Electronic documents: What lies ahead? Liew, C.L., & Foo, S. (2001).

Proc 4th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL 2001), Bangalore, India, December 10-12, 88-105.

Electronic Documents: What Lies Ahead?

Chern Li Liew & Schubert Foo Division of Information Studies, School of Communication Studies Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 Abstract The progressive research and development in computing and information processing technologies have fuelled its way to the emergence of a new range of electronic documents that are expected to fully exploit the electronic mediums basic properties of added interactivity and flexibility. Coupled with the affiliation with metadata and additional layers of information, e-documents will engage a new paradigm of active users who will be increasingly seeking, selecting and constructing information more than they are receiving information contained within digitised equivalents of print documents. This paper reports on the pertinent findings on a research that intentionally took an immense leap in the design and empirical evaluation of an information environment for a newer-generation of e-documents (e-journals in particular) that is endowed with a set of enhanced interactions and features. The aim is to investigate how various state-of-theart and emerging tools and features can be integrated into one single user interface environment to satisfy end users varying needs in interacting with electronic information. Apart from being able to draw out a host of essential features of future e-documents that will serve as useful design guidelines, the study advocates that the way forward is perhaps not to promote e-documents either as replacements or as alternatives to their print counterparts, but rather to continually strive to focus on the needs of users and on the task they will likely seek to accomplish. Future work on designing e-documents should thus aim to further develop and incorporate tools and features that are most helpful to the user community.

1.0

Introduction

Communication theorists have advocated multimedia paperless documents since at least the 1940s (Bush, 1945; Engelbart, 1963; Nelson, 1987), but it was only in the late 1980s that computers powerful enough to store and display such documents became commonplace (Walker, 1987; Egan et al., 1990). The term electronic document is used by means of contrast with paper documentation. It is text (with or without graphics) that is presented on a computer screen. It includes documents that we are typically exposed to in our everyday life such as books, newspapers, periodicals, manuals and so forth. Unlike the more general hypertext systems, the development of online books and documents is often undertaken t enhance their existing print counterparts and may o involve a more limited set of access and presentation tools. Digital audio-visual media and computer-based documents are fast becoming an influential medium for both professional and scholarly communication (Lynch & Jaffe, 1990; Jessup, 1993). One example of such documents e-journals are beginning to establish merits as the medium for scholarly communication (Harnad, 1991; Ginsparg, 1994; Cox, 1995; Denning & Rouse, 1995) and have received due attention. Their numbers are increasingly rapidly. Several major scholarly societies [e.g. Association for Computing Machinary (http://www/acm.org/), The American Society for Information Science and Technology (http://www.asis.org/), American Medical Association( http://www.ama-assn.org) and the American Mathematical Society (http://www.ams.org/)] have made many of their journals available online. Major publishers of scholarly journals have also made their publications available in electronic form: Academic Press (http://www.apnet.com/www/journal), Blackwell-Science (http://blacksci.co.uk/online/default.htm), Elsevier Science (http://www.elsevier.com/), Kluwer Academic Publishers (http://www.wkap.nl/kaphtm1.htm/KLUWERONLINE/), MCB University Press (http://www.mcb.co.uk/) and Springer (http://link.springer.de/whatsnew.htm). 2.0 Interactive E-Documents: A Review

E-documents may contain and organise many forms of interactive media, including text, numbers, still photographs or illustrations, animation, visualisation of spatial or numeric information and digital audio-video materials. A review of currently existing e-journals for instance, show that these documents are moving towards the direction of being interactive systems. Table 1 outlines the features identified and examples of journals that offered them. Users think the same about e-documents as they do about any new developments. Unless uses can perceive a real advantage to e-documents, where they can do more or better with these digital documents than they do with paper, users would be reluctant to use them extensively. This paper looks at the likely form e-documents would take in the light of user needs and requirements. The findings and recommendations are drawn from a research undertaken to examine what users require and desire in a new- generation of enhanced and value-added e-documents (Liew et al., 2001a).

3.0

Methodology

The research was an exploratory effort to achieve the aim by first, eliciting user needs and requirements, and looking at related present state-of-the-art developments in e-documents that were engaging leading researchers in pushing forward thinking in this subject. Following these preliminary reviews and investigations, a set of features and properties deemed desirable for an environment and its information objects in order to support enhanced interaction and value-adding of e-documents was derived (Liew & Foo, 1999). The properties were subsequently used as the basis for the design of a proposed information environment (PROPIE), a platfor m to demonstrate how creative and effective e-document use could be supported (Liew et al., 2000). Providing a suite of novel features and interactive tools that could be flexibly combined, PROPIE allowed users to apply multiple novel ways to intuitively query and navigate information in e-documents. The querying and browsing processes in PROPIE were supported by various interactive and visualisation techniques. Users work within a visually sovereign, integrated environment for information gathering and organising, based on navigable, fractional information objects that are also affiliated with rich metadata and additional layers of value-adding information. A set of interface mock-ups was developed to demonstrate the potential of PROPIE in interacting with a new-generation of e-journals. Following that, a series of empirical evaluation of various aspects of the environment was conducted to obtain representative users feedback. Data were collected in three tiers of evaluation through focus groups and a series of questionnaires that collected both quantitative and qualitative data from a total of 83 graduate students. The results described the types of features, tools and interaction identified as desirable and required in future e-journals. The conclus ions were that top-ranked features of such e-documents were those not available in their print counterparts querying, navigation and visualisation that contributed to enhanced access, advanced interaction and value-adding contents.

4.0

Features and Functionality for a New-Generation of Enhanced and Value Added E-Documents

The implications based on the results of this research and previous studies were that a range of features and characteristics should be present in e -journals (e-documents) to make them valuable sources for end-users. The essential features are summarised as follows. Integrated access to multiple collections/items The system should: support the integration of both the users personal workspaces and the broader information world support overview + details viewing via multiple workspaces and pop- up windows distinguish windows/various objects on the display via the use of different colours allow users to temporarily store items of interest they come across in various sections of a collection or document while returning to the original task

Display and interaction The system should: make use of various graphical and visualisation (e.g. time-ordered and spatial approach) as the fundamental mode of display support multiple representation of information objects and their organisation support perspective and stereoscopic displays of a document structure support intuitive navigation via direct manipulation in a coherent manner throughout the whole document or collections support focus + context viewing and exploration (using a body and clone analogy) allow users to directly manipulate information objects within the system at all levels of granularity allow users to directly manipulate various aspects of representations and views, and to make a choice of suitable views according to individual needs allow users to have control over the amount of information displayed on screen support seamless access to value-adding sources allow the value-adding contents to exist as separate layers of components easily accessible and governed by access control mechanism allow users to gain details of these contents without losing sight of the original document support visual representation of a document/collection in context to other related objects support visual representation of the various conceptual items of the users tasks and their relationships alert users of new related items and visualise the relationships of the related it ems facilitate the communication and collaboration amongst users allow users to add comments/annotations in situ to objects and view other users submitted comments/annotations allow these markings to exist as separate layers of components governed by access control mechanism allow users to search, sort, filter and select the submitted comments/annotations

Value-adding contents The system should:

Related works The system should:

Collaboration amongst users The system should:

Interaction with live and multimedia objects The system should: support interaction with live (e.g. live graph/equations, data sets) and multimedia objects allow users to interact with these objects without losing context of the original task and document Backtracking The system should: support backtracking of users search/browse sessions and records allow these sessions and records to be viewable in various visualisation (e.g. timeordered, spatial approach)

allow users to directly interact with the representations to backtrack (search, browse and retrieve) desired details and to remove unwanted details User help function The system should: provide help functions to aid users in the utilisation of the various tools and features make available recommendations (of tools and features) and suggestions for adaptations (of menus) communicate to users on the reasons of the recommendations and adaptations, and to provide suitable interventions provide additional support and interface simplification options to certain groups of users (e.g. users with lower spatial ability) Workspace and window management The system should: support auto- management of the workspaces and windows to reduce clutter, apart from letting user have control over the workspace and windows enable the inactive workspaces and windows to be reduced in size, hence increasing the overall visibility of active, important details on screen

5.0

Discussion of Features and Functionality

The features and functionality are discussed in conjunction with established findings from other researchers. A significant portion of the materials in this section has been published earlier (Liew et al., 2001b). Integrated Access to Multiple Collections/Items A multiple workspace e-document environment supports the integration of both the users personal workspace(s) and the broader information world. The tightly coordinated workspaces allow users to access various collections and items in a seamless manner. The tight integration also simplifies the task of consolidating the users intermediate and final information-seeking tasks. Findings of the Electronic Survey of Max Planck Society Researchers (Rusch-Feja & Siebesky, 1999) and the Caf Jus Project (Hazel et al., 1998) have also repeatedly expressed the need for an integrated access interface to multiple collections of journals as well as to other information sources. Popup windows could be used to further support an overview + details viewing and the switch between collections and items should not distract users from their main task. Different background colours could be used to distinguish the different windows. Bates (1989) has discussed the importance of supporting the evolving and interactive search process users engage in while using online information via her now-classic berrypicking model. Other studies by Xie (2000), Robins (2000), Ingwersen (1996) and Belkin and colleagues (1982) have also emphasised the importance of recognising the need for online systems to support the iterative and interactive search/navigation processes users engage in. One feature participants of the current research have largely found useful is the ability to temporarily store items of interest somewhere in the workspace while returning to the original task. A Pocket Register that allows users to store items of interest they come across in various sections of a document or collection
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temporarily while returning to the original task should be considered. Users could return to the pocket at any time to further explore the selected items and move back and forth between separate tasks without losing context of the overall task. Interactive Visualisation The fundamental mode of display within the e-document environment should be graphical, giving a visualisation of for instance, the structure of the users search/navigation, a visualisation of the various conceptual items of the users information-seeking tasks and a visualisation of the search/navigation session. These visualisations are constructed on the basis of initial user input, and are intended for direct manipulation (DM), modification and selection by the user. Users can alter various aspects of the visualisation, move to consider any aspect of the visualisation, invoke an action and view its results by manipulation of the views. This form of presentation and interaction responds to various issues. One crucial one is that it provides a natural structure for showing a users current state of search/navigation, and the relationship of that to what has come before (and perhaps to what might follow). Another is that it provides a powerful framework of browsing. Users should be able to directly manipulate information objects within the environment at all levels of granularity to for instance, zoom in on selected objects for details, to filter less important details and to extract and move items of interest from one workspace to another (Shneiderman, 1998). DM in a coherent manner could also facilitate the spontaneous dynamics of spatial layout in edocuments. Designers for instance, could consider doing away with the idea of constraining document movement to active areas such as title bars and scroll bars. The whole document and the environment should be made active to support intuitive, effortless navigation within the virtual information space. The PROPIE evaluation findings show however, that understanding of some of the visualisation (e.g. knowing exactly how to use the feature and how to interpret the document display), especially when multi-dimensional displays and animation are involved (e.g. Cam Tree and Perspective Wall) presents problems to most of the users. Participants of the evaluation claimed that this caused a feeling of lack of control or not knowing what to do next. Many participants reckoned that while the visualisation could be useful, additional training or familiarisation with the tools would be necessary before a user could use them comfortably and effectively. Multiple Representations Multiple representation of information objects and their organisations should be a part of the e-document environment so as to support a variety of task and information-seeking perspectives. Users should be able to manipulate various aspects of the representations and views directly, and be able to make a choice of suitable views according to their needs. Some researchers such as Freeman and Gelernter (1996) have argued that a time-ordered approach [(e.g. timeline, calendar) to organising information is more suitable than a spatial approach (e.g. map (e.g. Newsmaps, 1999), forager (e.g. Card et al., 1996), 3D trees (e.g. Robertson et al., 1991), fisheye (Furnas, 1986) and galaxy (e.g. Rennison,

1994)]. Their time-ordered system, LifeStreams stores documents in streams, timeordered 1D lists of information. Similar time-ordered lists could be found commonly in applications such as email lists or a Web history list. The findings of the current research suggest that the two approaches are complimentary rather than exclusive. The advantages of both should be exploited. Although not evaluated in the current research, there could also perhaps be a combination of a spatial arrangement of information with a chronological navigation mechanism such as that demonstrated in the Time-Machine Computing (Rekimoto, 1999). OHara and Sellen (1997) have discussed the importance of helping users to gain a sense of the overall structure of a document. The use of perspective and stereoscopic displays such as a Book format (e.g. Card et al., 1996) could offer a third dimension to better represent features such as a document thickness. Users could also bookmark pages for future references and cross-references. The structure of documents serves to orient users. Users must be able to move from one section of a document to another easily and they must be able to locate and re-read sections efficiently. Seamless Access to Other Information Sources The e-document environment should support seamless access to other value-adding features while maintaining the context of the original document. These sources could include thesauri, a look- up glossary/definition, translation tools and additional details on images/diagrams beyond that is available in the original document. The accuracy, authenticity and comprehens iveness of such information sources must be governed. These value-adding contents should exist as separate layers of components easily accessible and governed by some kind of access control mechanism. Collaboration with Other Users The e-document environment should facilitate the communication and collaboration amongst users. Throughout the environment, users should be provided with a suite of interactive tools not only for querying, navigation, and organisation but also for authoring. There could be for instance, tools that allowed a user to annotate while using a document, to view other users comments and annotations and to interactively communicate with other users via for instance, embedded email functionality within a document. The e-document system should also allow users to search, sort, select and filter the attached markings. A few earlier studies have pointed out the importance of recognising annotating as an integral part of using e-documents. Maurer (2001) suggests that users should be able to add notes to e-documents at every point much in the same manner as some people tend to highlight areas of text, or much as some tend to scribble notes in the margins of a document. According to Marshall (1997), users are not adding details so much as extracting only pieces of information of interest. Users are eliminating mentally, then physically the bulk of information that is not relevant, while at the same time recording their own interpretations and thoughts. The study conducted by OHara and Sellen (1997) has also pointed out the need for markings such as comments and annotations to be functionally distinct from the base documents. They should also exist as separate

layers of value-adding components attached to a document and be governed by some kind of access control mechanism. Wilensky (2000) has highlighted four types of functionality to support an adequate digital annotation facility: It must be possible to place an annotation in situ (i.e. at the location of the document to which it refers). Based on the findings of the current research, it should also be possible to place an annotation at a specific location within a document (e.g. at the end of a paragraph, next to an image). The supported types of annotation must be highly expressive and extensible. Annotations must be essentially format and platform independent. It must be possible to annotate openly and distributedly. There should further be a read-access remote server requirement to control readership of attached comments and annotations within an e-document environment.

Links to Related Works Visual representation of an item or collection in context to other related objects is important in supporting the context-driven evolution of a users interest. The e-document environment should provide users with visual representation to the various conceptual items of the users information-seeking tasks so that users are made aware of these details and their status, and are able to act upon them according to their needs. Various visualisation techniques could be used to present these relationships. These representations could for instance, map an item of interest to related items (which include related works cited, works that cited the item and latest works found related or similar to the item) and present their relationships using various visualisation. These tools should also provide links to these related items, providing details on users demand. Again, multiple workspaces and pop-up windows could be used to support switching between a users sub-tasks and the larger main task. The ISI Web of Science (Atkins, 1999) has demonstrated the use of a variety of links in e-journals: Reference Links links from an articles reference to the corresponding source records in a database where users can see the complete bibliographic information. Time Cited Links links from an articles bibliographic display (full records) to articles subsequently published and indexed in a database that have cited that article. These links provide users an indication of the relative attention the article has received since publication. Related Records Links links from one article to other articles that are related to it by virtue of the fact that they share one or more references in common. This relationship is known in Web of Science as bibliographic coupling. Users start with a selected article of interest, clicks on a Related Records button and the programme identifies and then ranks the additional papers retrieved according to the number of references they have in common.

Recently, Van de Sompel and Beit-Arie (2001) have also explored the possibility of open reference linking in the Web-based scholarly information environment using the Open URL Framework so that links are possible across distributed information resources, irrespective of their providers. Alerting of new related items should also be supported in the e-document environment. The alerting could initially be based on contents and topics, and later on user-defined profiles or users navigation history. Collaborative information-recommender systems have recently gained much attention. One example of the recent systems is SurfLen (Fu et al., 2000) that uses a quality-based data mining of association rules. Other such systems include Alexa (2001) where recommendation is largely based on a users rating and explicit proposals, GroupLens (Resnick et al., 1994), a recommender system in the Usenet news domain that uses collaborative filtering, and Ringo (Shardanand & Maes, 1995) which makes personalised recommendations for music albums and articles based on a dynamic profile of each users interest. Most of the available systems provide dynamic, real-time analysis for document clusters, with innovative mining and clustering topologies for displaying of results. Interaction with Live and Multimedia Objects The e-document environment should support interaction with live and multimedia objects. Based on the findings of the current research, these interactions could include: The ability to check out a demo file without losing context of the original task (supported by the use of multiple workspaces with navigation being via a combination of context-sensitive menus in one frame and hypertext links and demo files within another frame). Chemical journals for instance, could display complex chemical structures as 3D molecular graphics that could be rotated in virtual space (e.g. Internet Journal of Chemistry). To interact with a live graph and equations whereby users can input their own data sets to the interactive parameters. To interact with parts of authors data and observations by for instance, submitting a query to the authors programme to e.g. produce graphs for values, he chooses to enter (e.g. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research), and To have a thumbnail image of all diagrams or pictures available within a document, and to access detailed descriptions and explanations of these images beyond that available in the original document. Backtracking The e-document environment should support backtracking of users search/navigation sessions and records. These records could be represented in various visualisations and users should be allowed to directly interact with the representations to search and retrieve desired information. Studies have shown how users often engage in moving down levels of granularity as they home in on target clusters of information, or up as they backtrack to seek elsewhere. Information-seeking is a temporarily prolonged process with the users often moving back to previous work done and building on it. All objects within the edocument environment hence, should come with representations of their history where they originate from and what operations have been performed on them, and the generated
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historical sequence of the objects should be in a visualisable, malleable history mechanism. The notion of users path through digital information and their use is at least, as old as Bushs notable MEMEX system (1945): The owner of the memex runs through an encyclopaedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. His trails do not fade. Work done by users to solve problems in e-documents should leave footprints. These traces could be made accessible to future users who could take advantage of the work done in the past to make their problem solving easier. Such history records could be organised and presented to users using time-ordered and spatial approach to enable the archival of the records, and to enable time-travelling chronological navigation over archived information and users could spatially arrange items in ways meaningful to them or remove items no longer needed. To support browsing the time dimension, various visualisations could be used time line, calendar or 3D, and non- linear zooming technique such as a fisheye view that could be used to visualise the space-time continuum.

Focus + Context Viewing and Exploration An important operation in the e-document environment should be the movement of information objects throughout the environment. Objects could be moved directly in a group or individually amongst the various workspaces. The advantage of having a multiple workspace for interaction is that while a user is navigating through an information space with various information objects, the user often needs to focus on certain objects (e.g. checking out a link/demo file) while maintaining the context of the whole exploration space (e.g. where the objects lie within the original document in its context). During and after the focusing, it is also important for the user to be able to tell where they are in the information space.

The body & clone and the multi-clone analogies should be considered in the environment to support this kind of focus + context viewing and exploration. Context is maintained as object bodies are left (highlighted) in the original (home) space while the clones are drawn out and explored in a separate (action) space. Object bodies always appear in its original form and context. An object may pass through other objects in the space and have its position and form altered in a separate space. Using this analogy, users could also move and slide objects (focus) back and forth more intuitively and easily between home and action space. This also allows the user to switch between focus sets to quickly locate objects that are relevant to current task. Users could also interact with more than one object (or set of objects) to for instance, compare, to reveal pattern, to discover new relationships and doing all these while maintaining

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context of the whole information space. It also allows users to examine multiple object sets based on non-spatial properties (i.e. they may not be located close to each other in the original space). Controlling the Amount of Information Displayed Users should be given control over the environment, for instance, to be able to minimise or enlarge, activate and deactivate the workspaces according to users personal needs and preferences. According to the findings of the current research, users also prefer to have information presented to them in different levels of details. A focus group conducted for the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Library Initiatives (DLI) Project at University of Illinois (Bishop, 1998) has earlier reported similar findings. The study involved some faculty members who reportedly placed great importance on the process of stepping from a little information to more information e.g. from titles and authors, to introduction and section headings, to full- text. The e-document environment should support this process by breaking a document into various sections and sub-sections. Adaptive and Adaptable Options An e-document environment should consider incorporating certain adaptive and adaptable options to guide users in their use of the many tools and functionality within the environment that is intended for different tasks and needs. These help systems could for instance: Suggest adaptation of menus to users needs according to users tasks at hand. Recommend tools and explain their use. Communicate to users why certain recommendations and adaptations have been done, providing suitable instructions and interventions, and Providing additional support and interface simplification for novice users or users with lower spatial ability.

Workspaces/Windows Auto-Management Generally, the focus group findings confirmed the need for managing the workspaces and pop-up windows to reduce clutter. The vanishing or fading windows concept introduced by Miah and Alty (2000) was found useful. The groundwork for this VW approach was the gradual reduction in screen real estate requirements for unused workspaces (windows) as time proceeded. This reduction strategy released space for the active workspace(s) while reducing screen contention and unwanted clutter. 6.0 Conclusions

The participants feedback show a growing interest in e-documents, and users expect them to offer advanced forms of interactive functionality and other value-adding features that their print counterparts cannot offer. It is evident that for e-documents to survive and thrive, they must be different from their print antecedents. Designers and publishers of e-documents must fully exploit the

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electronic mediums basic properties with interactivity as the primary characteristic of new technologies. With interactive features, end-users are recognised as active participants in the communication process. Users will be increasingly seeking, selecting and constructing information more than they receive the information contained within e-documents. It is however, reasonable to conclude that with e-documents, the ultimate goal is not simply to provide artefacts, but to provide access to information users can use that contributes to their work. A principle of adaptive selection is and will likely be at work as various forms of electronic publication are re- invented and implemented. Critical mass will build around those attributes that are responsive to users real needs. The way forward is perhaps not to promote e-documents either as replacements or as alternatives to their print counterparts, but rather to continually strive to focus on the needs of users and on the task they will likely seek to accomplish. Future work on designing e-documents should aim to further develop and incorporate tools and features that are most helpful to the user community. 7.0 References

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Marshall, C.C. 1997. Annotation: from paper books to the digital library, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries, July 23 - 26, 1997, Philadelphia, PA, pp.131-140. Maurer, H. 2001. Beyond classical digital libraries. In Chen, C.C. (ed). Global digital library development in the new millenium. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, pp.165173. Miah, T. and Alty, J.L. 2000. Vanishing Windows a technique for adaptive window management, Interacting with Computers 12, pp.337-355. Nelson, T. 1987. Dream machines/Computer Library. Redmond WA: Tempus Books. NewsMaps explores landscapes http://www.newsmaps.com of information. 1999. Available at

OHara, K. and Sellen, A. 1997. A comparison of reading paper and online documents, Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer Human Interaction, Atlanta, GA, pp.335342. Rekimoto, J. 1999. Time-machine computing: a time-centric approach for the information environment, Proceedings of the ACM symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Asheville, CA, pp.45-54. Rennison, E. 1994. Galaxy of news: an approach to visualizing and understanding expansive news landscape, Proceedings of the ACM symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Marina del Rey, CA, November 2 4, pp.3 12. Resnick, P., Neophytos, I., Mileth, S., Bergstrom, P. and Riedl, J. 1994. GroupLens: an open architecture for collaborative filtering of Netnews, Proceedings of Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp.175-186. Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D. and Card, S.K. 1991. Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information, Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, New Orleans, April 27 - May 2, pp.189-194. Robins, D. 2000. Shifts of focus on various aspects of user information problems during interactive information retrieval, Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51(10), pp.913-928. Rusch-Feja, D. and Siebesky, U. 1999. Evaluation of usage and acceptance of electronic journals, D-Lib Magazine 5 (10) (October 1999) Available at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october99/rusch- feja/10rusch-feja-summary.html Shardanand, U. and Maes, P. 1995. Social information filtering: algorithms for automating Word of Mouth, Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 7 - 11, Denver, CO, pp.210-217. Shneiderman, B. 1998. Designing the user interface: strategies for effective humancomputer interaction, 3rd edition. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

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Van de Sompel, H. and Beit-Arie, O. 2001. Open linking in the scholarly information environment using the Open URL Framework. D-Lib Magazine 7 (3) (March 2001). Available at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march01/vandesompel/03vandesompel.html Walker, J.H. 1987. Document Examiner: delivering interface for hypertext documents. Proceedings of ACM Conference on Hypertext, November 13 15, Chapel Hill NC, pp.307-323. Wilensky, R. 2000. Digital library resources as a basis for collaboration work, Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 51(3), pp.228-245. Xie, H. 2000. Shifts of interactive intentions and information-seeking strategies in interactive information retrieval. Journal of the American Society of Information Science 51 (9), pp.841-857.

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Table 1. E-Journals and Interactive Features

Innovative Features, Functionality and Contents

Example(s) of E-Journals Offering these Features, Functionality and Contents

Citation Indexed e-journals that offer e.g. lists of Cited By, Articles Citing This Article, cite-tracking service and collaborative reference linking service that makes it possible to link from a reference citation in one journal to the cited article in the same or a different journal

British Medical Journal http://www.bmj.com/ CrossRef http://www.crossref.org/ Institute of Physics (UK) Electronic Journals http://www.iop.org/EJ/

Indexing and Extended Searching e-journals that enable semantic indexing, search by issues, categories and information space

Centre de Donnes Astronomiques de Strasbourg/Astrophysical Journal (1994-2000) http://cdsweb.u strasbg.fr/ Conservative Ecology http://www.consecol.org/Journal/ Exploit Interactive http://www.exploit -lib.org/ Journal of Universal Computer Science http://www.jucs.org/jucs/ Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research http://www.jair.org/ New England Journal of Medicine http://www.nejm.org/ Sciences stke (Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) http://stke.sciencemag.org/

Multiple Access/Search e-journals that allow users multiple publishers searching/search across various journal sites

CatchWord http://www.catchword.com/ CrossRef http://www.crossref.org/ HighWire Press http://highwire.stanford.edu/ US Department of Energy Office of Science & Technical Information http://www.osti.gov/

Virtual E-Journals e-journals in a specific subject discipline that are composed of relevant articles selected from a range of other e-journals

Sciences stke (Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) http://stke.sciencemag.org/ Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research http://www.vjbio.org/ Virtual Journal of Helsinki Medical Research http://www.terkko.helsinki.fi/vjhmr/ Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology http://www.vjnano.org/

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Advanced Displays e-journals that provide the ability to display results of a search in an alternative format, e.g. using visualisation to produce a view of the relationships between articles (e.g. a 3D map)

Centre de Donnes Astronomiques de Strasbourg/Astrophysical Journal (1994-2000) http://cdsweb.u strasbg.fr/ Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research The Information Space http://www.infoarch.ai.mit.edu/jair/jair- space.html/

Annotative & Collaborative E-Journals e-journals that allow users to comment on the text of an article either as an annotation or as a separate component. These journals also provide links to discussion lists, discussion forums, commentaries and databases of reviews.

British Medical Journal http://www.bmj.com/ Conservative Ecology http://www.consecol.org/Journal/ Cultivate Interactive http://www.cultivate-int.org/ Internet Photochemistry and Photobiology http://www.photobiology.com/index2.htm/ Institute of Physics (UK) Electronic Journals http://www.iop.org/EJ/ Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research http://www.jair.org/ Journal of Interactive Media in E ducation http://www-jime.open.ac.uk/ Journal of Universal Computer Science http://www.jucs.org/jucs MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research http://nsr.mij.mrs.org/ Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/ Psycoloquy http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/psyc.html/ Sociological Research Online http://www.socresonline.org.uk/ Sciences stke (Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) http://stke.sciencemag.org/

Concurrent Searching of Other Information Sources - e-journals that allow concurrent searching of other information sources e.g. online databases, directories, conference proceedings and reviews. These journals provide either explicit or implicit access to these sources either as a separate database or as a link to these sources.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers http://www.asae.org/ British Medical Journal http://www.bmj.com/ Institute of Physics (UK) Electronic Journals http://www.iop.org/EJ/ MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research http://nsr.mij.mrs.org/ New England Journal of Medicine http://www.nejm.org/ Sciences stke (Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) http://stke.sciencemag.org/

E mbedded Supplemental Data/Computer Codes e-journals that include computer codes (for analysing data) or data sets/supplemental data (analysed in an article) so that users can get direct access to these.

Conservation Ecology http://www.consecol.org/Journal/ Internet Archaeology http://intarch.ac.uk/ Internet Journal of Chemistry http://www.ijc.com/ Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research http://www.jair.org/

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Multimedia E -Journals e-journals that embed/integrate multimedia within text of articles e.g. audio/video files, 2D or 3D models.

ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics http://www.jea.acm.org/ American Communication Journal http://www.americancomm.org/~aca/acj/acj.html/ Biochemical Journal Online http://www.BiochemJ.org/ Combustion Theory and Modelling http://www.iop.org/Journals/ct / Conservation Ecology http://www.consecol.org/Journal/ E-Law http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/ Earth Interactions http://EarthInteractions.org/ Genome Research http://www.genome.org/ Interactive Multimedia Journal for Computer-Enhanced Learning http://imej.wfu.edu/ Internet Archaeology http://intarch.ac.uk/ Internet Journal of Chemistry http://www.ijc.com/ Journal for MultiMedia History http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/ Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research http://www.jair.org/ Journal of Interactive Media in Education http://www-jime.open.ac.uk/ Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music http://www.sscm.harvard.edu/jscm/ Nanotechnology http://www.iop.org/Journals/na/ New Astronomy http://www.elsevier.com/locate/newast / New Journal of Physics http://njp.org/ Sociological Research Online http://www.socresonline.org.uk/ Stroke http://stroke.ahajournals.org/ Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/SNDE/ Videre http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/Videre/ World Wide Web Journal of Biology http://epress.com/w3jbio/

Personalised E-Journals e-journals that allow users to create personalised version of the journal as defined by users from pre-established categories, keywords or automated interest profiling based upon user behaviour. These journals also allow for customisation (e.g. of main menu), setting up of personal default services, personal folders/collections and filing cabinets of articles/collections, personal profiles and filters, journal lists and personal homepages (that link to the journal).

BioMedNet http://bmn.com / Institute of Physics (UK) Electronic Journals http://www.iop.org/EJ/ ScienceDirect (Elsevier Science) http://www.sciencedirect.com/ Sciences stke (Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) http://stke.sciencemag.org/ Synergy (Blackwell Science and Munksgaard) http://www.blackwellscience.com/synergy/Default.htm/

Translation Services e-journals that offer translation services for articles

Cultivate Interactive http://www.cultivate-int.org/

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