WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.

SYSTEM
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Faculty of Electrical Communication
IT Telkom
2012
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Subject
a. Path Loss Model
b. Model Okumura-Hatta, COST 231
c. Model Walfish Ikegami, LEE
a. Path Loss Model
b. Model Okumura-Hatta, COST 231
c. Model Walfish Ikegami, LEE
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Introduction
In general, the received signal at the receiver point is the sum of the
direct signal and the number of signals reflected from various objects. In
mobile communications, reflection will be caused by:
Environment
Buildings
Moving object, for example vehicles
Variation of the magnitude and phase of wave reflection
depends on the reflection coefficient, the trajectory, and also
depending on the angle of arrival. Thus, differences in the direct
signal and reflected signal is:
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Variation of the magnitude and phase of wave reflection
depends on the reflection coefficient, the trajectory, and also
depending on the angle of arrival. Thus, differences in the direct
signal and reflected signal is:
Amplitude, depending on the magnitude of wave reflection
coefficient
Phase, depending on the phase variation of wave reflection
and path distance difference between the direct wave and
reflecting wave
The worst condition occurs when the direct wave and reflection wave
has the same magnitude and different phases 180
o
. In such conditions, the
direct wave and its reflection will eliminate each other (complete
cancellation )
Wireless Propagation Radio
Free Space Loss
Diasumsikan terdapat satu sinyal langsung (line of sight path)
sangat mudah memprediksi dengan free space formula
Reflection
Terdapat sinyal tak langsung datang ke receiver setelah
mengalami pantulan terhadap object. Mungkin terdapat banyak
pantulan yang berkontribusi terhadap besarnya delay.
Diffraction
Propagasi melewati object yang cukup besar seolah-olah
menghasilkan sumber sekunder, seperti puncak bukit dsb.
Scattering
Propagasi melewati object yang kecil dan/atau kasar yang
menyebabkan banyak pantulan untuk arah-arah yang berbeda.
Free Space Loss
Diasumsikan terdapat satu sinyal langsung (line of sight path)
sangat mudah memprediksi dengan free space formula
Reflection
Terdapat sinyal tak langsung datang ke receiver setelah
mengalami pantulan terhadap object. Mungkin terdapat banyak
pantulan yang berkontribusi terhadap besarnya delay.
Diffraction
Propagasi melewati object yang cukup besar seolah-olah
menghasilkan sumber sekunder, seperti puncak bukit dsb.
Scattering
Propagasi melewati object yang kecil dan/atau kasar yang
menyebabkan banyak pantulan untuk arah-arah yang berbeda.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Radio Propagation Mechanisms
R
S
transmitter
Street
Building Blocks
D
S
R: Reflection
D: Diffraction
S: Scattering
receiver
D
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Efek propagasi multipath pada kanal wireless
mobile adalah:
Large scale fading Large scale path loss
Small scale propagation
Large scale path loss
Large attenuation dalam rata-rata
Daya sinyal terima menurun berbanding terbalik dengan
pangkat- terhadap jarak , dimana umumnya 2 < < 5
(untuk komunikasi bergerak). disebut Mean Pathloss
Exponent
Sebagai dasar untuk metoda prediksi pathloss
Small scale
Flukstuasi sinyal yang cepat disekitar nilai rata-rata
(large scale) - nya
Doppler spread berhubungan dengan kecepatan fading
(fading rate)
Penyebaran waktu berhubungan dengan perbedaan delay
waktu kedatangan masing-masing sinyal multipath.
Efek propagasi multipath pada kanal wireless
mobile adalah:
Large scale fading Large scale path loss
Small scale propagation
Large scale path loss
Large attenuation dalam rata-rata
Daya sinyal terima menurun berbanding terbalik dengan
pangkat- terhadap jarak , dimana umumnya 2 < < 5
(untuk komunikasi bergerak). disebut Mean Pathloss
Exponent
Sebagai dasar untuk metoda prediksi pathloss
Small scale
Flukstuasi sinyal yang cepat disekitar nilai rata-rata
(large scale) - nya
Doppler spread berhubungan dengan kecepatan fading
(fading rate)
Penyebaran waktu berhubungan dengan perbedaan delay
waktu kedatangan masing-masing sinyal multipath.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Fading didefinisikan
sebagai fluktuasi daya di
penerima
Karena perilaku sinyal
pada kanal multipath
adalah acak, maka
analisis fading
menggunakan analisis
probabilitas stokastik
Fading terjadi karena
interferensi atau
superposisi gelombang
multipath yang memiliki
amplitudo dan fasa yang
berbeda-beda
Definisi Fading
Fading
Large Scale Fading
Small Scale Fading

Terdistribusi
Lognormal

Terdistribusi Rayleigh / Rician

Fading didefinisikan
sebagai fluktuasi daya di
penerima
Karena perilaku sinyal
pada kanal multipath
adalah acak, maka
analisis fading
menggunakan analisis
probabilitas stokastik
Fading terjadi karena
interferensi atau
superposisi gelombang
multipath yang memiliki
amplitudo dan fasa yang
berbeda-beda
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Definisi : local mean ( time averaged
) dari variasi sinyal
Large Scale Fading disebabkan
karena akibat keberadaan obyek-
obyek pemantul serta penghalang
pada kanal propagasi serta
pengaruh kontur bumi,
menghasilkan perubahan sinyal
dalam hal energi, fasa, serta delay
waktu yang bersifat random.
Sesuai namanya, large scale
fading memberikan representasi
rata-rata daya sinyal terima dalam
suatu daerah yang luas.
Statistik dari large scale fading
memberikan cara perhitungan
untuk estimasi pathloss sebagai
fungsi jarak.
Kuat sinyal (dB)
Jarak
Definisi : local mean ( time averaged
) dari variasi sinyal
Large Scale Fading disebabkan
karena akibat keberadaan obyek-
obyek pemantul serta penghalang
pada kanal propagasi serta
pengaruh kontur bumi,
menghasilkan perubahan sinyal
dalam hal energi, fasa, serta delay
waktu yang bersifat random.
Sesuai namanya, large scale
fading memberikan representasi
rata-rata daya sinyal terima dalam
suatu daerah yang luas.
Statistik dari large scale fading
memberikan cara perhitungan
untuk estimasi pathloss sebagai
fungsi jarak.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Equal level main & reflected path
Lower level reflected path
Rx Level
Wideband
Channel
Narrowband
Channel
Frequency
Channel Frequency Response
t
t
t
t
Channel Pulse
Response
Direct Wave
Reflected Wave
Resultant
Sinyal multipath juga akan menyebabkan distorsi sinyal / cacat sinyal.
Problem ini secara khusus berkaitan dengan bandwidth sinyal yang
digunakan dalam komunikasi mobile, dan juga karena respon pulsa
yang berbeda dari sinyal multipath
Equal level main & reflected path
Lower level reflected path
Rx Level
Wideband
Channel
Narrowband
Channel
Frequency
Channel Frequency Response
t
t
t
t
Channel Pulse
Response
Direct Wave
Reflected Wave
Resultant
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
KANAL MULTIPATH FADING KANAL MULTIPATH FADING
FADING :Fenomena fluktuasi daya sinyal terima akibat adanya
proses propagasi dari gelombang radio.
Pengaruh fading terhadap
level sinyal terima adalah
dapat menguatkan ataupun
melemahkan tergantung
phasa dari sinyal resultan
masing-masing path.
C
A
D
B
Receiver
Transmitter
Pengaruh fading terhadap
level sinyal terima adalah
dapat menguatkan ataupun
melemahkan tergantung
phasa dari sinyal resultan
masing-masing path.
C
A
D
B
Receiver
Transmitter
A: direct path
B: reflection
C: diffraction
D: scattering
P
R
P
R_thres
t
0
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Multipath dalam kanal radio menyebabkan :
Lingkungan kanal radio mobile ( indoor / outdoor ) seringkali
tidak terdapat lintasan gelombang langsung antara Tx dan
Rx, sedemikian daya terima adalah superposisi dari banyak
komponen gelombang pantul masing-masing memiliki
amplitudo dan fasa saling independen
Multipath Fading , atau Short Term Fading
Perubahan yang cepat dari amplituda kuat sinyal
Modulasi frekuensi random berkaitan dengan efek
Doppler pada sinyal multipath yang berbeda-beda
Dispersi waktu (echo) yang disebabkan oleh delay
propagasi multipath
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Introduction
Why is it important to understand the characteristics
of wireless channel ?
To determine the most appropriate signal design (source, channel
coding, and modulation)
To develop new technologies in the radio signal transmitters and
receivers
In multiuser communications, channel access scheme must be
done as efficiently as possible.
In cellular systems, coverage of the desired signal is computed as
accurately as possible excess power would result in excessive
interference as well.
In cellular communication systems, to ensure the communication
connection from cell to cell, then the lowest allowable level to be
determined.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
To determine the most appropriate signal design (source, channel
coding, and modulation)
To develop new technologies in the radio signal transmitters and
receivers
In multiuser communications, channel access scheme must be
done as efficiently as possible.
In cellular systems, coverage of the desired signal is computed as
accurately as possible excess power would result in excessive
interference as well.
In cellular communication systems, to ensure the communication
connection from cell to cell, then the lowest allowable level to be
determined.
Ideal Channel
Ideal channel passed all the spectrum of the signal without distortion
(called BW infinite channel with a 'flat' frequency response for all
frequencies)
signal attenuation and the error is only caused by the AWGN (Additive
White Gaussian Noise).
Received signal is a deterministic quantity which the characteristics
expressed by using the statistical properties of the AWGN (Gaussian
distributed).
Transmitted bit
Ideal channel
AWGN
detection
Introduction
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Ideal Channel
Ideal channel passed all the spectrum of the signal without distortion
(called BW infinite channel with a 'flat' frequency response for all
frequencies)
signal attenuation and the error is only caused by the AWGN (Additive
White Gaussian Noise).
Received signal is a deterministic quantity which the characteristics
expressed by using the statistical properties of the AWGN (Gaussian
distributed).
Introduction
Real channel (Physical Channel) :
Physical channel always has a limited bandwidth
Only a significant component of the signal spectrum that passed
through the physical channel, in other words the signal is
distorted
Signal bandwidth must be smaller or equal to the coherence
bandwidth of the channel for relatively no distortion. The question
is: How to obtain the BW signal is smaller than coherent
bandwidth of the channel?
Transmitted bit
Physical
Channel
AWGN
detection
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Real channel (Physical Channel) :
Physical channel always has a limited bandwidth
Only a significant component of the signal spectrum that passed
through the physical channel, in other words the signal is
distorted
Signal bandwidth must be smaller or equal to the coherence
bandwidth of the channel for relatively no distortion. The question
is: How to obtain the BW signal is smaller than coherent
bandwidth of the channel?
Introduction
(
(

t o
=
2
m
2
2
) m m (
m
e
2
1
) m ( p
Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of a lognormal distributed
random variable is represented as follows :
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
where
m = normal random variable signal strength(dBm)
= Average (mean) signal strength (dBm)
o
m
= standard deviation
m
Introduction (Free Space Prop. Model)
Isotropic antenna: power is distributed
homogeneously over surface area of a sphere.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Isotropic antenna: power is distributed
homogeneously over surface area of a sphere.
Received power is power through effective antenna
surface over total surface area of a sphere of radius d
(Free Space Prop. Model), continued
The power density w at
distance d is
where P
T
is the transmit
power.
2
4 d
P
w
T

=
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
The power density w at
distance d is
where P
T
is the transmit
power.
R T
P
A
d
P
=
4
2
t
The received power is
with A the `antenna aperture' or
the effective receiving surface area.
(Free Space Prop. Model), continued
The antenna gain G
R
is
related to the aperture A
according to
Thus the received signal
power is
G
R
A
=
4
2
t

2
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
- -
d
4
G
G
P
=
P
d
4
1
4
G P
=
P
R
T
T R
2
2
R T R

Modul 2 Large Scale Fading

The antenna gain G
R
is
related to the aperture A
according to
Thus the received signal
power is
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
- -
d
4
G
G
P
=
P
d
4
1
4
G P
=
P
R
T
T R
2
2
R T R

Received power decreases with distance,P

R
:: d
-2
Received power decreases with frequency, P
R
:: f
-2
Cellular radio planning: Path Loss in dB:
L
fs
= 32.44 + 20 log (f / 1 MHz) + 20 log (d / 1 km)
Microwave and Satellite Communications ....
Friis transmission formula,
Assumption: there is only a direct wave from the sender to the receiver
Radio link designed for local Fresnell I (R1) are free of obstructions. High
antenna tower at the transmitter and the receiver is determined in such a
way as to guarantee the line of sight conditions
) Km ( ) MHz ( P
D log 20 f log 20 45 , 32 L + + =
22 Introduction
Friis transmission formula,
Assumption: there is only a direct wave from the sender to the receiver
Radio link designed for local Fresnell I (R1) are free of obstructions. High
antenna tower at the transmitter and the receiver is determined in such a
way as to guarantee the line of sight conditions
Fresnell_I
radius

=
2 1
1
h h 4
R
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Plain Earth Propagation Model. (Eglis Model)
As the basic theory of wave trajectory analysis in
mobile communication
Key words: there are multiple paths (multipath): 1
direct wave and a wave reflection.
Analysis of the signal path in mobile
communications is much different from the LOS
microwave communications because signals have
diffraction, much obstructed, and a lot of reflection.
23 Introduction
As the basic theory of wave trajectory analysis in
mobile communication
Key words: there are multiple paths (multipath): 1
direct wave and a wave reflection.
Analysis of the signal path in mobile
communications is much different from the LOS
microwave communications because signals have
diffraction, much obstructed, and a lot of reflection.
Empirical Model.
Derived from measurements and intensive research in an area
Attenuation curves are plotted and the results made formulations
Popular attenuation formula : Okumura-Hata, dan Walfish Ikegami
Another path attenuation models developed by: Lee, Egli, Carey,
Longley-Rice, Ibrahim-Parson, etc
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
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Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Karakteristik propagasi pada jaringan bergerak (seluler)
berbeda dibandingkan dengan karakteristik propagasi
pada jaringan tetap. Pada jaringan bergerak fading yang
terjadi lebih hebat dan fluktuatif dibandingkan dengan
jaringan tetap.
Untuk menghitung path loss pada propagasi jaringan
seluler telah banyak dilaakukan percobaan dan penelitian.
Beberapa diantaranya yang sering dipakai adalah
Untuk menghitung path loss pada propagasi jaringan
seluler telah banyak dilaakukan percobaan dan penelitian.
Beberapa diantaranya yang sering dipakai adalah
Model Hata
Model Walfisch-Ikegami ( COST-231 )
Model Okumura
dll
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Macrocells
In early days, the models were based on emprical
studies
Okumura did comprehesive measurements in
1968 and came up with a model.
Discovered that a good model for path loss was a simple power
law where the exponent n is a function of the frequency, antenna
heights, etc.
Valid for frequencies in: 100MHz 1920 MHz
for distances: 1km 100km
PROPAGATION MODEL
In early days, the models were based on emprical
studies
Okumura did comprehesive measurements in
1968 and came up with a model.
Discovered that a good model for path loss was a simple power
law where the exponent n is a function of the frequency, antenna
heights, etc.
Valid for frequencies in: 100MHz 1920 MHz
for distances: 1km 100km
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Okumura Model
L
50
(d)(dB) = L
F
(d)+ A
mu
(f,d) G(h
te
) G(h
re
) G
AREA
L
50
: 50th percentile (i.e., median) of path loss
L
F
(d): free space propagation pathloss.
A
mu
(f,d): median attenuation relative to free space
Can be obtained from Okumuras emprical plots shown in the book (Rappaport),
page 151.
G(h
te
): base station antenna heigh gain factor
G(h
re
): mobile antenna height gain factor
G
AREA
: gain due to type of environment
G(h
te
) = 20log(h
te
/200) 1000m > h
te
> 30m
G(h
re
) = 10log(h
re
/3) h
re
<= 3m
G(h
re
) = 20log(h
re
/3) 10m > h
re
> 3m
h
te
: transmitter antenna height
h
re
: receiver antenna height
L
50
(d)(dB) = L
F
(d)+ A
mu
(f,d) G(h
te
) G(h
re
) G
AREA
L
50
: 50th percentile (i.e., median) of path loss
L
F
(d): free space propagation pathloss.
A
mu
(f,d): median attenuation relative to free space
Can be obtained from Okumuras emprical plots shown in the book (Rappaport),
page 151.
G(h
te
): base station antenna heigh gain factor
G(h
re
): mobile antenna height gain factor
G
AREA
: gain due to type of environment
G(h
te
) = 20log(h
te
/200) 1000m > h
te
> 30m
G(h
re
) = 10log(h
re
/3) h
re
<= 3m
G(h
re
) = 20log(h
re
/3) 10m > h
re
> 3m
h
te
: transmitter antenna height
h
re
: receiver antenna height
Cellular radio planning: Path Loss in dB:
Lfs = 32.44 + 20 log f (MHz) + 20 log d (km)
, ,
(

= =
L d P
P
dB PL
r
t
2
2
2
4
log 10 log 10 ) (

Modul 2 Large Scale Fading

Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Hatta Model
Valid from 150MHz to 1500MHz
A standard formula
For urban areas the formula is:
L
50
(urban,d)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16logf
c
- 13.82logh
te
a(h
re
) +
(44.9 6.55logh
te
) log d
where
f
c
is the ferquency in MHz
h
te
is effective transmitter antenna height in meters (30-200m)
h
re
is effective receiver antenna height in meters (1-10m)
d is T-R separation in km
a(h
re
) is the correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which
is a function of coverage area
a(h
re
) = (1.1logf
c
0.7)h
re
(1.56logf
c
0.8) dB
for a small to medium sized city
Valid from 150MHz to 1500MHz
A standard formula
For urban areas the formula is:
L
50
(urban,d)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16logf
c
- 13.82logh
te
a(h
re
) +
(44.9 6.55logh
te
) log d
where
f
c
is the ferquency in MHz
h
te
is effective transmitter antenna height in meters (30-200m)
h
re
is effective receiver antenna height in meters (1-10m)
d is T-R separation in km
a(h
re
) is the correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which
is a function of coverage area
a(h
re
) = (1.1logf
c
0.7)h
re
(1.56logf
c
0.8) dB
for a small to medium sized city
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Daerah urban
Model Hata pada daerah urban berlaku rumus sbb :
L
50(u)
= C
1
+ C
2
log ( f ) - 13,82 log (h
b
) a (h
m
) + { 44,9 6,55log (h
b
) } log (d).
Dimana :
f = frekuensi (MHz)
h
b
= tinggi antena BTS (m)
h
m
= tinggi antena MS (m)
d = jarak antara BTS MS (km)
C
1
= 69,55 untuk 400 f 1500
= 46,3 untuk 1500 < f 2000
C
2
= 26,16 untuk 400 f 1500
= 33,9 untuk 1500 < f 2000
f = frekuensi (MHz)
h
b
= tinggi antena BTS (m)
h
m
= tinggi antena MS (m)
d = jarak antara BTS MS (km)
C
1
= 69,55 untuk 400 f 1500
= 46,3 untuk 1500 < f 2000
C
2
= 26,16 untuk 400 f 1500
= 33,9 untuk 1500 < f 2000
a(h
m
) = {1,1log (f) - 0,7} h
m
{1,56 log(f) 0,8 }
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Daerah dense urban
Model Hata pada daerah urban berlaku rumus sbb :
L
50(du)
= C
1
+C
2
log ( f )-13,82 log (h
b
) a (h
m
)+{ 44,9 6,55log (h
b
) } log (d)+C
m
Dimana :
f = frekuensi (MHz)
h
b
= tinggi antena BTS (m)
h
m
= tinggi antena MS (m)
d = jarak antara BTS MS (km)
C
1
= 69,55 untuk 400 f 1500
= 46,3 untuk 1500 < f 2000
C
2
= 26,16 untuk 400 f 1500
= 33,9 untuk 1500 < f 2000
Cm = 3 dB
f = frekuensi (MHz)
h
b
= tinggi antena BTS (m)
h
m
= tinggi antena MS (m)
d = jarak antara BTS MS (km)
C
1
= 69,55 untuk 400 f 1500
= 46,3 untuk 1500 < f 2000
C
2
= 26,16 untuk 400 f 1500
= 33,9 untuk 1500 < f 2000
Cm = 3 dB
a(h
m
) = 3,2{ log(11,75h
m
) }
2
4,97
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Daerah suburban
L
50(su)
= L
50(u)
2{log(f/28)}
2
5,4
Daerah rural terbuka
L
50(rt)
= L
50(u)
4,78{log(f)}
2
+ 18,33log(f) 40,94
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Kelebihan : mudah digunakan ( langsung dimasukkan pada rumus jadi )
Kekurangan: tidak ada parameter eksak yang tegas antara daerah kota,
daerah suburban, maupun daerah terbuka
L
u
= 69,55 + 26,16log f
C
13,83log h
T
a(h
R
) + [44,9 6,55 log h
T
] log d L
u
= 69,55 + 26,16log f
C
13,83log h
T
a(h
R
) + [44,9 6,55 log h
T
] log d
Dimana ,
150 s f
C
s 1500 MHz
30 s h
T
s 200 m , 1 s hr s 10 m
1 s d s 20 km
a(h
R
) adalah faktor koreksi antenna mobile yang nilainya adalah sebagai
berikut :
Daerah kota
Okumura-Hata Prediction Model
Prediction Model
150 s f
C
s 1500 MHz
30 s h
T
s 200 m , 1 s hr s 10 m
1 s d s 20 km
a(h
R
) adalah faktor koreksi antenna mobile yang nilainya adalah sebagai
berikut :
Untuk kota kecil dan menengah,
a(h
R
) = (1,1 log f
C
0,7 )h
R
(1,56 log f
C
0,8 ) dB, dimana, 1 s h
R
s 10 m
Untuk kota besar,
a(h
R
) = 8,29 (log 1,54h
R
)
2
1,1 dB f
C
s 300 MHz
a(h
R
) = 3,2 (log 11,75h
R
)
2
4,97 dB f
C
> 300 MHz
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Daerah Suburban
(
(

= 4 , 5
28
f
log 2 L L
2
C
u su
Daerah Open Area
94 , 40 f log 33 , 18 ) f (log 78 , 4 L L
c
2
c u o
+ =
Okumura-Hata Prediction Model
94 , 40 f log 33 , 18 ) f (log 78 , 4 L L
c
2
c u o
+ =
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Merupakan formula pengembangan rumus Okumura Hata untuk frekuensi PCS ( 2GHz)
COST-231 ( PCS Extension Hata Model)
M T R T c u
C )logd 6,55logh (44,9 ) a(h logh 13,82 logf 33,9 46,3 L + + + =
dimana , 1500 MHz s f
C
s 2000 MHz
30 m s h
T
s 200 m ,
1 m s hR s 10 m
1 s d s 20 km
a(h
R
) adalah faktor koreksi antena mobile yang nilainya sebagai berikut :
Prediction Model
Untuk kota kecil dan menengah,
a(h
R
) = (1,1 log f
C
0,7 )h
R
(1,56 log f
C
0,8 ) dB
dimana, 1 s h
R
s 10 m
Untuk kota besar,
a(h
R
) = 8,29 (log 1,54h
R
)
2
1,1 dB f
C
s 300 MHz
a(h
R
) = 3,2 (log 11,75h
R
)
2
4,97 dB f
C
> 300 MHz
dan,
CM =
0 dB untuk kota menengah dan kota
suburban
3 dB untuk pusat kota metropolitan
1500 MHz s f
C
s 2000 MHz
30 m s h
T
s 200 m ,
1 m s hR s 10 m
1 s d s 20 km
a(h
R
) adalah faktor koreksi antena mobile yang nilainya sebagai berikut :
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
COST231 Walfish Ikegami Model
Cost231 Walfish Ikegami Model digunakan untuk estimasi pathloss untuk
lingkungan urban untuk range frekuensi seluler 800 hingga 2000 MHz.
Wallfisch/Ikegami model terdiri dari 3 komponen :
Free Space Loss (L
f
)
Roof to street diffraction and scatter loss (L
RTS
)
Multiscreen loss (L
ms
)
L
C
=
L
f
+ L
RTS
+ L
ms
L
f
; untuk L
RTS
+ L
ms
< 0
Prediction Model
L
C
=
L
f
; untuk L
RTS
+ L
ms
< 0
L
f
= 32.4 + 20 log
10
R + 20 log
10
f
c
dimana R (km); f
c
(MHz)
L
RTS
= -16.9 + 10 log
10
W + 20 log
10
fc + 20 log
10
Ahm + L
u
di mana
L
u
=
-10 + 0.354| ; 0 < | < 35
2.5 + 0.075(| - 35) ; 35 < | < 55
4.0 0.114(| - 55) ; 55 < | < 90
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
L
ms
= L
bsh
+ k
a
+ k
d
log
10
R + k
f
log
10
f
c
- 9
log
10
b
dimana L
bsh
=
-18 + log
10
(1 + Ah
m
) ; h
b
< h
r
| ; h
b
> h
r
k
a
=
54 ; h
b
> h
r
54 + 0.8h
b
; d > 500 m h
b
< h
r
54 + 0.8 Ah
b
. R ; 55 < | < 90
Catatan : L
sh
dan k
a
meningkatkan path loss untuk h
b
yang lebih rendah.
COST231 Walfish Ikegami Model
Prediction Model
Catatan : L
sh
dan k
a
meningkatkan path loss untuk h
b
yang lebih rendah.
k
d
=
18 ; h
b
> h
r
18 15 (Ah
b
/Ah
r
) ; h
b
< h
r
k
f
=
4 + 0.7 (f
c
/925 - 1
4 + 1.5 (f
c
/925 - 1)
; Untuk kota ukuran sedang dan
suburban dengan kerapatan pohon
cukup moderat
; Pusat kota metropolitan
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Model ini valid ; d 5km, hb 50m, micro cell, data base
gedung dan jalan yang lengkap
Pada prinsipnya model ini terdiri dari 3 elemen yaitu :
- Free Space Loss,
- Rooftop to Street Diffraction Scatter Loss,
- Multi Screen Loss, seperti rumus berikut :
L
50
= L
f
+ L
rts
+ L
ms
L
50
= L
f
+ L
rts
+ L
ms
L
50
= L
f
, jika L
rts
+ L
ms
0
L
f
= free space loss, Lrts = rooftop to street diffraction & scatter
dan L
ms
= multi screen loss
Seperti disinggung di depan Lf dapat dihitung dengan rumus
L
f
= 32,4+ 20log r + 20 log fc (dB)
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
L
rts
dapat dihitung dengan rumus
L
rts
= - 16,9 +10log W + 10log f
c
+ 20log h
m
+ L
0
(dB)
Variable yang mendukung rumus di atas ditunjukan seperti
gambar berikut
h
b

R
h
b
h
r
h
b
b w
h
m
h
m
W lebar jalan (m) dan h
m
= h
r
h
m
(m)
L
rst
= 0 jika hm 0
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading

building
building
building
building
building
building
L
0
= -10 +0,354 dB untuk 0
0
< 35
0
L
0
= 2,5 + 0,075(-35) dB untuk 35
0
< 55
0
L
0
= 4 - 0,114(-55) dB untuk 55
0
90
0

Modul 2 Large Scale Fading

L
ms
dapat dihitung dengan rumus
L
ms
= L
bsh
+ k
a
+ k
d
log r + k
f
log f
c
9logb (dB)
L
bsh
= -18log(1+ ) h
b
Untuk
h
b
h
b
> 0
= 0
Untuk 0
K
a
= 54
K
a
= 54 0,8
h
b
Untuk
h
b
> 0
Untuk r 0,5 dan
h
b
0
K
a
= 54 0,8
h
b
K
a
= 54 1,6
h
b
r
Untuk r 0,5 dan
h
b
0
Untuk r < 0,5 dan
h
b
0
K
d
= 18
Untuk
h
b
> 0
K
d
= 18 -15 (
h
b
h
r
)
h
b
Untuk 0
K
f
= -4 +0,7 (
f
925
-1 )
Untuk urban dan suburban
K
f
= -4 +1,5 (
f
925
-1 )
Untuk dense urban
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Tentukan loss propagasi dengan menggunakan model Hata
dan COST 231 antara BTS dan MS pada daerah dense urban
jika diketahui data-data sbb :
f = 1887 MHz, hm = 1,5 m , hb = 30 m, r = 3km , hr = 30 m
= 90
0
, b = 30 m, W = 15 m
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
r
o
= 1mil
= 1,6 km
r
P
ro
P
r
P P
r
r
f
f
r ro
o o
n
o
=
|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
|

. . .

P P
r
r
n
f
f
r ro
o o
o
=
|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
| + . log . log 10 10
Dalam persamaan linear,
Dalam persamaan logaritmik (dB),
Lees Prediction Model
Prediction Model
P P
r
r
n
f
f
r ro
o o
o
=
|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
| + . log . log 10 10
P
r
= Daya terima pada jarak r dari transmitter.
P
ro
= Daya terima pada jarak r
o
= 1 mil dari
transmitter.
= Slope / kemiringan Path Loss
n = Faktor koreksi, digunakan apabila ada
perbedaan frekuensi antara kondisi saat
eksperimen dengan kondisi sebenarnya.
o
= Faktor koreksi, digunakan apabila ada
perbedaan keadaan antara kondisi saat
eksperimen dengan kondisi sebenarnya.
Kondisi saat eksperimen dilakukan,
1. Operating Frequency = 900 MHz.
2. RBS antenna = 30.48 m
3. MS antenna = 3 m
4. RF Tx Power = 10 watt
5. RBS antenna Gain = 6 dB over
dipole l/2.
6. MS antenna Gain = 0 dB over
dipole l/2.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
L
0
and are obtained from table
where
hb in m
PT in W
Gb = BS antenna gain in scalar
hm in m
fc = carrier frequency in MHz
f0 = In an 900 MHz frequency reference
n = 2 - 3
Lee Models
0 0
log F d L L
Lee
+ + =
5 4 3 2 1 0
F F F F F F =
2
1
5 . 30
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
h
F
Environment L
0
[dB]

Free Space 91.3 20
Open (Rural) 91.3 43.5
Suburban 104.0 38
Urban:
Tokyo 128.0 30
Philadelpia 112.8 36.8
Newark 106.3 43.1
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
L
0
and are obtained from table
where
hb in m
PT in W
Gb = BS antenna gain in scalar
hm in m
fc = carrier frequency in MHz
f0 = In an 900 MHz frequency reference
n = 2 - 3
2
1
5 . 30
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
h
F
10
2
T
P
F =
4
3
b
G
F =
2
3
4 |
.
|

\
|
=
m
h
F
n
c
f
f
F
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
5
Environment L
0
[dB]

Free Space 91.3 20
Open (Rural) 91.3 43.5
Suburban 104.0 38
Urban:
Tokyo 128.0 30
Philadelpia 112.8 36.8
Newark 106.3 43.1
P
ro
and didapat dari data hasil percobaan
in free space,
P
ro
= 10
-4.5
mWatts
g = 2
in an open area,
P
ro
= 10
-4.9
mWatts
g = 4.35
in urban area (Philadelphia),
P
ro
= 10
-7
mWatts
g = 3.68
in urban area (Tokyo),
P
ro
= 10
-8.4
mWatts
g = 3.05
a
o
= faktor koreksi
o
=
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5
2
1
(m) 48 . 30
(m) riil station base antena tinggi
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
(m) 3
(m) riil unit mobile antenna tinggi
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Lees Prediction Model
in an open area,
P
ro
= 10
-4.9
mWatts
g = 4.35
in sub urban area,
P
ro
= 10
-6.17
mWatts
g = 3.84
in urban area (Tokyo),
P
ro
= 10
-8.4
mWatts
g = 3.05
v
(m) 3
(m) riil unit mobile antenna tinggi
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(watts) 10
(watts) riil pemancar daya
3

|
.
|

\
|
=
4
2 dipole antena tdh riil station base antena gain
4

|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2 dipole antena thd. riil unit mobile antena gain
54

Modul 2 Large Scale Fading

Lees Prediction Model
n diperoleh dari percobaan / empiris
dec / dB 30 n dec / dB 20 s s
Harga n diperoleh dari hasil percobaan yang
dilakukan oleh Okumura dan Young
Berdasarkan eksperimen oleh Okumura
n=30 dB/dec untuk Urban Area.
Correction factor to determine v
in a
2
v = 2,
for new mobile-unit antenna heigh > 10 m
v = 1,
for new mobile-unit antenna heigh < 3 m
Berdasarkan eksperimen oleh Okumura
n=30 dB/dec untuk Urban Area.
Berdasarkan eksperimen oleh Young
n=20 dB/dec untuk Sub.Urban Area
atau Open Area
n hanya berlaku untuk frekuensi operasi
30 sd. 2,000 MHz
v = 1,
for new mobile-unit antenna heigh < 3 m
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
3
Jarak dalam mil
2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-120
S
i
g
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

i
n

d
B
m
12
22
32
42
52
62
72
82
S
i
g
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

i
n

d
B
(
m
i
k
r
o
V
o
l
t
)
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
C
it
y
(
P
o
=
-
7
7
d
B
m
,

=
4
8
d
B
/d
e
c
)
T
o
k
y
o
, J
a
p
a
n
( P
o
=
- 8
4
d
B
m
,

=
3
0
.5
d
B
/d
e
c
)
P
h
ila
d
e
lp
h
ia
( P
o
=
- 7
0
d
B
m
,

=
3
6
.8
d
B
/d
e
c
)
N
e
w
a
r
k
(
P
o
=
-
6
4
d
B
m
,

=
4
3
.1
d
B
/d
e
c
)
S
u
b
u
r
b
a
n
( P
o
=
- 6
1
.7
d
B
m
,

=
3
8
.4
d
B
/d
e
c
)
O
p
e
n
A
r
e
a
(
P
o
=
-
4
9
d
B
m
,

=
4
3
.5
d
B
/d
e
c
)
O
pen A
rea ( P
o = - 45 dB
m
, = 20 dB
/dec )
Lees Prediction Model
3
Jarak dalam mil
2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-120
S
i
g
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

i
n

d
B
m
12
22
32
42
52
62
72
82
S
i
g
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

i
n

d
B
(
m
i
k
r
o
V
o
l
t
)
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
C
it
y
(
P
o
=
-
7
7
d
B
m
,

=
4
8
d
B
/d
e
c
)
T
o
k
y
o
, J
a
p
a
n
( P
o
=
- 8
4
d
B
m
,

=
3
0
.5
d
B
/d
e
c
)
P
h
ila
d
e
lp
h
ia
( P
o
=
- 7
0
d
B
m
,

=
3
6
.8
d
B
/d
e
c
)
N
e
w
a
r
k
(
P
o
=
-
6
4
d
B
m
,

=
4
3
.1
d
B
/d
e
c
)
S
u
b
u
r
b
a
n
( P
o
=
- 6
1
.7
d
B
m
,

=
3
8
.4
d
B
/d
e
c
)
O
p
e
n
A
r
e
a
(
P
o
=
-
4
9
d
B
m
,

=
4
3
.5
d
B
/d
e
c
)
O
pen A
rea ( P
o = - 45 dB
m
, = 20 dB
/dec )
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
r
o
= 1mil
= 1,6 km
r
1
P
ro
P
r
r
2
area 1
area 2
r
r
1
r
2
r
area 1 area 2
1.6 km
Lees Pathloss Formula Untuk Berbagai Jenis Kondisi
Lingkungan
r
1
r
2
r 1.6 km
o
n
o 1 o
1
ro r
.
f
f
.
r
r
.
r
r
. P P
2 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
=
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .
5
o
n
o 1 N 1
2
o
1
ro r
.
f
f
.
r
r
. ... .
r
r
.
r
r
. P P
N 2 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
persamaan
umum,
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
u
MOBILE
Building
Incident
Wave
u = incident angle relative to street
Building
Building
Building
R
Diagram Parameter
w
o
b
Mobile
R
h
b
Ah
b
h
r
Ah
m
h
m
Cell site
GROUND
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
L [dB]=L (d
0
)+10 log (d/d
0
)
from table 3.2 (Rappa, pp 104)
Log Distance Path Loss Model
Environment Pathloss Exponent
Free Space 2
Urban 2.7 - 3.5
Shadowed Urban 3.0 - 5.0
in building LOS 1.6 - 1.8
in building Obstructed 4.0 - 6.0
in factories Obstructed 2.0 - 3.0
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Environment Pathloss Exponent
Free Space 2
Urban 2.7 - 3.5
Shadowed Urban 3.0 - 5.0
in building LOS 1.6 - 1.8
in building Obstructed 4.0 - 6.0
in factories Obstructed 2.0 - 3.0
L [dB]=L (d
0
)+10 log (d/d
0
) + X
Shadowing effect
+ fading margin
+ availability
(Rappa, pp 104)
Log-normal Shadowing
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
L [dB]=L (d
0
)+10 log (d/d
0
) + X
Shadowing effect
+ fading margin
+ availability
(Rappa, pp 104)
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
The measurement method with Regression Methods
Select multiple locations
at distances d
1
and take
the measurement of
path loss
Repeat for the
distance d
2
and d
3
, etc.
Plot of the
mean pathloss as
a function of distance
Cell site
(Tx)
d
1
d
2
d
3
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Select multiple locations
at distances d
1
and take
the measurement of
path loss
Repeat for the
distance d
2
and d
3
, etc.
Plot of the
mean pathloss as
a function of distance
Cell site
(Tx)
Getting Mean and Standard Deviation
Measurement is
usually done for some types
of areas: Urban, suburban, and
open areas
Measurements at constant radius f
rom the BTS to produce
different pathloss
With the linear regression method,
we can obtain the mean
pathloss trend and standard
deviation around the average value
Example for urban: path loss
Slope = 33.2 dB / decade and
Std dev. = 7 dB
P
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
B
]
urban
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
o o o
o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o o
79
85
75
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Measurement is
usually done for some types
of areas: Urban, suburban, and
open areas
Measurements at constant radius f
rom the BTS to produce
different pathloss
With the linear regression method,
we can obtain the mean
pathloss trend and standard
deviation around the average value
Example for urban: path loss
Slope = 33.2 dB / decade and
Std dev. = 7 dB Distance d [km]
P
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
B
]
suburban
open
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
o o o
o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o o
# #
# #
# #
#
3 4 6
75