Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design

Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY TAXILA, Sub-
Campus Chakwal


Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan





















Public Address System
Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan





















Group Members
10-ECT-96 Zohaib Jahan
10-ECT-93 M. Sarwar
10-ECT-67 Shahzad Hussain
10-ECT-71 Javaid Alyas
10-ECT-63 M. Waqas
Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
Equipments Required:
- Resistors (1/4 W): 33kO, 10 kO, 1 kO, 18 kO, 8.2 kO, 4.7 kO,
22 kO, 10 kO.
- 500 O potentiometer
- Capacitors : 10 F, 100 F, 25 F, 0.1 F, 47 F
- 2N3904 NPN transistor , 2N2102 NPN transistor
( For Pre-Amplifier )
- D313 NPN transistor ( For Power-Amplifier )
- 9 V dc power supply.
- DMM (Digital Multimeter).
- Mic.
- 4 O Speaker 10 W
- Bread boarding socket.
- Connecting Wires
- Stereo-cable , & Connector












Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan

Theory
A single stage of amplification is often not enough for a particular application. The
overall gain can be increased by using more than one stage, so when two amplifiers
are connected in such a way that the output signal of the first serves as the input
signal to the second, the amplifiers are said to be connected in cascade.
The most common cascade arrangement is the grounded-emitter to grounded-
emitter configuration. As you will recall, grounded-emitter amplifiers exhibit high
voltage, high current, and high power gains, so they are used in sound-reproducing
systems as audio amplifiers, in TV receivers as video (picture) amplifiers, and in
many other applications.
Multistage amplifiers can be used either to increase the overall small signal voltage
gain, or to provide an overall voltage gain grater than 1, with a very low output
resistance.
Coupling Methods :
1) Transformer Coupling
Transformers make it possible to match the output impedance of the first stage to
the input impedance of the next. Proper impedance matching ensures maximum
transfer of power from one stage to the next. Transformers are frequently used in
coupling amplifier stages because of the bulk and cost of the transformers
themselves.
Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan

FIGURE 7-1 Cascaded transistor amplifier with transformer coupling.
2) Direct Coupling
Direct coupling is also used in cascaded transistor amplifiers. In this method both
dc and ac voltages at the output of one stage appears at the input of the next stage.
An advantage of direct coupling is the savings possible in components and the
improvement in frequency response. This technique is used by default in circuits
like IC op-amps, since large coupling capacitors cannot be fabricated on-chip.

FIGURE 7-2 Direct-coupled transistor amplifier.
3) RC Coupling
Figure 1-3 shows an RC-coupled cascaded amplifier. Capacitors C
1
and C
3
couple
the signal into Q
1
and Q
2
, respectively. C
5
is used for coupling the signal from Q
2

to its load.
Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
If the operation of coupled amplifiers is considered, a complicating factor appears.
The addition of a second stage may alter the characteristics of the first stage and
thus affect the level of signal fed to the second stage.

FIGURE 7-3 RC-coupled transistor amplifier
Computing the overall gain of RC Coupled Multistage Amplifier
To compute the overall gain of the amplifier, it is easier to calculate unloaded
voltage gain for each stage, then including the loading effect by computing voltage
dividers for the output resistance and input resistance of the following stage. This
idea is illustrated in figure 1-4. Each transistor is drawn as an Amplifier consisting
of an input resistance,
in
R an output resistance,
out
R
along with its unloaded gain,
V( NL)
A
.

FIGURE 7-4: Two-Stage Amplifier
Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan

Then, the overall loaded gain
V
A , of this amplifier can be found by:
in2
V V1 V2
out1 in2
R
A A A
R R
| |
=
|
+
\ .
(1)
For the RC Coupled(C-E _ C-E) multistage amplifier:
in(Q1) 1 2 e1
R R || R || r = |
(2)
(With Emitter bypass capacitor)
( )
in(Q1) 1 2 e1 E1
R R || R || r R = | +
(3)
(Without Emitter bypass capacitor)
in(Q2) 3 4 e2
R R || R || r = |
(4)
(With Emitter bypass capacitor)

( )
in(Q2) 3 4 e2 E2
R R || R || r R = | +
(5)
(Without Emitter bypass capacitor)
R
OUT

1
= R
C1
(6)
R
ou
t
2
= R
C2
(7)



Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
Simulation of Pre-Amplifer
Circuit Diagram

We Q
1
and Q
2
as common Emmitter configuration i.e. phase difference is 0.
In pre-amplifier , we take output across collector of Q
2
.
C
2
, C
4
are bypass capacitor where C
1 ,
C
3
are coupling capacitors


Gain of Q
2
= A
V1
=91.7 , Gain of Q
1
= A
V2
=67.9
Total Gain = A
V
= A
V1
* A
V2
= 6226 (with no load)
But when they are coupled , the Gain reduces due to Loading Effect
After coupling, Gain = A
V
= 3600 (with no load)
It again reduces when Load i.e. 4 speaker is connected :
Gain = A
V
= 380 (with load)


Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
Simulation Reading

Test
Points
Signal DC R
CB
R
AB

S
2
Close S
2
Open S
2
Close S
2
Open
1 0.91 mV 1.5 mV 2.64 V 0.3 V



28




1.4 k
2 60 mV 55 mV 4.86 V 4.3 V
3 3 mV 1.5 mV 1.96 V 2.02 V
4 53 mV 0 1.34 V 1.92 V
5 8 V 0 5.18 V 3.43 V
6 25 mV 0 690 mV 1.51 V

V
IN
= ( R
CB
/ R
AB
) * 50 mV
V
IN
= ( 28 / 1400 ) * 50 mV
V
IN
= 1 mV








Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
Experimental Reading

Test
Points
Signal DC R
CB
R
AB

S
2
Close S
2
Open S
2
Close S
2
Open
1 1 mV 1.5 mV 2.64 V 0.22 V



23.5




1.19 k
2 48 mV 55 mV 4.77 V 4.77 V
3 1 mV 1.5 mV 1.96 V 1.95 V
4 36 mV 0 1.34 V 1.70 V
5 6.3 V 0 3.11 V 3.10 V
6 20 mV 0 1.35 mV 1.35 V

V
IN
= ( R
CB
/ R
AB
) * 50 mV
V
IN
= ( 23.75 / 1190 ) * 50 mV
V
IN
= 0.99 mV








Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
Power Amplifier :

Circuit Diagram








Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan
Purpose of Power Transistor
The purpose of a power amplifier, in very simple terms, is to take a signal from a
source device (in a DJ system the signal typically comes from a preamplifier or
signal processor) and make it suitable for driving a loudspeaker. Ideally, the ONLY
thing different between the input signal and the output signal is the strength of
the signal. In mathematical terms, if the input signal is denoted as S, the output of
a perfect amplifier is X*S, where X is a constant (a fixed number). The "*" symbol
means multiplied by"
All power amplifiers have a power rating, the units of power are called watts. The
power rating of an amplifier may be stated for various load impedances; the units
for load impedance are ohms. The most common load impedances are 8 ohms, 4
ohms, and 16 ohms. The rated power output of an amplifier is understood to be
its maximum output, it in no way means that the amplifier can only be used at
this output. For example, if an amplifier is rated at 20 watts, the output can be
anything between zero and this maximum rated value.
We use power Transistor ( D313 )as Buffer i.e. common collector configuration. It
gives non-inverted output ( phase = 0 , Voltage Gain =Unity ) , but give current
gain i.e. power gain to the given signal.








Project Report of Public Address System: Electronic Circuit Design
Zohaib Jahan 10-ECT-96 facebook.com/zohaibjahan





THE END

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY TAXILA, Sub-Campus Chakwal

(Report made by Zohaib Jahan: BSc Electronic Engineering )
www.facebook.com/zohaibjahan ::: [email protected]