the Nawab of Bengal after the battle of Plassey. After the battle of Plassey Robert Clive became the first Governor of Bengal. The Construction of fort William of Calcutta was started by Lord Clive. The Charter of 1758 Jan 14 allowed the company to keep any booty taken in wars against the enemies of the king and the company. Separate Courts were created for the Indians and the Europeans by the East India Company. In 1765 Clive returned to Calcutta and became the Governor of Bengal for the second time, which continued till 1767. Clive introduced official postal system in 1766. Ahammed Shah Abdali entered India for the last time in 1767. The Sikhs defeated him later Amar Singh, protege of Abdali founded Patiala state. The Sanyasi and Fakir rebellions started in Bengal against the foreign rule. They were strong in North Bengal and North Bihar till 1774.

In 1764, the European Bengal Regiment Mutiny which was followed by the First Indian Sepoy Mutiny against the British in Patna in May. The combined forces of Mir Kassim, Emperor of Delhi and Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh were defeated in the Battle of Buxar on October 23 1764. The Battle of Changama took place on September 3, 1767 between the combined forces of Hyder Ali and Nizam and the British army. Then started the First Anglo - Mysore War (176769). The year 1770 witnessed a great famine and plague epidemic in Bengal which took the toll of one fifth of the total population of fifteen million. Hyder Ali lost to the Marathans in the battle of Milgota pass in 1771. The court of Directors of the East India Company appointed Warren Hastings as the President of their Bengal Council on April 13, 1772. Muslim Personal Law, based on Shariat, was first enacted by the British. In 1773 Peshwa Narayana Rao was murdered by his uncle Reghunath Rao or Raghoba who proclaimed himself as the Peshwa. Scindhia of Gwalior, Holker of Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Gaekward of Baroda became independent of Peshwas control. In 1773, the Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament to control the finances of East India Company at the instance

of Lord North. It was first enactment relating to territorial possessions in India. Robert Clive introduced Dual government in Bengal. Under the Regulating Act the Mayors Court in Calcutta was replaced by the Supreme court which functioned till 1862. Calcutta was made the capital of India by East India Company. In 1775 the Treaty of Purandhar was signed between the British and Nana Fadnavis. On March 5, 1775 Raghunath Rao signed the Treaty of Surat with the British and the British troops captured Barakpur of Bengal. The Ordinance Services Corps was established. Maharaj Nanadkumar was hanged in Calcutta on charge of forgery (August 5, 1775). He was the last Indian to die on a forgery charge. In 1767 Clive returned to England and committed suicide in 1774. In the first Anglo - Maratha war (1775 - 82) the Marathas were badly mauled in the battle of Arras by Col: Keating. Abdul Zafar Siraj - ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah II, the last of the Mughal Emperor was born. In 1776 Warren Hastings resigned from the post of Governor General of Bengal but later retracted it. The second Anglo- Mysore War (1780 -84) took place. Warren Hastings established Muhammadan Madrassa in Calcutta.

In 1782 the Treaty of Salbay was signed by Anderson for the English and the Scindia for the Marathas by which the Marathas were forbidden to have dealings with any nation other than the English. An office called the Court of Wards was established in Bengal in 1782 to take care of the Zamindaris of minors, females and incapables. In 1783 the Foxs India Bill for the improvement of administration in India was introduced in the British Parliament but was defeated. Tipu Sultan sieged Mangalore with French help. Court of Directors censured Warren Hastings and he resigned his post. In 1784 Asiatic Society of Bengal was established by William Jones with Warran Hastings as the first Patron (It later became Royal Asiatic Society and finally Asiatic Society since 1951) The Pitts India (India Act of 1784) Bill was introduced in the British Parliament to improve the government rule for the management of Indian affairs and was passed. Tipu built the Gumbaz of Srirangapatanam in the garden nurtured by Hyder Ali. In 1786 Lord Cornwallis was appointed Governor General as well as the Commander-in-Chief. Bengal was divided into thirty five districts by John Shore. John Shore, James Grant and Jonathan Duncan assisted Cornwallis in the field of administration.

CONQUEST OF MYSORE

Haider Ali was the son of Fatheh Muhammed.He was born in 1722. In 1766, he became the ruler of Mysore after the death of Mysore Raja Krishna Wodeyar. First Mysore war between Haider Ali and the English started in 1767 and ended in 1769. First Anglo-Mysore war ended with the defeat of English and the treaty of Madras. Second Mysore War was from 1780 to 1784. Haider Ali died in 1782 and Tipu Sultan became the Mysore ruler. The second Mysore war ended by the treaty of Mangalore in 1784. Second Mysore war was fought during the period of Warren Hastings. Third Mysore war started in 1790 and ended in 1792. The third war ended by the treaty of Sreerangapatnam on March 19th 1792. Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799. Fourth Mysore war was fought during the period of Governor General Wellesley. In this battle, Tipu was killed in 1799 at Srerrangapatanam by Col. Arthur Wellesley. Tipus Capital was Sreerangapatanam. Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger. Fathul Mujahiddin is the book written by Tippu which describes about rockets. of the company. He introduced a Civil Code for government servants (Cornwallis Code) Sir John Shore (1793-98) witnessed the Battle of Kharda between the Nizam and the Marathas. Lord Wellesley (1793-98) introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system in 1798. The Nizam of Hydrabad concluded a Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance with the English. The Fourth Mysore War was waged under Major General W Pomham and General Baird against Tipu. The latter was killed in the battlefield on May 4, 1799. Tipu was the only Indian King who died on the battle field, fighting the British. Tipu was fond of Tigers and dislike for the British. The French developed a mechanised toy tiger killing a Briton with all the sounds of roar and agony. Now it is in Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Ranjith Singh of Punjab captured Lahore from its Sikh rulers. Hawa Mahal Palace or the Palace of four winds was built at Jaipur by Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1799. Fort William College was established in Calcutta by Lord Wellesley in 1800 for training of Civil servants of the company in languages and customs of Indians. Karnataka was annexed to the company In 1862 Peshwa Baji Rao II, after getting defeat from Yashwant Rao Holker accepted the subsidiary Alliance system by the treaty of Bassein. The British captured Delhi against the combined forces of the Sikhs and the Marathas in the Second Anglo - Maratha War ( 1803 - 05)

In 1788 Pitts Regulatory Act was introduced to put further controls on Government of India. East India Company with the Hydrabad Nizam and the Peshwa, signed a treaty against Tipu on the understanding that the conquered area will be divided among the three. In 1790 the third Anglo- Mysore War brokeout and the British captured Dindigal and Palghat. The war came to an end by the Treaty of Srirangapatanam in 1792. In 1793 Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Revenue Settlement in Bengal and Bihar aiming at getting a fixed amount at correct intervals to the government. Cornwallis tried to complete exclusion of the Indian from Indias administration and give it exclusively in the hands of the European Covenanted Servants

By the Treaty of Surji Arjangaon the British got control of Delhi Agra Broach and other territories ; the true end of the Mughal Empire. Lord Wellesely suppressed sacrifice of children in the sea in Sagar Island of Bengal in fulfilment of vows. The Indian soldiers at Vellore and Madras mutinied in July 1806 since they were forbidden to wear caste - marks and earrings during Parade. Col. Rolls Gillespie suppressed the mutiny by killing nearly five hundred mutineers. The European army officers of the company revolted against differential treatment meted out to them compared to the Royal Regiment Officers (1809). Company established college of Fort St: George in Madras. In 1814 the Company started minting Silver Coins in India. The Anglo - Nepal War (181416) and the Treaty of Sagau Li (1816) The Third Maratha War ; the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy and the formation of Bombay Presidency (1818). On April 7, 1818 the British introduced Bengal state Prisoners Regulation III of 1818 for detention and deportation of political prisoners and revolutionaries without trial. The Pindari bandits, the unruly Cavalry bands of central India and on friendly terms with Holker and Scindia, were smashed. The Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Monroe,

governor of Madras in 1820. Lord Ahersts period (1823-28) witnessed the First Burmese war and Bhartpur was annexed after imprisoning the usurper Durjan Sal and Assam. Rubber plant seeds were first brought to India from Brazil by Henry William in 1826. (First Rubber Plantation was set up in Kerala in 1900.) Lord William Bentick (18281835) abolished Sati by Regulation XVII of 1829. The Brahma Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Capt. William Sleeman launched a campaign to exterminate Thugees who were brought under control by 1837 and completely eliminated by 1860. The Charter Act of 1833 was passed. A Law commission was framed under Macaulay, the legal member of the Governor Generals Council, for codification of India Laws. Thus Civil Procedure Code (1859) and Indian Penal Code (1860) and a Criminal Procedure Code (1861) were created. The Charter Act of 1833 took steps to abolish slavery (abolished in 1843) ; Bengal, Bombay and Madras preordinations were place under the complete control of the Governor General and he was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the company; Companys monopoly over trade with China in tea was stopped.

Coorg was annexed by the Company : in 1834 from Rajaveer Rajendra after a war and then annexed Central Cachar. Bentick changed the official language of the Courts of Justice from Persian to English. He made a Treaty of Perpetual friendship with Raja Renjith Singh. Lord Macaulay in 1835 February 2, opened the flood gates of Western Education in India by linking higher education with the English language. The March 7 Resolution was introduced for the promotion of European Literature and Science in India. The British began to strike Coins with British Crowns image, instead of Emperor Akbar Shah II, in 1835. The temporary Governor General Charles Met Calfe (183536) established the freedom of Press. On January 10, 1836 Professor Madhusudan Gupta and four of his medical students Raj Krishan Dev, Uma Charan Sett, Dwaraknath Gupta and Nobin Chandra Mitra dissected a dead body in Calcutta Medical College. In 1837 James Princep, Secretary of Asiatic Society, deciphered the ancient Brahmi Script and later Kharoshti inscriptions of India. The First Political Organisation of India the Zamindari Association of Calcutta, in 1838 changed its name to Landlords Association.

1838 is the birth year of Bankim Chankra Chatterji the author of Vande Matharam, Kesab Chandra sen the founder of Bharathiya Brahma Samaj and Mirza Ghulam Ahamad, founder of Ahmadiya Sect. Lord Aucklands Period witnessed the First Afghan War (1838-42) and death of Ranjith Singh. Lord Ellenborough (1842-44) witnessed the annexation of Sind and War with Gwalior. Debendranath Tagore, father of Rabindranath Tagore accepted Brahmo Religion. British Indian Society was founded in Bengal in 1843 by the British citizens for the welfare and just rights of Indian Subjects. In 1851 it was merged with the British Indian Association. Lord Hardings Period (1844-48) witnessed the First Anglo - Sikh War (1845-46) and ultimately Punjab lost its independence in 1849. Lahore was captured by the British and infant Duleep Singh was recognised as the ruler. He abandoned Sikkim and became a Christian, the first Indian Prince to do so but later he became a sikh. Hardins abolished female infanticide and human sacrifice. Lord Dalhousie became the Governor General of India in 1848 and acted as such till 1856. He introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and annexed Satara (1848) Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849)

Udaipur (1852) Jhansi (1853) Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856). The Geological Survey of India was established on March 5, 1851 in Calcutta and the first official. Telegraph line was opened between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour on October 24. The British Indian Association of Bengal was established on October 29, 1851 with Radha Kanta Dev as president and Devendranath Tagore as the secretary. Postal system for the general public was introduced in Karachi, the first time in Asia, in July 1, 1852 (It was valid only in the district of Sind and known as Scinde Dwak. On April 16, 1853 Indian Railways Started the first train of Great Indian Peninsular Railway with 3 steam Engines hauling 20 Coaches with 400 people. The train left Victoria Terminus (Bori Bunder) of Bombay for Thane. Competitive examination for the Indian Civil Service (ICS) started in England, through the Charter Act of 1853. In 1884 Charles Wood made the Woods Despatch which is considered as the Magna Carta of English Education in India. Which recommended English as the Medium for higher studies and vernacular at school level and grant -in-Aid system. East India Railway ran its first

passenger train on August 15, 1854 between Calcutta and Hoogly. Indias first modern Post office was established in Calcutta in 1854. In 1885 the first long distance telegraph line between Calcutta and Agra (1300 km) was opened. A separate Public Works Department was established in every province. The Widow Remarriage Act (1856) was passed. Lord Canning (1856-1862) established three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.

Subsidiary Alliance system and other Policies

Subsidiary Alliance System was introduced by Wellesley to bring Indian States within the orbit of British political power. First Indian ruler to join the Subsidiary Alliance System was the Nizam of Hyderabad. Permanent Revenue Settlement was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and districts of Benaras and northern districts of Madras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was planned by John shore. Ryotwari System was introduced in Bombay, Madras and Assam. This system was similar to Akbars revenue policy Zabti system. Mahalwari System was introduced in Awadh region, Punjab, NWFP and parts of Central India.

THE REVOLT OF 1857

The Great Mutiny of 1857 took place during the period of Lord Canning. The Centres and Leaders of the Revolt Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal Kanpur - Nana Saheb Delhi - General Bhakt khan Bihar - Kunwar Singh Jhansi - Rani Lekshmi Bai Faridabad - Maulavi Ahmmadulla Bareili - Khan Bahadur The 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur which refused to use the greased cartridge and the enfield rifle, started mutiny in February 26, 1857. The focal point of the revolt included Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Benaras, Jhansi and Arrah. The first shot was fired on March 29 by Mangal Pandey (of Ballia, UP) of the 14th Bengal Infantry at Barrakpore of Bengal. Mangal Pandey was hanged to death on 29 March 1857. May 10, 1857 witnessed the real mutiny at Meerut followed by Delhi on 11th May. The first British to loose his life was Col.Finnis Meerut. Bahadurshah II surrendered to Lt. W.S.R. Houdson on September 21, 1857 at Humayuns Tomb in Delhi. The capture of Delhi and the proclamation of Bahadurshah as the Emperor of Hindustan gave a

Result of 1857 Revolt

The revolt Suppressed. End of Company rule in India. Control taken by the British Crown . positive political meaning to the revolt. The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the introduction of the greased catridges. Educated middle class section of Indian population did not support the revolt of 1857. On November 1, 1858 a proclamation was made by the Queen to the people of India in eighteeen languages. The Queen Victorias Proclamation of 1858 announced the end of the Rule of East India Company in India. The best and the bravest military leader of the rebels sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani of Jhansi. The original name of Rani of Jhansi was Mani Karnika. The administration by Indian civil service officers started as a result of the Queens proclamation. The revolt was completely crushed in 1858. Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a National Rising. V.D. Savarkar in his book First war of Independence called it The First War of Independence.

The revolt is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj. The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the introduction of the greased catridges. The use of cow and pig fat in the newly-introduced Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle cartridges provoked Indian soldiers. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The revolt of 1857 ended in failure but it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and Patriotism. Rebel leaders, such as the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India.

Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma.

Charles Canning, the Governor-General of India during the rebellion.

Lakshmibai, The Rani of Jhansi, one of the heroes of the revolt who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse.

In 1859 the White Mutiny by European troops occurred. Bahadur Shall II was exiled to Rangoon in December 1859 where he expired on November 7, 1862. Tantia Tope (Ramachandra Reghunatha Tope) was captured and hanged at Sivapuri on April 18, 1859. Nanasaheb (Dhundu Pant) died in Nepal on Sept 24, 1859. The Indigo riots was started by Bengal peasants to protest against the torture and

exploitation of the British Indigo Planters. Iswar Chandra Vidya Sagar was awarded with the first act for raising the age of consent of girls for marriage. The Indian Councils Act 1861 established Legislative Councils at the Centre and in the Provinces and Presidencies by including non - official members. The year 1861 witnessed the births of Motilal Nehru May 6, Rabindra Nath Tagore May 7,

nexa pr incely st ate Lapse was an an e Doctrin e, any The Doctrin e of Accor ding to th ast India Comusie. of the British E eral Lord Dalho direct influence ystem , would r the sh Subsidiary S or territory unde under the Briti ifestly incomal state was either man pany, as a vass xed if the ruler took over the anne The company automatically be a di rect heir. (1849), Nagpur without and Sambalpur petent or died ra (1848), Jaipur Sata g th is Doctrine. h) (1856) usin princely states of d Awadh (Oud that the ruler 4) an with th e reason and Jhansi (185 Awadh in 1856 the increasing over volution. With The British took t ly.this led to a re mered amon gs proper discontent sim was not ruling 1858, the dia Company, in ast In in g th e revolt, power of the E British society. Follow aced that of the ions of Indian rule repl man y sect of India,whose eroy ctri ne. new British Vic nounced the do a Com pany, re East Indi

of Lapse The Doctrine tion policy by Governor Gen-

Madame Bhikaji Kama September 24, and Madan Mohan Malaviya December 25, and the formation of Radha Swami- Satsang, an esoteric Sect, by Tulsi Ram or Sib Dayal Saheb. The Indian Civil Service Act was passed. The maximum age of entry into ICS was fixed at 22 years and one years probation in England ( In 1866 it was reduced to 21 yrs and 24 yrs Probation in England, in 1878 it was further reduced to 19 years.) Sambhunath Pandit, the first Indian, assumed the office of the Judge of the High Court Calcutta on February 2, 1862. Ganendra Mohan Tagore passed the Barrister- at- law exam from Lincolns Inn on June 21. He was enrolled in Calcutta High Court as the Ist Indian Barrister in 1865. The Wahabi Movement was started by Sayyid Ahmed of Rae Bareli in 1862 in the Viceroyalty of Lord Elign I (1862-63) Satyendra Nath Tagore, became the first Indian, to be

directly recruited in the Covenanted Civil Service (later renamed as Indian Civil Service). Lord John Lawrence (18641869) waged war with Bhutan in 1865 and Created High Courts at Calcutta Bombay and Madras. Kathiawar state of Saurashtra (Junagarh), the first native state, issued its own postage stamp in 1865. The Prarthana Samaj was established at Bombay under Ranade Bhandarkar and others due to the visit of Kesab Chandra Sen. Dar-ul-Uloom (House of Learning or Azhar Al- Hind ) was founded by Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanatawi and Maulana Rashid Ahmed Gangoni in Deoband of UP. In 1868 the Amrit Bazar Patrika was first published as weekly in Bengali by three Ghosh brothers - Sisir Kumar, Besantha Kumar and Hemantha Kumar. In 1878 it became an English paper to override the provisions of the Vernacular Press Act of Lord Lytton. It became a daily paper in 1891. Lord Mayo (1869-1872) opened the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of Indian Princes and he established the Statistical survey of India. He organised the first population Census in India, (Census is carried out every ten years thereafter).

Mayo established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce and the State railways. John Paxton Norman, the officiating Chief Justice of Bengal was fatally wounded by stabbing in Calcutta on September 20, 1871 by a member of the Wahabi Sect. In 1872 Lord Mayo was assassinated on February 8, in the Andaman Islands by Sher Ali, an Afghan Wahabi Prisoner, as revenge for the punishment given to their leader Amir Khan. Lord North Brook became the Viceroy of India in 1872 and he continued in that post till 1878. His Government passed the Native Marriage Act, known as Civil Marriage Act 1872, to legalise inter - religion and inter caste - marriages. In 1874 June the English East India Company was dissolved. S.N. Banerji was removed from ICS on an inadequate ground of age limit which was reduced to 19 years in 1878. Swami Dayananda Saraswathi founded the Arya Samaj Centre in Bombay on April 17, 1875. On July 9, 1875 Bombay Stock Exchange, the first one in India, was born under the Shade of a Banyan tree. S.N. Banerji (Rashtraguru) founded the first students Union based on Politics in 1875. The Prince of Wales (Edward VII) visited India in 1875. Lord North Brooke had to face

the Kuka or Namdhari movement in Punjab of Bhai Balak Singh and Baba Ram Singh. Lord Lyttons Tenure in India as viceroy was from 1876 to 1880. In 1878 he appointed a Famine Commission under the chairmanship Sir. Richard Strachey due to a heavy famine that affected Punjab Central Indian regions, Madras, Bombay and Hydrabad. By the Royal Titles Act 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of Kaiseri - Hind or Emperors of India. It was celebrated on January 1, 1877 in Delhi Durbar under the Presidentship of Lord Lytton. On March13, 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was passed to Control Vernacular Press and Publications. The Calcutta University allowed women to appear to the Entrance Examination. Sreemathi Kadambhini Ganguli was the first Indian Women to appear in the Entrance Examination in December 1878. The Madras News Paper The Hindu first came out on September 20, as a weekly with only 80 copies with G.S. Aiyar as its editor. It became a daily on April, 1889. Mukunda Das, the famous poet of the Swadeshi movement known as Charan Kabi was born in 1878. Lytton Passed the Arms Act

(1878) which disallowed Indians to carry arms without Licence and previous sanction. Lord Lyttons viceroyalty witnessed the birth of the some of famous literary, religious and political personalities such as Sarat Chandra Chattopadhaya of Bengal (1876 September 17, d. 1938) . The Second Afghan War 18791880 occurred during the region of Lord Lytton. On January 1, 1880 Money Order System was introduced. Lord Ripon (1880 - 1884) came

to be known as the father of Local Bodies in India. He replaced the Vernacular Press Act which destroyed the freedom of the Indian Press. The First Factory Act was passed, which was followed by one in 1911 and another in 1934. The Bengal Engineering College of Sibpur was established (1880) and St: Stephens College was founded in Delhi by Cambridge Missionaries in 1881. India had its first telephone exchange in Calcutta with 50

lines. In 1882 The Postal Savings Bank System was introduced on April 1, 1882. Ripon promoted financial decentralisation. The Hunter Commission on Education was created (188283). The Commissions work was mainly confined to primary and secondary education. The Illbert Bill controversy (1883-84) in connection with the appointment of Indians as judges made Ripon to resign his post.

EARLY ASSOCIATIONS
Year.. Organisation
1838 1839 1851 1862 1866 1867 1872 1876 1883 1884 1885 1888 1905 1920 1924 1928 1936 1940 ... Landholders society ............................. ... British India Society.............................. ... British India Association ....................... ... London India Committee ....................... ... East India Association .......................... ... National Indian Association .................. ... Indian Society ...................................... ... Indian Association ................................ ... Indian National Society ......................... ... Indian National Conference ................... ... Bombay Presidency Association ........... ... United India Patriotic Association ......... ... Servants of India Society ...................... ... Indian Trade Union Congress ............... ... All India Communist Party..................... ... Khudai Khidmatgar ............................... ... All India Kisan Sabha ........................... ... Radical Democratic Party.......................

Founder

Place

Dwaraknath Tagore .................................. Calcutta William Adams .......................................... London Devendranath Tagore ............................... Calcutta C.P. Mudaliar ............................................ London Dadabhai Naoroji ...................................... London Mary Carpenter ........................................ London Anand Mohan Bose ................................. London Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee...... Calcutta Shishir Chandra Bose ............................... Calcutta S M Banerjee ............................................ Calcutta Mehta and Telang .................................... Bombay Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ............................... Aligarh G.K. Gokhale ............................................. Bombay NM Joshi (founder) .................................. Lucknow Lala Lajpat Rai (President) Satyabhakta ............................................. Kanpur Abdul Gaffar Khan ................................... Peshwar Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga ..................... Lucknow M.N. Roy ................................................. Calcutta