SAMPLE EVIDENCE 1 Topic : Effect of impurities on the boiling point of a pure liquid Aim To study the effect of impurities

on the boiling point of distilled water C P

Hypothesis Variables (a) Constant (b) Manipulated (c) Responding Material/Apparatus

The present of salt increases the boiling point of distilled water C1 P2 Volume/Amount/Quantity of distilled water The Presence of salt Boiling point of distilled water C1 P3

Note: All variables must be correct

Distilled water, salt, 100 cm3 beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, thermometer C1 P4

Procedure

Thermometer Beaker Distilled water

Heat 1. Distilled water is poured into a beaker until it is half full. 2. The water is heated until it boils. The temperature when the water boils (boiling temperature) is recorded 3. Two spatulas of salt are added into the distilled water and the mixture is heated again. The temperature of the boiling mixture of water and salt C1 P5 is recorded. Results C3 P2 Absent Present Discussion C3 P1 The Presence of salt Boiling point of distilled water (oC) 100 C3 P3

102

Without impurities the boiling point of distilled water is 100 oC but with the presence of impurities, the boiling point of water is increased. The boiling point of distilled water is increased with the presence of impurities. C4 P1 Hypothesis is accepted C4 P2

Conclusion

The presence of impurities increases the boiling point of distilled water. C4 P3

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 2 Topic : Variation Aim Hypothesis Variables Constant : Manipulated : Responding : Apparatus and Materials: To study the variation of leaves. C1 P1 Different leaves have different lengths. Type of plant ( species of plant) Number of leaves Length of leaves Leaves, ruler C1 P4 C1 P2

C1 P3
Note: All variables must be correct

Procedure :

1. 2. 3. 4.

Result:

C3 P2

10 leaves from the same plants are collected by the students. The length of a leaf is measured. The length of leaves is recorded in the table. The experiment is repeated with another leaf.C1 P5 Leaf C3 P1 Metre rule Number of leaves Length of leaves (cm) Length of 1 4.3 leaf 2 5.2 3 4.1 4 5.7 5 5.5 6 4.4 7 6.4 8 6.2 9 5.3 10 4.5 C3 P3

Discussion:

Variations in the length of the leaves show normal distribution. There is a whole range of intermediates between the shortest and C4P1 the longest. C4P2 Hypothesis is accepted. C4P3 Different leaves have different lengths // The length of the leaves show continuous variation

Conclusion.

2
Length of leaves /cm

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 3 Topic Aim Hypothesis Variables (a) Manipulated (b) Responding (c) Constant : Exothermic and endothermic reactions To study exothermic and endothermic reactions. C1P1

Different types of chemical cause different changes in temperature in the reaction with water. C1P2 Types of chemical Increase or decrease in temperature Volume of water / quantity of chemical substances C1P3

Note: All variables must be correct

Material/Apparatus Procedure

Sodium hydroxide crystals, ammonium chloride powder, distilled water, test tube, thermometer , spatula C1P4

Thermometer Distilled water Sodium hydroxide pellet

Ammonium chloride powder

1. 5cm3 of distilled water is poured into a test tube. 2. The initial temperature of distilled water is recorded. 3. 1 spatula of sodium hydroxide pellet is added into the test tube. 4. The mixture is stirred until the sodium hydroxide dissolved. 5. Then the final temperature is recorded in the table. 6. The experiment is repeated by using ammonium chloride C1P5 powder.

Results Types of chemicals Sodium hydroxide crystals and distilled water Ammonium chloride powder with distilled water.

C3P1 Initial temperature of substance (oC) Final temperature of substance (oC) 60.0 15.0 C3P3 -14.0 Change in temperature (0C)

C3P2

29.0 29.0

31.0

Discussion

An exothermic reaction occurs when temperature increases because heat is released to the surrounding. An endothermic reaction occurs when temperature decreases C because heat is absorbed from the surrounding. 4P1 Hypothesis is accepted. C4P2

Conclusion

1. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves an increase in temperature. 2. An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves a decrease in temperature. C4P3

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 4 Topic: Focal length of a convex lens. Aim Hypothesis Variables Constant : Manipulated : Responding : Apparatus and Materials: Procedure : To study the focal length of a convex lens. The thicker the lens, the shorter the focal length. Type of lens. Thickness of the lens Focal length

C1 P1 C1 P2

C1 P3
Note: All variables must be correct

Convex lens, lens holder, metre rule, screen. C1 P4 Convex lens screen

Rays from distance object

focal length 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. 2. The lens is directed at a distant object 3. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image forms on the screen. 4. The distance between the lens and the screen is measured 5. The experiment is repeated using another convex lens with a different thickness. C1 P5 Result: Thickness of the lens Thin Moderate Thick C3 P1 Focal length(cm) 25 20 15 C3 P3

C3 P2

Discussion:

The focal length of a convex lens depends on the thickness of the lens. A thin convex lens has a longer focal length. A thick convex C4 P1 lens has a shorter focal length. Hypothesis is accepted. 4 P2 C The thicker the lens, the shorter the focal length. C4 P3

Conclusion:

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 5 Topic Aim Hypothesis Variables (a) Manipulated (b) Responding (c) Constant Material/Apparatus Procedure : Resistance of alloy to corrosion. To investigate the properties of alloy and pure metal C1 P1 Alloy is more resistance to rust than pure metal. C1 P2 Type of nail C1 P3 Rate of rusting Note: All variables must be correct Distilled water, temperature , time Steel nail, pure iron nail, distilled water, test tubes , test tube C1 P4 rack

Distilled water Steel nail Iron nail

Test tube A

Test tube B

1. Test tubes A and B are prepared. 2. 5cm3 of distilled water is poured into test tubes A and B. 3. A steel nail is put into test tube A and an iron nail is put into test tube B and both test tubes are kept at room temperature for 2 days. 4. After 2 days the condition of the nails are observed and recorded in the table below. C1 P5 Results C3 P2 Types of nail Steel nail Iron nail Discussion No rust C3 P3 C3 P1 Presence of rust

Rust

The steel nail in test tube A is more resistant to rusting than the iron nail in test tube B.C4 P1 Hypothesis is accepted. C4 P2 Steel nail is more resistant to rust than iron nail. C4 P3

Conclusion

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 7

Topic: The effect of humidity on the growth of microorganisms Aim Hypothesis Variables : To study the effect of humidity on the growth of microorganisms C1 P1 : Microorganisms grow rapidly in moist condition C1 P2

: Constant : Type of bread/ temperature/ nutrient content Manipulated : Presence of moisture/ water C1 P3 Responding :The growth of microorganisms /mucor/fungi
Note: All variables must be correct

Materials/Apparatus : 2 pieces of bread, water, clear plastic bag. Procedure : 1.

C1 P4

A piece of bread is sprinkled with water and placed in a clear plastic bag labeled A. 2. The other piece is kept dry and placed in the clear plastic bag labeled B. 3. Both plastic bags are kept in a dark cupboard for two days. 4. The result of the experiment is observed and recorded in the table below. Plastic bag

A: Moist bread C3 P1 Presence of moisture A Moist bread B Dry bread

B: Dry bread

C1 P5

Results C3 P2

The growth of mucor Yes / A lot of mucor No / A few mucor C3 P3

Data interpretation and discussion

: After two days the mucor grows on the moist bread because of the presence of water but no mucor grows on the dry bread. Mucor needs water to grow.C4 P1 Hypothesis is accepted.C4 P2

Conclusion

: Microorganisms grow rapidly in moist condition

C4 P3

C3 P3 2 SAMPLE EVIDENCE 8 Topic : The effect of pH on the growth of microorganisms Aim Hypothesis Variables : To study the relationship between pH value and the growth of C1 P1 microorganisms : Bacteria thrives in neutral conditions / neutral condition is suitable C1 P2 for the growth of microorganisms : Constant variable : Volume of nutrient broth Manipulated variable : pH value Responding variable : Cloudiness of the nutrient broth

C1 P3

Note: All variables must be correct

Materials/ apparatus

: Sterile nutrient broth, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilus), distilled water, 3 hydrochloric acid 1 mol/dm , sodium hydroxide solution 1 mol/dm3 , test tubes,cotton wool. C1 P4

A Acidic acid)

B Alkaline ( Sodium hydroxide solution)

C Neutral (Hydrochloride (Distilled water )

Nutrient broth + bacteria culture

Procedure

1. 2. 3. 4.

Three test tubes labeled A,B and C are prepared. 5 cm3 of nutrient broth is poured into each test tubes 1 cm3 of bacteria culture is added into each test tubes. 1cm3 of hydrochloric acid, 1cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution and 1cm3 of distilled water are added by using syringes into the nutrient broth in test tubes A ,B and C respectively. 5. The test tubes A, B and C are plugged with cotton wool 6. The three test tubes are kept in the dark cupboard for 2 days. C1 P5 7. The content of the test tubes are observed and recorded.

Observation C3 P1 Test tubes C3 P2 A B C Condition of the nutrient agar Acidic Alkaline Neutral Cloudiness of the nutrient broth Slightly cloudy Slightly cloudy Very cloudy

C3 P3

Discussion

After two days , nutrient broth in test tubes A and B becomes only slightly cloudy because microorganisms do not grow well in acidic and alkaline conditions. In test tube C, the nutrient broth becomes very cloudy because microorganisms C4 P1 grow rapidly in neutral condition.. Hypothesis is accepted C4 P2

Conclusion: . Bacteria grows rapidly in neutral condition/ neutral condition is the most suitable pH for the growth of microorganisms. C4 P3

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 9 Topic : Pressure Aim To study the relationship between weight (force) and depth of C1 P1 immersion of weight (pressure) Hypothesis Variables 1. manipulated 2. responding The bigger the mass the deeper the immersion of weight. C1 P2 // The bigger the force the higher the pressure The mass of weight Depth of immersion C1 P3

3. constant Materials/Apparatus

Surface area of weight

Note: All variables must be correct

Flour, 100 g weight, 200 g weight, 300 g weight, retort stand, clamp, container ,metre rule, thread, pair of scissors.C1 P4

thread weight rod Weight100 g retort stand flour container Diagram 1 40 cm 20 cm

mark depth of immersion flour Diagram 2

Procedure

Observation C3 P1

1. The apparatus as shown in Diagram 1 is prepared. 2. The threat is cut with a pair of scissors and the weight is let to fall into the flour in the container. 3. The depth of immersion of the weight into the flour is marked on the weight or weight rod as shown in Diagram 2. 4. The depth of immersion is measured and recorded in table below. 5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated with 200g and 300g weights. C1 P5 C3 P2

10

Mass of weight (g) Depth of immersion (cm)

100 2

200 3 C 4 3 P3

300

Discussion

The bigger the mass of weight, the bigger the force and pressure produced. A higher pressure causes a deeper C4 P1 immersion. Hypothesis is accepted. C4 P2 C4 P3

Conclusion

The bigger the force the higher the pressure.

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 10 Topic : Inertia Aim Hypothesis Variables (a) Manipulated To investigate the relationship between mass and inertia. C1 P1 The larger the mass of an object ,the greater the inertia of the C1 P2 object. The mass of sphere

C1 P3

11
Note: All variables must be correct

(b) Responding (c) Constant Material/Apparatus Procedure

The distance of the spheres movement The angle of inclination , the length of thread, the mass of pendulum Thread, mass of spheres of 50g, 100g,150g , retort stand , pendulum and metre rule. C1 P4

30O

Retort stand

Thread Pendulum

Table Sphere

1. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. 2. The pendulum with 50g weight is tied to the retort stand with a 50cm length of thread. 3. The pendulum is displaced at an angle of inclination of 30 from the perpendicular and released to knock the 50g sphere on the table. 4. The distance of the spheres movement is measured with a metre rule. 5. The result is recorded in the table below. 6. Steps 1- 5 are repeated by using 100g and 150g mass of C1 P5 sphere.

Results Mass of sphere/g 50 100 150

C3 P1 Distance of spheres movement/cm 60 45 25

C3 P2

C3 P3

12

Discussion

When the mass of the sphere increases the distance of the spheres movement decreases. The greater the mass of an object, the greater the inertia. The greater the mass the more the object tends to remain at rest and resist a change in motion. C4 P1 Hypothesis is accepted. P2 C4

Conclusion

The greater the mass of an object the greater the inertia produced C4 P3

SAMPLE EVIDENCE 11 Topic Aim Hypothesis : Proprioceptor : To observe the role of proprioceptors in arrange cans in the correct C1P1 order without looking :. Proprioceptors helps us to arrange cans in the correct order C1P2 without looking : manipulated variable : Number of students

Variables

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C1P3

responding variable fixed variable Apparatus Procedures : :

: Ability to arrange cans in the correct order : Mass of cans

sand, five copper can of equal size

C1P4

1. This activity must be done in groups 2. All the five cans must be filled with sand of different weights for example: Can Weight of sand One 50 g Two 100 g Three 150 g Four 200 g Five 250 g

3. One of my friend is asked to close his eyes 4. His eyes are covered with a piece of cloth. 5. The five cans are arranged randomly in front of my friend whose eyes have been covered. 6. He is asked to pick up the cans one by one and arrange the cans according to their weight either in descending and ascending order. 7. Role among group members are exchanged and the step above are repeated. C 8. The observations are recorded in the table.1P5 Result C3P1 Number of Student Ability to arrange in the correct order (Yes /No) Yes C3P2 Yes Yes Yes Yes C3P3

Discussion :

Proprioceptors are receptor in our body that sense the position of our body that sense the position of our body We can arrange can without looking because our body has proprioceptors Proprioceptors are important because the enable us to be concious of the position and the posture of our body. The receptor in the muscle related to proprioceptore is called stretch receptor. The other function of proprioceptors also enables us to detect the C4P1 movement of our body without looking.

14

Hypothesis is accepted Conclusion :

C4P2

Proprioceptors are receptor that enable us to be concious about the movement of our body parts as well as its functions without using our eyesight C4P3

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