Example 5.1 The program in Fig.5.

3 reads four values a, b, c, and d from the terminal and evaluates the ratio of (a+b) to (c-d) and prints the result, if c-d is not equal to zero.

The program given in Fig.5.3 has been run for two sets of data to see that the paths function properly. The result of the first run is printed as
Ratio = -3.181818

ILLUSTRATION OF if STATEMENT Program main() { int a, b, c, d; float ratio; printf("Enter four integer values\n"); scanf("%d %d %d %d", &a, &b, &c, &d); if (c-d != 0) /* Execute statement block */ { ratio = (float)(a+b)/(float)(c-d); printf("Ratio = %f\n", ratio); } } Output Enter four integer values 12 23 34 45 Ratio = -3.181818 Enter four integer values 12 23 34 34
Fig. 5.3 Illustration of simple if statement

Example 5.2 The program in Fig.5.4 counts the number of boys whose weight is less than 50 kgs and height is greater than 170 cm.

The program has to test two conditions, one for weight and another for height. This is done using the compound relation

if (weight < 50 && height > 170) This would have been equivalently done using two if statements as follows: if (weight < 50) if (height > 170) count = count +1; If the value of weight is less than 50, then the following statement is executed, which in turn is another if statement. This if statement tests height and if the height is greater than 170, then the count is incremented by 1.

COUNTING WITH if Program main() { int count, i; float weight, height; count = 0; printf("Enter weight and height for 10 boys\n"); for (i =1; i <= 10; i++) { scanf("%f %f", &weight, &height); if (weight < 50 && height > 170) count = count + 1; } printf("Number of boys with weight < 50 kgs\n"); printf("and height > 170 cm = %d\n", count); }

Output Enter weight and height for 10 boys 45 176.5 55 47 49 54 53 49 48 47 51 174.2 168.0 170.7 169.0 170.5 167.0 175.0 167 170

Number of boys with weight < 50 kgs and height > 170 cm = 3
Fig. 5.4 Use of if for counting

Example 5.3 A program to evaluate the power series x2 x3 xn e = 1 + x + --- + --- + ..... + ---- , 0 < x < 1 2! 3! n!
x

is given in Fig. 5.6. It uses if......else to test the accuracy.

The power series contains the recurrence relationship of the type x Tn = Tn-1 (---) for n > 1 n T1 = x T0 = 1 If Tn-1 (usually known as previous term) is known, then Tn (known as present term) can be easily found by multiplying the previous term by x/n. Then ex = T0 + T1 + T2 + ...... + Tn = sum for n = 1

EXPERIMENT WITH if...else STATEMENT Program #define ACCURACY 0.0001 main() { int n, count; float x, term, sum; printf("Enter value of x:"); scanf("%f", &x); n = term = sum = count = 1; while (n <= 100) { term = term * x/n; sum = sum + term; count = count + 1; if (term < ACCURACY) n = 999; else n = n + 1; } printf("Terms = %d Sum = %f\n", count, sum); }

Output Enter value of x:0

Terms = 2 Sum = 1.000000 Enter value of x:0.1 Terms = 5 Sum = 1.105171 Enter value of x:0.5 Terms = 7 Sum = 1.648720 Enter value of x:0.75 Terms = 8 Sum = 2.116997 Enter value of x:0.99 Terms = 9 Sum = 2.691232 Enter value of x:1 Terms = 9 Sum = 2.718279
Fig 5.6 Illustration of if...else statement

Example 5.4
The program in Fig. 5.8 selects and prints the largest of the three numbers using nested if....else statements.

SELECTING THE LARGEST OF THREE VALUES Program main() { float A, B, C; printf("Enter three values\n"); scanf("%f %f %f", &A, &B, &C); printf("\nLargest value is if (A>B) { if (A>C) printf("%f\n", A); else printf("%f\n", C); } else { if (C>B) printf("%f\n", C); else ");

}
}

printf("%f\n", B);

Output Enter three values 23445 67379 88843 Largest value is 88843.000000

Fig 5.8 Selecting the largest of three numbers

Example 5.5
An electric power distribution company charges its domestic consumers as follows: Consumption Units 0 - 200 201 - 400 401 - 600 601 and above Rate of Charge Rs. 0.50 per unit Rs. 100 plus Rs.0.65 per unit excess of 200 Rs. 230 plus Rs.0.80 per unit excess of 400 Rs. 390 plus Rs.1.00 per unit excess of 600

The program in Fig.5.10 reads the customer number and power consumed and prints the amount to be paid by the customer.
USE OF else if LADDER Program main() { int units, custnum; float charges; printf("Enter CUSTOMER NO. and UNITS consumed\n"); scanf("%d %d", &custnum, &units); if (units <= 200) charges = 0.5 * units; else if (units <= 400) charges = 100 + 0.65 * (units - 200); else if (units <= 600) charges = 230 + 0.8 * (units - 400); else charges = 390 + (units - 600); printf("\n\nCustomer No: %d: Charges = %.2f\n", custnum, charges); } Output

Enter CUSTOMER NO. and UNITS consumed 101 Customer No:101 Charges = 75.00 Enter CUSTOMER NO. and UNITS consumed 202 Customer No:202 Charges = 116.25 Enter CUSTOMER NO. and UNITS consumed 303 Customer No:303 Charges = 213.75 Enter CUSTOMER NO. and UNITS consumed 404 Customer No:404 Charges = 326.00 Enter CUSTOMER NO. and UNITS consumed 505 Customer No:505 Charges = 415.00
Fig. 5.10 Illustration of else..if ladder

150 225 375 520 625

Example 5.6

An employee can apply for a loan at the beginning of every six months, but he will be sanctioned the amount according to the following company rules:
Rule 1 : An employee cannot enjoy more than two loans at any point of time. Rule 2 : Maximum permissible total loan is limited and depends upon the category of the employee.

A program to process loan applications and to sanction loans is given in Fig. 5.12.
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR Program #define MAXLOAN 50000

main() { long int loan1, loan2, loan3, sancloan, sum23; printf("Enter the values of previous two loans:\n"); scanf(" %ld %ld", &loan1, &loan2); printf("\nEnter the value of new loan:\n"); scanf(" %ld", &loan3); sum23 = loan2 + loan3; sancloan = (loan1>0)? 0 : ((sum23>MAXLOAN)? MAXLOAN - loan2 : loan3); printf("\n\n");

printf("Previous loans pending:\n%ld %ld\n",loan1,loan2); printf("Loan requested = %ld\n", loan3); printf("Loan sanctioned = %ld\n", sancloan); } Outp ut Enter the values of previous two loans: 0 20000 Enter the value of new loan: 45000 Previous loans pending: 0 20000 Loan requested = 45000 Loan sanctioned = 30000 Enter the values of previous two loans: 1000 15000 Enter the value of new loan: 25000 Previous loans pending: 1000 15000 Loan requested = 25000 Loan sanctioned = 0

Fig 5.12 Illustration of the conditional operator

Example 5.7
Program presented in Fig.5.13 illustrates the use of the goto statement. The program evaluates the square root for five numbers. The variable count keeps the count of numbers read. When count is less than or equal to 5, goto read; directs the control to the label read; otherwise, the program prints a message and stops.

USE OF goto STATEMENT Program #include <math.h> main() { double x, y; int count;

count = 1; printf("Enter FIVE real values in a LINE \n"); read: scanf("%lf", &x); printf("\n"); if (x < 0) printf("Value - %d is negative\n",count); else { y = sqrt(x); printf("%lf\t %lf\n", x, y); } count = count + 1; if (count <= 5) goto read; printf("\nEnd of computation"); }

Output Enter FIVE real values in a LINE 50.70 40 -36 75 11.25 50.750000 7.123903 40.000000 6.324555 Value -3 is negative 75.000000 8.660254 11.250000 3.354102 End of computation
Fig.5.13 Use of the goto statement