Problem 8.12 In the phasor-domain circuit of Fig. P8.12, Vs = 20 V, Is = 0.

330
A, R1 = R2 = 100 , ZL = j50 , and ZC = j50 . Determine the complex
power for each of the four passive elements and for each of the two sources. Verify
that conservation of energy is satisfied.
ZC

R1
+
Vs _

R2

ZL

Is

Figure P8.12: Circuit for Problem 8.12.

Solution:
IR1

R1 = 100

ZC = j50

V1
IL

V2

IC

IR2

+
Vs _

Is
ZL = j50

R2 = 100

Vs = 200 V
Is = 0.330 A.
At node V1 :

V1 Vs V1 V1 V2
+
+
=0
100
j50
j50

At node V2 :

V2 V1 V2
+
Is = 0
j50
100

R software solution gives:

MATLAB#

V1 = 17.18e j74.4

(V),

V2 = 11.3e j42.9

(V).

Complex power:
In R1 :

SR1 =

In L:

SL =

In R2 :

SR2 =

In C:

SC =

!
"
1
V1 Vs
(V1 Vs )
= 2.55 VA
2
100
!
"
1
V1
V1
= 0 + j2.9515 VA
2
j50
!
"
1
V2
V2
= 0.638 VA
2
100
!
"
1
V1 V2
(V1 V2 )
= 0 j0.918 VA
2
j50

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2009 National Technology and Science Press

In Vs :
In Is :

!
"
1
V1 Vs
SVs = Vs
= 1.54 j1.65 VA
2
100
1
SIs = V2 Is = 1.65 j0.378 VA
2

Total complex power for all elements is:

ST = SR1 + SL + SR2 + SC + SVs + SIs
= 2.55 + j2.9515 + 0.638 j0.918 1.54 j1.65 1.65 j0.378

= 0.

Hence, energy is indeed conserved.

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2009 National Technology and Science Press

Problem 8.13 Determine the average power dissipated in the load resistor RL of the
circuit in Fig. P8.13, given that Vs = 100 V, R1 = 1 k, R2 = 0.5 k, RL = 2 k,
ZL = j0.8 k, and ZC = j4 k.
R1
+
Vs _

R2
ZL

a
RL

ZC
b

Figure P8.13: Circuit for Problem 8.13.

Solution:

+
100 V _

1 k

0.5 k

I1

I2
j0.8 k

I3
j4

2 k

Mesh-current by inspection gives:

(1 + j0.8) j0.8
0
I1
100
j0.8 (0.5 j3.2)
j4 103 I2 = 0 .
0
j4
(2 j4)
I3
0
R software solution gives:
MATLAB#

I1 = 65.3631.55

(mA)

58.48

(mA)

31.98

(mA)

I2 = 24.87
I3 = 22.28

1
Pav = |I3 |2 RL = 496.4 mW.
2

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2009 National Technology and Science Press

Problem 8.19 Given that vs (t) = 2 cos 103t V in the circuit of Fig. P8.19, determine
the power delivered to RL .

_
10 k

vs(t)

vout

+
0.1 F

RL = 5 k

Figure P8.19: Circuit for Problem 8.19.

Solution:

Vn
10 k Vp Ip = 0
Vs

+
_

Vout

j10 k

RL = 5 k

j
j
=
= j10 k
C 103 107
Vs = 20 V.

ZC =

At the input side:

"

j10
Vp =
Vs = 2 e j45 V.
10 j10

Vout = Vn = Vp = 2 e j45 V.
!

Pav =

2
1 |Vout |2 1

=
= 0.2 mW.
2
RL
2 5 103

Problem 8.21 Voltage source Vs in the circuit of Fig. P8.21 supplies power to
three load circuits with impedances Z1 , Z2 , and Z3 . The following partial power
information was deduced from measurements performed on the three load circuits:
Load Z1 :

80 W at pf = 0.8 lagging

Load Z2 :

60 VA at pf = 0.7 leading

Load Z3 :

40 VA at pf = 0.6 leading

If Irms = 0.437 A, determine:

(a) the rms value of Vs by applying the law of conservation of energy
(b) Z1 , Z2 , and Z3 .
100

Irms

+
Vs _

Z1

Z2

Z3

Figure P8.21: Circuit for Problem 8.21.

Solution:
(a) We will use the given information to determine S1 , S2 , and S3 corresponding to
the three loads.
Load Z1 : pf = 0.8 lagging = !Z1 = cos1 0.8 = 36.87 .
Pav1 = 80 = S1 cos !Z1 ,
or
80
= 100 VA.
0.8
S1 = S1 cos !Z1 + jS1 sin !Z1 = (80 + j60) VA.
S1 =

Load Z2 : pf = 0.7 leading = !Z2 = cos1 0.7 = 45.57 .

S2 = 60 VA,
S2 = 60 cos(45.57 ) + j60 sin(45.57 )
= (42 j42.85) VA.
Load Z3 : pf = 0.6 leading = !Z3 = cos1 0.6 = 53.13 .
S3 = 40 VA,
S3 = 40 cos 53.13 j40 sin 53.13
= (24 j32) VA.

For the 100-" resistor

SR = |Irms |2 R = (0.4)2 100 = 16 VA.

Energy conservation requires that Ss , the complex power for the source, be
Ss = S1 + S1 + S3 + SR
= (80 + j60) + (42 j42.85) + (24 j32) + 16

= (162 j14.85) VA.

.
But Ss = Vsrms Irms
Hence

Vsrms =

Ss
162 j14.85
= 406.731.76 V.
=

Irms
0.437

(b)
100

Irms

+
Vs _

Vrms
Z1

Z2

Z3

With Vsrms known, we can now determine Vrms , the voltage common to all three loads.
Vrms Vsrms
= Irms
100
or
Vrms = Vsrms 100Irms

= 406.7e j31.76 100 0.4e j37

= 366.9e j31.2 V.
Load Z1 :
S = Vrms Irms
= Vrms
Hence,
Z1 =
Load Z2 :
Z2 =
Load Z3 :

Vrms |Vrms |2
=
Z
Z

|Vrms |2
(366.9)2
=
= (1.08 + j0.81) k".
S1
80 j60

(366.9)2
|Vrms |2
=
= (1.57 j1.60) k".
S2
42 j42.85

Z3 =

|Vrms |2
(366.9)2
=
= (2.02 j2.69) k".
S3
24 j32

Problem 8.25 Use the power information given for the circuit in Fig. P8.25 to
determine:
(a) Z1 and Z2
(b) the rms value of Vs .
0.6

j0.4

1.2

+
_ Vs

Z2

Z1

Vrms = 440

0o V

Load Z1 : 24 kW @ pf = 0.66 leading

Load Z2 : 18 kW @ pf = 0.82 lagging
Figure P8.25: Circuit for Problem 8.25.

Solution:
0.6

I1

Is
Vs

j0.4

1.2

V1

+
_

I2

Z1

Z2

+
Vrms = 440

_
(a) For load Z2 :

!Z2 = cos1 0.82 = 34.9 .

Since !Z2 = !v2 !i2 , and !v2 = 0,

!i2 = 34.9 .

Pav2 = Vrms I2rms cos !Z2

18 103 = 440I2rms cos 34.9 ,
or
I2rms = 49.88 A,
and
S2 = Vrms I2rms = 440 49.88 = 21.95 kVA.

Also, I2rms = 49.8834.9 A.

If Z2 = R2 + jX2 ,
Pav2 = I22rms R2

R2 =

18 103
= 7.23 "
(49.88)2

Q2 = S2 sin !Z2 = 21.95 103 sin 34.9 = 12.56 kVAR

But
Q2 = I22rms X2

X2 =

12.56 103
= 5.05 ".
(49.88)2

0o V

Hence,
Z2 = (7.23 + j5.05) !.
To determine Z1 , we first determine the voltage across it, V1rms :
V1rms = (1.2 + j0.4 + Z2 )I2rms
= (1.2 + j0.4 + 7.23 + j5.05)49.88e j34.9

= 500.82 V.
For load Z1 :

"Z1 = cos1 0.66 = 48.7

S1 =
I1rms =

Pav1
24
=
= 36.36 kVA
cos "Z1
0.66

S1
36.36 103
=
= 72.6 A
V1rms
500.8

"Z1 = "v1 "i1

48.7 = 2 "i1

"i1 = 46.7 .

I1rms = 72.646.7 A.
Pav1 = I21rms R1

R1 =

24 103
= 4.55 !
(72.6)2

Q1 = S1 sin "Z1 = 36.36 103 sin(48.7 ) = 27.32 kVAR

X1 =

27.32 103
Q1
=
= 5.18 !
(72.6)2
I12rms

Hence,
Z1 = (4.55 j5.18) !.
(b) Given I1 and I2 , we can now determine Is :
Isrms = I1rms + I2rms

= 72.6e j46.7 + 49.88e j34.9

= (90.7 + j24.3) A
Vsrms = V1rms + 0.6Isrms

= 500.8e j2 + 0.6(90.7 + j24.3) = (554.9 j2.9) V.

Problem 8.25 Use the power information given for the circuit in Fig. P8.25 to
determine:
(a) Z1 and Z2
(b) the rms value of Vs .
0.6

j0.4

1.2

+
_ Vs

Z2

Z1

Vrms = 440

0o V

Load Z1 : 24 kW @ pf = 0.66 leading

Load Z2 : 18 kW @ pf = 0.82 lagging
Figure P8.25: Circuit for Problem 8.25.

Solution:
0.6

I1

Is
Vs

j0.4

1.2

V1

+
_

I2

Z1

Z2

+
Vrms = 440

_
(a) For load Z2 :

Z2 = cos1 0.82 = 34.9 .

Since Z2 = v2 i2 , and v2 = 0,

i2 = 34.9 .

Pav2 = Vrms I2rms cos Z2

18 103 = 440I2rms cos 34.9 ,
or
I2rms = 49.88 A,
and
S2 = Vrms I2rms = 440 49.88 = 21.95 kVA.

Also, I2rms = 49.8834.9 A.

If Z2 = R2 + jX2 ,
Pav2 = I22rms R2

R2 =

18 103
= 7.23
(49.88)2

Q2 = S2 sin Z2 = 21.95 103 sin 34.9 = 12.56 kVAR

But
Q2 = I22rms X2

X2 =

12.56 103
= 5.05 .
(49.88)2

0o V

Hence,
Z2 = (7.23 + j5.05) .
To determine Z1 , we first determine the voltage across it, V1rms :
V1rms = (1.2 + j0.4 + Z2 )I2rms
= (1.2 + j0.4 + 7.23 + j5.05)49.88e j34.9

= 500.82 V.
For load Z1 :

Z1 = cos1 0.66 = 48.7

S1 =
I1rms =

Pav1
24
=
= 36.36 kVA
cos Z1
0.66

S1
36.36 103
=
= 72.6 A
V1rms
500.8

Z1 = v1 i1

48.7 = 2 i1

i1 = 46.7 .

I1rms = 72.646.7 A.
Pav1 = I21rms R1

R1 =

24 103
= 4.55
(72.6)2

Q1 = S1 sin Z1 = 36.36 103 sin(48.7 ) = 27.32 kVAR

X1 =

27.32 103
Q1
=
= 5.18
(72.6)2
I12rms

Hence,
Z1 = (4.55 j5.18) .
(b) Given I1 and I2 , we can now determine Is :
Isrms = I1rms + I2rms

= 72.6e j46.7 + 49.88e j34.9

= (90.7 + j24.3) A
Vsrms = V1rms + 0.6Isrms

= 500.8e j2 + 0.6(90.7 + j24.3) = (554.9 j2.9) V.

Problem 8.27 For the circuit in Fig. P8.27, choose the load impedance ZL so that
the power dissipated in it is a maximum. How much power will that be?
j2

V1

0o

j2

V2

+
V _

ZL

Figure P8.27: Circuit for Problem 8.27.

Solution: To determine Vs of the equivalent source circuit, we remove ZL and

calculate Voc at terminals (a, b).
j2

0o

I 1 V1

j2

V2

+
V _

Voc

At node V2 :
V2 6 V2 V2 6
+
+
=0
=
V2 = 0.6(3 + j) V.
j2
2
1 + j2
V2 6 V1 6
I1 =
=
1 + j2
1
Hence,
Vs = V1 =

V2 6
0.6(3 + j) 6
+6 =
+ 6 = 5.718.4 V.
1 + j2
1 + j2

To determine ZTh at terminals (a, b), we suppress the 6-V source and simplify the
circuit. The process leads to:
Zs = ZTh = (0.6 + j0.2)
For maximum power transfer:
ZL = Zs = (0.6 j0.2) ,
and
Pav (max) =

1 |Vs |2 1 (4.9)2
=
= 6.78 W.
8 RL
8
0.6

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2009 National Technology and Science Press

Problem 8.30 For the circuit in Fig. P8.30, choose the load impedance ZL so that
the power dissipated in it is a maximum. How much power will that be?
j4 k
Ix

3 k
15

0o

2000Ix
+_

+
V _

ZL

6 k

Figure P8.30: Circuit for Problem 8.30.

Solution: To determine the equivalent source voltage Vs , we disconnect ZL and

calculate Voc .
2000Ix
+_

j4 k

15

0o

Ix

3 k
+
V _

Voc

6 k

_
15 6 2000 15

= 6.67 V.
3+6
9000
To determine Zs , we first calculate Isc :
Vs = Voc =

15 + 3kI1 + 6k(I1 I2 ) = 0

6k(I2 I1 ) + j4kI2 + 2000Ix = 0

2000Ix
+_

j4 k
Ix

3 k
15

0o

I1

+
V _

I2

6 k

Isc

Also,
Ix = I1 I2 .

R software gives
Solution via MATLAB#

I1 = 2.2426.6

(mA)

71.6

Isc = I2 = 1.58
Zs =

(mA)

Voc
6.67
=
= (1.33 + j4.00) .
Isc
1.5871.6

For maximum power transfer,

ZL = Zs = (1.33 j4.00)
and
Pav (max) =

1 |Vs |2
= 4.18 W.
8 RL

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2009 National Technology and Science Press