International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications

Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012

85

On Energy Level Performance of Adaptive Power Based WSN in
Presence of Fading


Arnab Nandi
1
and Sumit Kundu
2

Department of ECE
1
National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
2
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
[email protected] and [email protected]
Abstract
We propose an adaptive power based transmission scheme for WSN (Wireless Sensor
Networks) where transmit power is adapted depending on node density and channel
conditions so as to maintain a desired level of signal detection probability at a receiving node
as demanded by sensing range. In existing Fixed Transmit Power Scheme (FTPS), detection
probability degrades with decrease in node spatial density leading to reduction in sensing
range. We investigate the performance of the proposed Adaptive Transmit Power Scheme
(ATPS) for a square grid WSN under multipath fading. Further energy consumption for an
optimal packet length which yields highest energy efficiency is evaluated for both fixed and
proposed adaptive power based schemes. Impact of node density, packet length and Rician
fading on energy efficiency for both the ATPS and FTPS scheme is also shown.

Keywords: Sensing Range; Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs); Rician Fading; Optimal
Packet Size; Detection Probability

1. Introduction
The wireless communications revolution which is leading the convergence of all media and
data services appears to be gaining wide acceptance. Wireless sensor networks consist of
small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor
nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not
feasible. Hence, energy consumption is a key design issue that needs to be reduced in order to
improve the life span of the network. Other important issues involved in sensor networks
include node deployment, power management, and sensing range. In particular, sensing range
is an important factor for a WSN, as it influences performance or quality of service offered by
a sensor network. Most of the research work on WSN assumes idealized radio propagation
models. However signal fading due to multipath propagation severely impairs the
performance of wireless communication systems [1]. Hence, it important to evaluate the
performance of WSN in multipath Rician fading channels. Rician fading captures a wide
range of fading model. It represents Rayleigh fading when K=0, and no fading when K,
where K is the Rician factor defined as the power ratio of specular to diffused components
[2]. In [3] Bettstetter et al. derived the transmission range for which network is connected
with high probability considering free-space radio link model. In [4], Qian et al. proposed an
adaptive transmit power scheme based on S-MAC named Adaptive Transmit Power MAC to
reduce energy consumption in WSN. The proposed scheme calculates the distance between
the sender and the receiver by measuring the received power, and then adaptively decides the
appropriate transmit power level according to the propagation model and distance. In [5] the
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


86

impact of the shadowing effects on the sensing coverage is investigated. It shows that
increase in standard deviation of the shadowing severely degrades the sensing coverage. In
[6], performance of an adaptive power based scheme is evaluated in lognormal shadowed
environment.
In an ideal scenario, the transmit power of a node should be modified on a link-by-link
basis to achieve the maximum possible power savings [7-9]. However, in ad hoc network,
performing power control on a link-by-link basis is a complicated and cumbersome task. A
straightforward solution in the view of practical implementation is to use a common transmit
power for all the nodes. This is very much desirable in inaccessible terrain where adjustment
of the transmit power after deployment is impossible or very much costly. Moreover, the
performance disparity, in terms of traffic carrying capacity, between adjusting the power
locally and employing a common transmit power is small, especially when the number of
nodes is large [10].
In this paper we propose an algorithm for adapting transmit power so as to maintain a
given level of detection probability [5]. In FTPS (Fixed Transmit Power Scheme), a
sensor node transmits at a fixed power level for any given node density. In this scheme
detection probability degrades with decrease in node spatial density. This is caused due
to increase in inter node distance with decrease in node spatial density. Further decrease
in detection probability degrades sensing range and signal quality. Our proposed
scheme of adapting transmit power to maintain a given level of detection probability
overcomes this. The contributions of this paper are as follows: Energy level
performances of fixed and the above proposed adaptive transmit power schemes (FTPS
and ATPS) are evaluated in presence of multipath Rician fading. Transmit power for
the proposed adaptive scheme is evaluated for several conditions of node spatial
density, detection probabilities and severity of fading. Further energy requirement for
successful delivery of a file based on an ARQ based scheme is evaluated and compared
under several conditions of network such as node density, channel fading and detection
probability for both fixed and adaptive power schemes. An optimal packet based
transmission [7] which yields highest energy efficiency [11] is also considered in our
proposed framework of adaptive power scheme. Energy expenditure corresponding to
optimal packet length is also evaluated for both the schemes (i.e. FTPS and ATPS) and
compared with an arbitrary fixed packet based transmission under same network
conditions. Further, impact of fading and node density on energy efficiency and optimal
packet length are discussed. Moreover, impact of severity of fading on energy
efficiency and optimal packet length are also evaluated.

2. System Model
The sensing range depends on the signal propagation path. The received signal power S
r

can be expressed as [1]
( )
( )
o
t

link
r t t
link r
d
G G S
d S
2
2
4
= (1)
where is the fading channel coefficient, S
t
is the transmit power, G
t
and G
r
are the
transmitting and receiving antenna gain respectively, is the path-loss exponent,
link
d is the
distance between source and destination node (as shown in Fig. 1) and is the wavelength of
the used transmitted signal. Here we consider omni directional (G
t
= G
r
=1) antennas at the
transmitter and receiver. The carrier frequency is in the unlicensed ISM band (2.4 GHz). The
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


87

parameter is introduced to represent the Rician fading effects in the propagation path, as
well as the asymmetric property in the sensing ability. Transmission from a sensor node will
be sensed by a receiving node when the received signal power is larger than the sensitivity
(S
sen
) of the receiving node. Therefore, the probability that the target location is detected by
this node is [5]
( ) ( ) ( )
sen link r link D
S d S P d P > = (2)
where P
D
(d
link
) denotes the probability of detection of the signal at a distance d
link
.
A square grid network architecture following [12] is considered in present work. Figure 1
shows a two tier sensor network using square grid topology. Distance between two nearest
neighbor (d
link
) is determined by the detection probability (P
det
) and propagation environment.
The node spatial density
sq
is given as [12].
2
1
link
sq
d
= (3)

Figure 1. Sensor Nodes in Square Grid Topology; a Link Interconnecting Node
S1 and S2 in one hop is shown
Here we assume a simple routing strategy such that a packet is relayed hop-by-hop,
through a sequence of nearest neighboring nodes, until it reaches the destination [13].
Therefore, we assume that a route between source and destination exists. Infinite ARQ is
considered between the pair of adjacent nodes. We would present a simulation model in
Section III to assess the performance of the above network in presence of multipath fading.
The necessary mathematical framework useful for simulation is presented below:
Here we consider a simple reservation-based MAC protocol, called reserve-and-go
(RESGO) following [14]. In this protocol, a source node first reserves intermediate nodes on
a route for relaying its packets to the destination. A transmission can begin only after a route
is discovered and reserved. If the destination node is busy, it waits for an exponential random
back-off time before transmitting or relaying each packet. When the random back-off time
expires, node starts transmitting a packet. The random back-off time helps to reduce
interference among nodes in the same route and also among nodes in different routes.
Throughout this paper, we assume that the random back-off time is exponential with mean
t
1 , where
t
is the packet transmission rate.
The major perturbations in wireless transmission are large scale fading and small scale
fading [1, 15]. Large scale fading represents the average signal power attenuation or path loss
due to motion over large areas. This phenomenon is affected by prominent terrain contours
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


88

(hills, forests, billboards, clumps of buildings, etc.) between the transmitter and receiver.
However small-scale fading exhibits rapid changes in signal amplitude and phase as a result
of small changes (as small as a half-wavelength) in the spatial separation between a receiver
and transmitter. If the multiple reflective paths are large in number and there is a dominant
non fading signal component, the envelope of the received signal is statistically described by
a Rician pdf given as [15]
( )
( )
0 ,
2
exp
2
0
2
2 2
2
> |
.
|

\
|
(
(

+
= z
zs
I
s z
z z p
z
o o
o (4)
where z is the envelope amplitude of the received signal,
2
2o is the average power in the non
LOS multipath components, s
2
is the power in the LOS component and I
0
is the modified
Bessel function of 0
th
order. In the present work we consider the multipath Rician fading in
addition to path loss and thermal noise.
Assuming that each destination is equally likely, the average number of hops on a route
can be expressed as [12]
2 N n
hop
~ (5)
where N is the number of nodes present in the network under consideration.
The received signal at the receiver is the sum of three components (i) the intended signal
from a transmitter, (ii) interfering signals from other active nodes and (iii) thermal noise.
Since the interfering signals come from other nodes, we assume that total interfering signal
can be treated as an additive noise process independent of thermal noise process. The
received signal in terms of amplitude, Y(d
link
) during each bit period can be expressed as [16,
12]
( ) ( )
thermal
N
j
j link s link
n v d V d Y + + =

=
2
1
(6)
where V
s
(d
link
) is the desired signal at a distance of d
link
in presence of Rician fading, v
j
is the
interference from the other nodes and n
thermal
is the thermal noise signal. We also assume that
interference from other active nodes (i.e., v
j
) undergo similar multipath fading as the desired
signal.
Assuming BPSK modulation, there can be two cases for the amplitude of the V
s
(d
link
)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

=
+ =
=
ion transmiss 1 for
ion transmiss 1 for
link bit
bit
link r
link bit
bit
link r
link s
d E
R
d S
d E
R
d S
d V (7)
where R
bit
is the bit rate and ( )
link bit
d E is the bit energy of the received signal in presence of
Rician fading at a distance of d
link
.
For each interfering node j, the amplitude of the interfering signal can be of three types
with different probabilities [12]:
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


89

( )

+
=
trans
trans
bit
j
trans
bit
j
j
-P
P
R
S
P
R
S
v
1 y probabilit ion with transmiss no for 0
2
1
y probabilit ion with transmiss 1 for
2
1
y probabilit ion with transmiss 1 for
int_
int_
(8)
where S
int_j
is the interference power received from node j; and P
trans
is the transmission
probability [14]. The probability that an interfering node will transmit and cause interference
depends on the MAC protocol used. Size of the interference vector
j
V

increases as the
number of nodes increases in the network. The vector
j
V

is defined as:
{ }
( )
{ }
2 2 1
2 ,..., 2 , 1
,..., ,

=
= =
N
N j
j j
v v v v V

, where v
j
(as given in eqn. (8)) is the amplitude of the
signal received at the receiver from an interfering node j.
The received thermal noise signal is simply
B FkT n
thermal 0
= (9)
where F is the noise figure, J/K 10 1.38 k
23
= is the Boltzmanns constant, T
0
is the room
temperature and B is the transmission bandwidth.
Next we derive the energy spent in successfully transmitting a data packet considering a
simple Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) schemes between a pair of source and destination
nodes via intermediate nodes. Fig. 2 shows the used ARQ scheme.


Figure 2. Different Information Delivery Mechanisms
The ARQ scheme is based on hop-by-hop retransmission, as shown in Figure 2 following
[16], where at every hop the receiver checks the correctness of the packet and requests for a
retransmission with a NACK packet to previous node until a correct packet is received. ACK
packet is sent to the transmitter indicating a successful transmission.
It is assumed that each packet consists of header, message and trailer as shown in Figure 3.
So, transmitted packet length can be expressed as [11],
t m h pkt
l l l L + + = (10)

Figure 3. Simple Structure of a Packet
where l
h
, l
m
and l
t
are the header length, message length and trailer length respectively. So, the
energy required to transmit a single packet is
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


90

st d
bit
ack t m h t
packet
E E
R
l l l l P
E + +
+ + +
= 75 . 1
) (
(11)
where E
d
is the decoding energy to decode a single packet; E
st
is the startup energy consumed
in the transmitter and receiver; and l
ack
is the acknowledge frame length. For RFM-TR1000
transceiver that has been incorporated in MICS Mote startup energy is assumed to be 24.86 J
[17]. Since Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique is not used here, decoding energy and
trailer length both are assumed zero [11]. Here it is assumed that 75% of the transmit energy
is required to receive a packet.
The minimum energy required to communicate a packet at the destination is the energy
required to transmit and receive the message bits (l
m
) only. Thus minimum energy is given as:
hop
bit
m t
n
R
l P
E = 75 . 1
min
(12)
Now we consider the energy requirement for ARQ scheme as mentioned above to
communicate a data packet from source to destination node until it is received successfully.
Average probability of error at packet level at each hop is expressed as [1]
pkt
L
link link
BER PER ) 1 ( 1 = (13)
where, BER
link
is the link BER. The effect of propagation path is incorporated in BER
link
. The
probability of n retransmissions is the product of failure in the (n-1) transmissions and the
probability of success at the n
th
transmission [18]:
1
) )( 1 ( ] [

=
n
link link I
PER PER n P (14)
Average number of retransmissions for an infinite ARQ scheme is given by,

( )
link
link
n
I I
PER
PER
n n P R

= =

=
1
]. [
1
(15)
We consider only path loss in reverse link. Further we assume that ACK/NACK from
receiving node is instantaneous and error free.
The energy consumed per packet at the end of
hop
n number of hops is considered as the
energy spent in forward transmission of information and reverse transmission for
NACK/ACK as in [16]
hop I st ack m h
bit
t
I
n R E l l l
R
P
E ) 1 ( ) (
75 . 1
+
(

+ + + = (16)
Now the energy efficiency () of the scheme can be expressed as [11]:
( )
ack m h
l l l
link
I
U
st ack m h
bit
t
bit
m t
BER U
R
E l l l
R
P
R
l P
E
+ +
=
+

+ + +

=
=
1
) 1 (
1
) (
75 . 1
75 . 1

Scheme for that Required Energy
min

q
(17)
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


91

Our aim is to maximize with respect to the message length
m
l to reduce the energy
consumption. It is seen that there exists a unique maximum value of for a given message
length [11]. The corresponding optimal packet length is obtained by setting 0 =
m
dl
dq
, in (17).
After solving, we obtain
( )
2
75 . 1 1 ln
75 . 1
4
75 . 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
t
bit st
ack h
link
t
bit st
ack h
t
bit st
ack h
opt
P
R E
l l
BER
P
R E
l l
P
R E
l l
L (18)
In practice L
opt
is rounded off to the nearest integer.
Next we discuss the simulation model developed for evaluating the performance of
above discussed network in the presence of multipath fading. We develop a simulation
test bed to evaluate the optimal transmit power, optimal packet length, energy
efficiency, energy consumption for successful packet transmission using Matlab

.

3. Simulation Model
We now present our simulation model developed in MATLAB to evaluate the
performance of fixed and adaptive transmit power schemes in multipath fading environment:
- At first digital data 1 and 0 with equal probability is generated for BPSK modulation.
- The detection probability is evaluated using eqn. (2).
- In adaptive transmit power scheme, transmit power is increased gradually from a
small value to a high value. The minimum transmit power which satisfies the
predefined detection probability is the transmit power corresponding to that node
density and network condition.
- The desired message signal is affected by multipath Rician fading, thermal noise and
interference from other nodes. The signal received by the receiving antenna in
destination node is generated following eqn. (6).
- Rician random variables (r.v.) for different values of K are generated.
- The received signal Y(d
link
) as given in eqn. (6) is then detected considering the
threshold level at 0.
- Each received bit is then compared with the transmitted bits. Now dividing the error
count by the total number of transmitted bits, link BERs are obtained.
- The energy consumption for the two schemes is evaluated using eqn. (16).

4. Results and Discussion
In this section, we present a performance analysis of different network parameters to
present a comprehensive overview. The simulation parameters are listed in Table 1. All the
simulations are performed at a confidence level of 95% using Matlab.
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


92

Table 1. Network Parameters used in the Simulation
Parameter Values
Path loss exponent () 2
Number of nodes in the network (N) 289
Node spatial Density (
sq
) 10
-9
- 10
-1
Packet arrival rate at each node (
t
) 1 pck/s
Career frequency (f
c
) 2.4 GHz
Noise figure (F) 6 dB
Room Temperature (T
0
) 300 K
Transmission Power (P
Tx
) 10 mW
Receiver Sensitivity (S
i
) -100 dBm
Rician Factor (K) 0, 2 and 10
Figure 4 shows the detection probability (P
d
) of the signal at the receiving node for the two
schemes: (i) FTPS and (ii) ATPS. It is seen that in FTPS detection probability gradually
increases from 0 to 1 with increase in node spatial density. Thus for low node density P
d
may
be very low leading to significant reduction in sensing range and link failure due to loss of
internode connectivity. However in our proposed ATPS detection probability remains at a
predetermined fixed level (say 0.8 in present case) as transmit power is adapted with respect
to change in node density and channel condition. It is also seen that detection probability
degrades as severity of Rician fading increases (i.e., decrease of K factor) in FTPS.











Figure 4. Detection Probability as a function of Node Spatial Density
Figure 5 shows the required transmit power for ATPS to keep the detection probability at a
chosen fixed level in the receiving node in presence of multipath Rician fading. It is seen that
required transmit power decreases with increases in node spatial density. Required transmit
power increases in presence of fading. It is also seen that transmit power increases as severity
of fading increases. Further high transmit power is required to maintain higher P
D
in case of
ATPS. At a node density of
6
10 2.1

, a transmit power of 0.79 mW is required to maintain a
detection probability of 0.8. However, it increases to 1.5 mW to meet a detection probability
of 0.95.
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


93


Figure 5. Transmit Power as a Function of Node Spatial Density


Figure 6. BER link as a Function of Node Spatial Density; bit rate= 1Mbps;
P
D
=0.9.
Figure 6 shows the link BER performance for the two schemes. It is seen that in case of
fixed transmit power scheme, link BER performance improves with increase in node spatial
density. However in ATPS, link BER performance remains at a fixed level. Further link BER
performance of adaptive transmit power scheme is significantly improved as compared to the
fixed transmit power scheme in low node spatial density region. However, BER performance
of adaptive transmit scheme is poor as compared to fixed transmit power scheme in high node
spatial density region. It is also observed that BER performance degrades with increase in
severity of Rician fading. In case of FTPS and at a node density of
5
10

, link BER is
4
10 7 . 3

for a Rician coefficient K=10 while it degrades to
3
10 7 . 2

for K=2.
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


94


Figure 7. Efficiency as a Function of Packet Length for ATPS and FTPS
Figure 7 shows the energy efficiency as a function of packet length for both the schemes
(i.e. ATPS and FTPS). It is seen that there exists a peak value of efficiency for a given packet
size. The message length corresponding to maximum efficiency is the optimal packet size
from energy efficiency perspective [11]. Thus there exists an optimal packet size for a
particular network condition. It is also seen that optimal packet length decreases with increase
in severity of multipath Rician fading. Further energy efficiency shows a steep drop for
message lengths smaller than the optimal length. This behavior can be attributed to the higher
overhead and start-up energy consumption of smaller packets [11]. On the other hand, for
message length larger than the optimal length, the drop in energy efficiency is much slower
due to increase in average retransmission. With the increase of packet length the vulnerable
interval increases and the probability of transmission of an interfering node becomes high.
Energy efficiency degrades in presence of multipath fading. It is also seen that energy
efficiency degrades with increase in severity of fading. Further, in case of FTPS, energy
efficiency improves with increase in node spatial density. However, in case of ATPS, energy
efficiency is independent of node density (i.e., in case of ATPS, we get same energy
efficiency curve for two different node density
7
10 4.6

and
6
10 2.1

when other conditions
are same). In FTPS, optimal packet length increases with increase in node spatial density.


Figure 8. Energy Efficiency as a Function of Node Density for ATPS and FTPS;
P
D
=0.9.

International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


95

Figure 8 shows the energy efficiency of ATPS and FTPS scheme as a function of node
spatial density for several sizes of packet. It is seen that, in high node density region FTPS is
more energy efficient that ATPS scheme. However in moderate and low node density region
ATPS outperforms FTPS in terms of energy efficiency. It is also seen that energy efficiencies
in FTPS scheme improve with increase in node spatial density. However beyond a certain
node density the efficiency does not change with further increase in node density. This occurs
as there is no improvement in SINR beyond a certain limit. However in case of ATPS energy
efficiency remains at a constant level throughout the entire region. In FTPS, energy efficiency
degrades with decrease in packet size while in ATPS, energy efficiency improves with
decrease in packet size.
Figure 9 shows the energy required to successfully deliver a file of size 10
6
using fixed and
optimum size [16] packets in ATPS and FTPS. Optimum size packet is that length of packet
which yields highest energy efficiency [16, 11] as explained in Fig. 7. It is seen that
transmission using optimum size packets consumes less energy than that of fixed packet
based transmission over a wide range of node density which may be region of interest.
Further, use of optimum size packet in ATPS consumes less energy as compared to that of
FTPS over wide range of node densities. In case of ATPS, energy requirement increases with
decreases in packet length. Further, optimum packet based ATPS requires significantly less
energy than ATPS using a fixed size packet. For example, at a node density of 10
-5
, optimum
packet based ATPS consumes 18% less energy than ATPS using fixed packet of size 200 bit.








Figure 9. Energy Consumption as a Function of Node Spatial Density
5. Conclusion
In this article, we have compared the energy level performance of fixed and a proposed
adaptive transmit power schemes (FTPS and ATPS) in presence of Rician fading for a square
grid WSN. Performance of such network in analyzed in terms of detection probability and
energy consumption. In ATPS, transmit power is varied according to node density and
channel condition so as to keep the detection probability at a fixed level. However in case of
FTPS, detection probability decreases with decrease in node spatial density. Further an
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


96

optimum packet length based transmission is studied. It is seen that ATPS consumes less
energy than FTPS in moderate and high node spatial density region (i.e. region of interest
from operational point of view) to successfully deliver a file. Transmission exploiting
optimum size packets consumes less energy in moderate and high node spatial density region
compared to that of an arbitrary fixed packet size based transmission in ATPS. Thus
simultaneous use of optimal size packets and ATPS shows a significant reduction in energy
consumption. Further, in high node density region FTPS is more energy efficient that that of
ATPS scheme. However in moderate and low node density region ATPS outperforms FTPS
in terms of energy efficiency. Our results are significant in designing energy efficient WSN in
presence of fading.

References

[1] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, (2005).
[2] F. Davarian, "Fade margin calculation for channels impaired by Rician fading", IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 41-44, (1985).
[3] C. Bettstetter and J. Zangl, How to Achieve a Connected Ad Hoc Network with Homogeneous Range
Assignment: An Analytical Study with Consideration of Border Effects, Proc. IEEE Intl Workshop Mobile
and Wireless Comm. Network, pp. 125-129, (2002) September.
[4] H. Qian and T. Zhenzhou, "An adaptive transmit power scheme for wireless sensor networks," 2010 Proc. 3rd
IEEE International Conference on Ubi-media Computing (U-Media), pp. 12-16, (2010) July.
[5] Yuh-Ren Tsai, Sensing Coverage for Randomly Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks in Shadowed
Environments, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, Issue 1, pp. 556-564, (2008).
[6] A. Nandi and S. Kundu, On Energy Level Performance of Adaptive Power Based WSN in Shadowed
Channel, Proc. IEEE Interference Conference on Devices and Communication (ICDeCom 2011), pp. 1-5,
(2011) February 24-25.
[7] S. Agarwal, R. Katz, S. V. Krishnamurthy and S. K. Dao, Distributed Power Control in Ad-Hoc Wireless
Networks, Proc. IEEE Intl Symp. Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Comm. (PIMRC), pp. F59-F66,
(2001).
[8] R. Ramanathan and R. Rosales-Hain, Topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit
Power Adjustment, Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Comm. (INFOCOM), pp. 404-413, (2000).
[9] T. Elbatt and A. Ephremides, Joint Scheduling and Power Control for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE
Trans. Wireless Comm., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 74-85, (2004).
[10] S. Narayanaswamy, V. Kawadia, R. S. Sreenivas and P. R. Kumar, Power Control in Ad-Hoc Networks:
Theory, Architecture, Algorithm and Implementation of the COMPOW Protocol, Proc. European Wireless
Next Generation Wireless Networks: Technologies, Protocols, Services, and Applications, pp. 156-162,
(2002).
[11] Y. Sankarasubramaniam, I. F. Akyildiz and S. W. Mclaughlin, Energy efficiency based packet size
optimization in wireless sensor networks, Proc. First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network
Protocols and Applications, pp. 1-8, (2003).
[12] S. Panichpapiboon, G. Ferrari and O. K. Tonguz, Optimal Transmit Power in Wireless Sensor Networks,
IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1432-1447, (2006).
[13] C. E. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networking, Addison-Wesley, (2001).
[14] G. Ferrari and O. K. Tonguz, Performance of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Aloha and PR-CSMA MAC
Protocols, Proc. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (GLOBECOM), pp. 2824-2829, (2003) December.
[15] Sklar, Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile Digital Communication Systems Part I: Characterization, IEEE
Communication Magazine, pp. 90-100, (2003) July.
[16] A. Nandi and S. Kundu, "Energy Efficient Packet Data Service in Wireless Sensor Network in Presence of
Raylrigh Fading", International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing (IJGHPC), vol. 3, Issue 3,
pp. 31-44, (2011). DOI: 10.4018/jghpc.2011070103.
[17] MICS Mote Datasheet. Crossbow Corp. [Online]. Available http://xbow.com
[18] Kleinschmidt J.H., Borelli, W.C. and Pellenz, M.E, An Analytical Model for Energy Efficiency of Error
Control Schemes in Sensor Networks, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp.
3895 3900, (2007) June 24-28.

International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


97

Authors

Arnab Nandi received his B. Tech degree from the Kalyani Govt.
Engg. College, India, in 2003 and the M. Tech degree from University of
Burdwan, India in 2005, all in Electronics and Communication
Engineering (ECE). He is currently Assistant Professor in the ECE
Department at National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh (NIT
AP), India. Before joining NITAP he worked as Assistant Professor in
ECE at Dr. B. C. Roy Engg. College (BCREC), Durgapur, India. Before
joining BCREC, he worked as SRF in National Institute of Technology,
Durgapur up to November 2011. Before that, he was with the ECE
Department as Lecturer at Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering
and University Institute of Technology since July 2005. His research
interests include ad hoc wireless networks, Wireless sensor networks,
cross layer issues and medium access control. He has published 19
research papers in various Internationals Journals and Conferences. He is
reviewer of several International Conferences.


Sumit Kundu received his B.E. (Hons.) degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in 1991 from NIT, Durgapur, India and
M.Tech. degree in Telecommunication Systems Engineering and Ph.D.
in Wireless Communication Engineering from IIT Kharagpur, India,
respectively. He has been a faculty in the department of ECE, National
Institute of Technology, Durgapur since 1995 and is currently an
Associate Professor there. His research interests include radio resource
management in wireless networks, Wireless Ad Hoc and sensor
networks, and Cognitive Radio Networks. As of today, he has published
hundred (100) research papers in various journals and conferences. He is
a member of IEEE (Communication Society) and is a reviewer of several
IEEE journals.
International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications
Vol. 3, Issue 2, May, 2012


98