Mr.

RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Computer is electronic machine which consists of equipment that input,

process, outputs and stores data. Hardware consists of input devices, system unit, output devices, storage devices and communication devices. The part of computer is as follows: -

System unit Monitor Mouse Modem Keyboard Printer I. System unit: - The system unit is a box like case made from metal or plastic that houses the computer electronic equipment. The case that contains the CPU, memory, the power supply, disk drive and all other hardware- such as a modem- that is in an internal format. II. III. Monitor: - it is a device by which text and graphics produced by a computer are shown. Mouse: - it a device which is used with computers. It is a small plastic box with buttons on top and a ball underneath. When the ball is moved pad, the ball rolls and a marker appears on the visual display unit. Pressing the buttons on the mouse gives instructions to the computer. IV. Keyboard: - it is an input device used to types in information. It has keys for the letters of the alphabet, for numbers, for symbols and other keys which move the cursor around the screen.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

V.

Printer: - it is an output device. It produces printouts of text or graphics on paper or on a similar medium. Letters, invoices, newspapers, reports and labels can be produces by using a printer. The speed of a printer is measured in characters in per second (CPS).

Inside the system unit

The system unit is a box- like case made form metal or plastic that houses the computer electronic equipment. All computers contain the same basic components. 1. Expansion card: - it is a circuit board which can be fixed in the computer for adding a new feature. For instance, CD-quality sound or a modem can be added by an expansion card is also known as expansion board. 2. Expansion slot: - it is a socket on the motherboard where an expansion card can be plugged in. if your computer has more expansion slots you can add more features. If we purchase a computer, we should ensure that the motherboard has enough expansion cards to suit your future needs. Expansion slot is also known as expansion bus. 3. Motherboard: - it is the main circuit board that contains the main components like the CPU chip, memory chips, expansion slots etc. 4. Power supply: - there is a power supply in every computer. This power supply change the electricity from the wall outlet into which can be used by the computer. The unit of measure of power supply is watts. 200 watts is required by a typical computer to function. This is just nothing as compared to an ordinary electric gadget like a hair drier that consumes seven times more power than the computer. 5. Hard Drive: - A hard drive is the primary device that a computer uses to store information. A hard drive uses rigid magnetic disk (s) enclosed in a sealed container.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

6. Random Access Memory (RAM): - it is a part of a computers main memory. Information is stored by it inside a computer. 7. Drive Bay: - Hard drive. CD-ROM drive and floppy drive rest over a shelf in a computer case. This shelf is called bay. If a case contains more bays, we can add more drive to it but it will cover more space on your desk. 8. Central Processing Unit (CPU): - it is called the brain of the computer. The actual processing is done in this part. Millions of calculation can be done per second. It has mainly 3 parts, namely ALU, control unit and main memory. All the arithmetic calculations and logical operations are done in ALU. The control unit regulates and manages the functions of the whole system. Any information, data, records or files get stored in the main memory. 9. Floppy Drive: - A floppy drive stores and retrieves information on floppy disks. A floppy disk is a circular piece of thin and flexible plastic inside a protective case. It stores information magnetically on one or both surfaces. A floppy disk can be used to exchange information between computers or to make a backup of the files. It is also known as a diskette. 10. CD-ROM {read only memory} Drive: - A CD-ROM drive reads information stored on compact discs (CDs). A CD is a plastic disc which is silver in colour. It is just like a music CD in shape. Although it fits in our palm yet it can store information more than a whole set of encyclopedias. Keyboard The main PC keyboard sold today includes 105 keys. It features 12 function keys arranged at the top of the keyboard and a larger backspace key, a numeric keypad, a cursor movement keypad, toggle lights and better placed Ctrl keys.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Function of keyboard:

Esc (Escape) key: - You can press Esc to quit a task you are performing. Caps Lock key: - The caps lock is a key on a computers keyboard. When it is pressed, all the letters typed will be in capitals, or upper case. Shift keys: - The shift is a key on a computer keyboard. It is used to tell the computer that a capital, or upper case, letter is required. It is also used to choose the symbols which appear above the numbers at the top of the keyboard. Ctrl (Control) key: - The control key is a key on a computer keyboard. It is used with other keys to send commands or produce special characters on the visual display unit. Function keys: - Each of the twelve keys labeled F1 to F12 is called the function key. When any of the keys is pressed, it performs a certain task. For instance, in many programmes, F1 is pressed to display help information. Alt (Alternate) key: - The alternate key is a key found on many computer keyboards. The alternate key is used in combination with other keys. It is held down while another key or a command is typed in. Spacebar: - It is a long bar at the bottom of the keyboard. We can press the spacebar to insert a blank space between two words.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Backspace key: - It is the key on your key board which is labeled backspace means to move the cursor in a backward direction.

. Here

Enter key: - It is the key which is pressed to start a new line in a word processor. It is also pressed to enter information into spread sheet. To press Enter is the same as to click Ok in a dialogue box. This key is also known as Return key. Delete key: - it is the key that is pressed to remove character to the position which is to the right of the cursor on a PC. Arrow keys: - these are the keys which are used for moving the cursor in different directions, that is, up, down, left or right around our screen. Status Lights: - it is a little light can be seen on a computer case or a peripheral. A status light indicates whether the computer is on or a drive is being accessed. Modems fitted with status lights indicate the stage of a transmission. Numeric keypad: - it is a small section of the keyboard that has only numbers on it. It is sometime built into one side of a computer keyboard. It is set up like an adding machine or a calculator. The numeric keypad makes it easier and faster to type in numbers for calculations. Short-cut keys Ctrl+A = all select Ctrl+ B = bold the text Ctrl+C= copy the text Ctrl+D= font change Ctrl+E= centerlize Ctrl+F= find and replace Ctrl+G= enter + and to move to the reative to the current location. Ctrl+H= find and replace AND history of NET (at the time of net use)

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Ctrl+I= Italic Ctrl+J= Justify Ctrl+K= current folder Ctrl+L= Justify Ctrl+M= Tab to the right side Ctrl+N= for new word file open Ctrl+O= open folder Ctrl+P= print the document Ctrl+Q= aligin text left Ctrl+R= aligin text right Ctrl+S= save the document Ctrl+T = spacing in page layout Ctrl+U= under-line Ctrl+V= Paste the copy of word file Ctrl+W= save change Ctrl+X= cut the selected item Ctrl+Y = continuous Ctrl+Z= undo typing

Software
It is a name given to programs, routines and procedures used to function computer hardware. A computer without software is just like an aero-plane without a pilot. Application software and operating system software are two main types of software. Letters are written, numbers are analyzed, finances are managed, pictures are drawn and even games are played with the help of application software.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Operating System software: - it is the main program that runs a computer. It works like a traffic policeman. As the policeman directs traffic and keeps everything flowing smoothly so does the operating system inside the computer. Windows and OS/2 are two popular operating system. Application Software: - it includes program that allow us to finish specific tasks. Application software is very helpful in writing letters, sorting files, managing finances, drawing pictures, analyzing games. There are some popular brands of application software, namely Word Perfect, Excel, Power Point and Microsoft Access.

Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the related to designing of equipment for a comfortable & safe working atmosphere. Posture: - maintain a good posture to reduce strain on the neck, shoulders and on the lower back. Chair: - fully adjustable chair Foot rest: - foot rest for foot. Prevent wrist strain: - keep the elbows level with the keyboard. Also, keep the wrists straight and higher than the fingers. By doing so, we can avoid wrist strain. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a Repetitive stress injury (RSI) whose symptoms include numbness, tingling and pain in the fingers. It usually results from long periods of time spent typing at a keyboard with the wrists held at unnatural angles. Wrist rest: - use wrist rest and adjustable keyboards to support the wrist at the correct angle for typing.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Importance of computer in the field of education & physical education:

The computer is a very important part of our education system. Without computer we cannot do the recording of the data, notification work, data analysis, results and public communication etc. Electronic mail Communication Writing Words solution Telecommunication Simulation Computer Aided Design/CAD Computer Aided Design & Drafting/CADD Data collection Education development Book publication Data management Scientific Research and development. Information technology [IT] IT is all of the equipment and methods used to handle information. The information is collected, processed, stored and used. Modern information technology combines electronics and telecommunication so that large amount of data can be stored and transmitted.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Televisions, computers, satellites and telephone are just some of the types of equipment used in IT.

Networking and the Internet

Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first largescale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.[48] In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET.[49] The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in hightech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments. What is Internet? According to the definition provided by Oxford dictionary, the Internet is an arrangement of connected computers, which lets the computer users all over the globe exchange data. At the present time, approximately 33% of the world population has accessibility to the Internet. The Internet is an extraordinary entertainment and learning tool that may be utilized in a number of modes to increase the ability of a user to collect information. The principal components of the Internet are the World Wide Web (WWW) and e-mail. With the passage of time, the Internet has become the most effective business tool in the contemporary world. It can be described as a global meeting place where people from every corner of the world can come simultaneously. The advantages of Internet Following are the advantages provided by the Internet: 1) Information The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuable resource of information. You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google. 2) Communication The primary goal of the Internet is communication. It has done extremely well in this field, however the development process is still going on to make it more dependable and quick. By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a seconds time.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

3) Entertainment Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment. A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet. 4) E-commerce E- commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy or business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another. E-commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything. 5) Formation of communities Internet helps in formation of communities or forums. Here a number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge. 6) Services A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive. The disadvantages of Internet Following are the disadvantages of Internet: 1) Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities are treated as illegal. 2) Theft of personal details While using the Internet, there is high probability that your personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by con artists and used for fraudulent purposes. 3) Pornography: Pornography is definitely harmful for your children. There are numerous pornographic sites available over the Internet and watching any of those can have very bad influence on the mental health of your children.

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

4) Virus threat Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal computer system. PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble. During his evolutionary journey from Neanderthal to Homo erectus and then to Homo sapiens, man has come a long way. Because of his continuous quest for more and more amenities and facilities, he has been able to invent many new things. The nineties have seen a major turnaround with the invention of computers. Until, a few years back, the term Internet was practically anonymous to most of the people. But today, Internet has become the most powerful communication tool for people throughout the world. With the advent of Internet, our earth has virtually reduced and has attained the form of a global village. Internet is defined as a collection of various services and resources. Although, many people still think e-mail and World Wide Web as the principle constituents of Internet, there is a lot more in store than e-mail, chat rooms, celebrity web sites and search engines. It has also become the best business tool in the modern scenario. Today, Internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from getting news across the corner of the world to accessing knowledge resources to shopping, everything is at your fingertips. Internet has tremendous potential and a lot to offer in terms of services. However, like every single innovation in science and technology, Internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advantages Faster Communication The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. Besides, there are plenty of messenger services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures. Information Resources Information is probably the biggest advantage that Internet offers. Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service on the Internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use it for research or the purpose of gathering resources. Even teachers have started giving assignments that require extensive research on the Internet. Besides, you can have an access to latest researches in the field of medicine, technology and so on. Numerous web sites such as America's Doctor also allow you to talk to the doctors online. Entertainment Entertainment is another popular raison d'tre why many people prefer to surf

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

the Internet. In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the Internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. Social Networking One cannot imagine an online life without Facebook or Twitter. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great medium to connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for job, business opportunities on forums, communities etc. Besides, there are chat rooms where users can meet new and interesting people. Some of them may even end up finding their life partners. Online Services The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an Itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservations etc. e-commerce The concept of e-commerce is used for any type of commercial maneuvering

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via the Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, business deal etc. You name a service, and e-commerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make it available at your doorstep. Websites such as eBay allow you to even bid for homes, buy, sell or auction stuff online. Disadvantages Theft of Personal Information If you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. Unscrupulous people can access this information through unsecured connections or by planting software and then use your personal details for their benefit. Needless to say, this may land you in serious trouble. Spamming Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you as it makes your Internet slower and less reliable.

Virus Threat Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

link. Computers connected to the Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. Pornography Pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of the Internet. Internet allows you to access and download millions of pornographic photos, videos and other X-rated stuff. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even play a havoc in marital and social lives of adults. Social Disconnect Thanks to the Internet, people now only meet on social networks. More and more people are getting engulfed in virtual world and drifting apart from their friends and family. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. This may hamper a healthy social development in children.

Thus, the Internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life. Its influence is mostly dictated by the choices you make while you are online. With clever use, you can manage to harness its unlimited potential.

Pen Drives

Mr. RAMKRISHAN BVDU College of Physical Education

Dhankawadi, Pune- 43 Mobile: 09923985099

Advantages of pen drives are that they are resistant to scratches and dust. Some pen drives are water proof and can function even after being submerged in water. Their solid-state design means they often survive casual abuse. They are ideal for transporting personal data or work files from one location to another. The near ubiquity of USB support on modern computers makes it work everywhere. Pen drives have immense storage capacity and even inexpensive ones will hold lots of data. Top of the line pen drives have 64 GB storage. Power consumption of a typical flash drive is very low. Pen drives have no moving parts meaning that most modern operating systems can read and write to flash drives without any additional device turners. Pen drives are much more tolerant of abuse than mechanical drives. Disadvantages are that they can sustain limited number of write and erase cycles before failure. Mid-range pen drives under normal conditions will support several hundred thousand cycles, although write operations will gradually slow as the device ages. Most USB pen drives do not include a write-protect mechanism. Writeprotection makes a device suitable for repairing virus contaminated host computers without risk of infecting the USB flash drive itself. A drawback to the small size is that they are easily misplaced or lost. This is a particular problem if the data they contain are sensitive. It is for this reason that pen drives are now coming attached to key chains, necklaces and lanyards. They have limited capacity when compared to disk drives even in 2.5inch form factors. They get damaged or data is corrupted by severe physical impacts. Improperly wired USB ports can also destroy the circuitry of pen drives. Pen-drives are costly.