1.

Using a table, describe each of the five groups of pathogens mentioned under the following headings: characteristics, example of diseases in humans, examples of diseases in crop plants. 20 marks

pathogen Virus

characteristics They are minute particles composed of nuclear material enclosed in a protein coat Single cells lacking a true nucleus. Produce enzymes which destroys hosts cells Body consists of a network of hyphae. Destroys host tissues bt extracellular digestion Single cells with a true nucleus.

Example of disease in human Common cold, influenza, chicken poxs and cold sores, polio, herpes Smallpoxs, cholera, typhoid, tetanus, whooping cough, syphilis, Athletes foot, ringworm, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, thrush Amoebiasis, giardiasis, african sleeping sickness

Example of disease in crops Yellow mosaic, bunchy top of pawpaw, ratoon stunting of sugar cane Bacteial wilt of tomato, bacterial spot of pepper, leaf scald of sugar cane Smut, armillaria root rot, black rot, bitter rot, anthracnose of yam and mango

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoans

2. Describe one example of each of the four main types of diseases under the following headings:

Disease Pathogenic disease

Cause A virus invades the body by contact with infected person A deficiency disease is caused by a shortage of a particular nutrient in the diet Gene for the disease is passed to the offspring Inability of the islet of langerhans to produce insulin

Symptoms and signs High fever, tiredness, headache, vomiting Fatigue, shortness of breath, pale appearance

Method of prevention Prevent over rowding and exposure to the virus. By incorparating the essentail vitamins in your daily diet

Deficiency disease

Hereditary disease

Weakness, tiredness, weight loss Continual thirst, increased urination, coma

Genetic counselling

Physicologic al disease

Education on the importance of diet and exercise

3a. Describe the life cycle of a housefly. The life cycle of a housefly begins in the egg stage. The female fly is cabable of laying 150 eggs and prefer to lay them in dark damp places. Within a day the eggs hatch into larvae also known as maggots. Maggots are legless, white insects that feed from the egg laying site for three to five days. During this time maggots molt several times. They then choose a dark place to pupate. Over a course of three to six days, the pupae develops legs and wings. Ultimately emerging as full-grown houseflies.

b. Give reason why knowledge of the life history of a vector is important. It assists us to understand how to prevent them from laying eggs, or how to prevent their development into adults, or how to destroy the adults. This will help us in controlling the vector and limit or decrease the disease spread throught the world.

c. picture of the life cycle of a house fly.

4 Give examples of diseases spread by each of the following methods mentioned. Spreading agent Pathogenic disease Air Water Direct contact Dust Faeces Spores Influenza Malaria Leprosy diptheria typhoid smut

5. Discuss the causative agent, methods of transmission, treatment, prevention and control of aids and one other sxually transmitted disease. Sexually Causative transmitte agent d disease Aids Virus(hiv) Methods of treatment transmissio n This can happen during sexual intercourse , blood transfusion or sharing a hypodermi c needle, mother to baby at pregnancy or birth Antiviral drugs to delay onset of opportunistic infections, e.g. azt, ddi Prevention and control Keep to one sexual partner.Do not inject drugs.Use condom during sexs and education about the disease, treat all cases

Gonorrhoe Bacteria a

Sexual By antibiotics intercourse eg. Penicillin, , mother to streptomycin eyes of baby during birth leads to blindness if not treated

Keep to one sexual partner, use condoms, trace and treat all sexual contacts of infected persons, treat all

cases

6. List some possible socail implication of STDs The family of an infected person suffers emotionally and financially. People with AIDS (including children) may be scorned and alienated from society.

These diseases are easily spread in an activity which is a basic human drive sexual intercourse. Millions of children worldwide suffer with AIDS, many are orphans. Reduction in workforce loss of valuable working man hours. Increased pressure on health services. Shortened life expectancies.

7. Describe how the clotting of blood occurs. when the skin is cut, damaged tissue and platelets, on exposure to air, produce a chemical called thromboplastin. Thromboplastin and calcium ions start a series of reactions which finally turn the soluble plasma protien fibrogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms a network of fibers over the cut which trap blood cells forming a clot. The clot prevents further blood loss and entry of disease causing organism.

8. Explain what is meant by natural immunity and how it may be acquired actively or passively. Natural immunity is the body cells capabilitity to recognise antigens which they have come into contact previously with and the memory of the lymphoctyes to immediately and rapidly make large amounts of the specific antibody.

Actively acquired when the body has already experienced an infection by that pathogen.

Passively acquired antibodies pass across the placent providing a newborn baby with immunity against diseases that the mothers body is immune to.

9. Explain what is meant by artificial immunity and how it may be acquired actively or passively. Artificial immunity is the introduction of certain vaccines before the individual acquires the illness.

Actively acquired this is by vaccination at a suitable time in the persons life, not when they are infected with the antigen. The vaccine contains treated antigens which stimulate the body to make antibodies. Passively acquired the vaccine contains readymade antibodies which provide immediate relief by destroying the antigens. This is given when the person has been infected with the antigen and as no previous immunity.

10. Discuss the physiological, social and economic effects of the abuse of the following drugs: alcohol, one illegal and one prescription drug. Drugs Alcohol Physiological It as a direct and permanent impact on the users and the persons around them. It damages the users body and slowly poisons the organs. Social It disables the users ability to make rational decisions and judgement. It alters behavioural patterns normally in a negative way and is followed by embarrassment and the loss of close friends and family. The use of cocaine as being one of the main causes of the increased social problems in the world. It as lead to an increase in crime, family violence and divorce. Eventually Economic Users normally tend to use money that should be used on the family budget to purchase alcoholic beverages to satisfy their dependency on it.

One illegal (Cocaine)

Increased levels of anxiety, nervousness, illuminations and delay sleeping or sleeping disorders.

Reduction in production levels as a result of premature death and illness in abusers.

Prescripti

Drastic

Millions as to be

on (steroids)

increase in levels of heart rate, blood pressure and eventually mental disorders.

embarrassment to user, family and friends. In cases of athletes disgrace is brought onto the country.

taken from the countries budget. So tests and places of recovery can be established.

11. List some social and economic implications of disease in plants and animals. social and economic implications of disease in plants- farmers suffer huge economic loss and resources on a large scale that usually cannot be replaced. It also causes the migration of people from their countries to occur because of fear of coming into contact with these plants or crops. For example potato bligh caused suffering and death in ireland and it was the major cause of the massive migration that followed.

Social and economic implications of disease in animals- farmers are devastated and discourage due to the financiall losses they suffer. When there herd come in contact with diseases such as hoof and mouth diseases or mad cow disease. Farmers arent able to export meat and at times are given a bad name on the international market due to the circulation in there herds of such diseases.

Introduction This project will educate its viewers on the topics such as pathogenic diseases, deficiency diseases, hereditary diseases and physiological diseases. It gives examples of these diseases, symptoms, causes and methods of preventing these diseases. It informs on vectors and there life cycle for example the house fly and it also gives indepth information on sexually transmittes diseases. There social implications and types of drugs.

Acknowledgement Firstly I would like to thank god for giving me the strenght to do this project because it was very stressful. Secondly I would like to thank myself. I was amazed I found the time to do this long and very boring assignment. Thanks to my teacher mr hansel I lost a couple days out of my lovely summer. Please note that I am expecting full marks for my work.

Name: shaquille thompson Grade: eleven ten Date: September 14, 2012 Subject: biology Teacher: Mr. Hansel