Lecture 1- Introduction to Fiber Optics

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.1

Fiber-Optic Network Applications

Main application: digital transmission
Voice, telephone Data
IP Networks ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, etc. Distributed Computing and Databases Video, Multimedia

Note: Trafc generated by data -centric application (mainly IP) is rapidly surpassing the voice -centric trafc

Microwave Photonics
Fiber/Wireless Hybrid Fiber/Coax

Other applications
Fiber/Wireless Hybrid Fiber/Coax

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.2

Network Classication
Enterprise Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Public Networks
Access networks Undersea Networks

Local Area Networks (LANs)

Local Exchange Networks Metropolitan Area Networks ( MANs )

Interexchange Networks

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.3

Public Networks
Central Ofce (CO)

Local Access Network

Metropolitan Local-exchange Network

Long Haul Interexchange Network

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.4

Enterprise Networks

LAN

CO POP

MAN WAN Point-of-Presence (POP)

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.5

Evolution of Fiber-Optic Point-to-Point Transmission

Low loss Single Multimode mode optical ber-optic bers 1 dB/km waveguides @ 1310 nm >5dB/km attenuation Early 80s Early 70s Room temperature GaAs LEDs and multimode FP Lasers @ 830 nm Multimode Fabry-Perot 1310 nm lasers Operation in the low loss window of 0.2 dB/km @ 1550 nm but high dispersion @ 1550 nm Mid to Late 80s Multichannel erbium doped ber ampliers (EDFAs) @ 1550 nm deployed. Late 80s to Early 90s Mid 90s Development of single frequency DFB 1310 nm and 1550 nm lasers New dispersion shifted ber yields Zero dispersion @ 1550 nm and 0.5 dB/km loss @ 1310 nm Multichannel WDM @1550 nm. Number of channels and channel spacing limited by ber four-wave mixing (FWM) 4th Generation Mid 90s Optical Solitons, dispersion compensation AT&T True Wave Fiber and Corning Large Optical Core Fiber reduce ber FWM

1st Generation

2nd Generation

3rd Generation

5th Generation

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.6

Transmission Bandwidth Evolution

10

10

10

10

8 x 10 Gbps 280 km

10

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

W M D T M D
5 4 3 8 x 20 Gbps 300 km
1 x 2 0 0 Gb

1 0 0

k m

273 x 40 Gbps 117 km 160 x 40 Gbps 85 km 35 x 40 Gbps 132 x 20 Gbps 85 km 40 x 40 Gbps 120 km 7 x 200 Gbps 400 km 50 km 1 x 1.28 Tbps 70 km 50 x 20 Gbps 600 km 10 x 100 Gbps 100 x 10 Gbps 400 km 1 x 640 Gbps 40 km 100 km 1 x 400 Gbps 1 x 200 Gbps 40 km 1000 km
ps

1 x 100 Gbps 200 km 1 x 40 Gbps 80 km

1 x 40 Gbps 406 km

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Ye a r

1.7

Capacity and Repeater Spacing

1st Generation
LED Tx MMF 10 km SMF 1.31 m MM Laser Tx Rx 50 km SMF Rx 100 km 2.5 Gbps to 10 Gbps Few 100 Mbps to 1.7 Gbps

Regenerator
Rx 50 to 100 Mbps

2nd Generation

3rd Generation
1.55 m SM Laser Tx

4th Generation
SM DFB Laser Tx (1) SM DFB Laser Tx (2) SM DFB Laser Tx (31) ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal SMF 100s km

EDFA DeMUX

Rx Rx Rx

2.5 Gbps to 10 Gbps per wavelength. 8 to 128 wavelengths

MUX

1.8

Evolution of Fiber-Optic Networks

High performance data communications. Serial HIPPI standard introduced, ber at 1.2 Gbps. Fiber Channel standard introduced at 200, Late 90s Mid to 400 and 800 Mbps. Layered Networking. ATM and IP over SONET.

Point-to-point ber links connected to electronic switching equipment Late 80s First MANs. 100 Mbps FDDI and 200 Mbps ESCON for data communications. SONET and SDH for Telecommunications.

Introduction of Optical Channel (OC) layer by the ITU. Routing in the optical layer. Late 90s Fixed wavelength add/drop multiplexing. Protection and survivability in the optical layer.

Optical wavelength conversion. Optical regeneration. Optical packet switching. Late 00s Early to late 2000 Recongurable WDM add/drop multiplexers. Optical crossconnects

1st Generation

2nd Generation

3rd Generation

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.9

1.2 Basic Fiber Optic Link and Multiplexing Techniques

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.10

Basic ber point-to-point link

Data Optical source Modulator Transmitter Repeater or Optical Amplier Optical ber Link interface

Link interface

Photo detector

Amplication and Signal Processing

Demodulator

Data recovery Clock recovery

Data

Clock

Receiver
ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal 1.11

Multiplexing Techniques
Multiplexing is the technique used to carry several different information channels on a common physical medium. The four alternatives are:
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Frequency Division Multiplexing, indicated as Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in optics Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) Code Division Multiplexing (CDMA) Multilevel coding

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.12

Multiplexing Techniques
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Channel 1
B bits/sec NB bits/sec B bits/sec Example: SONET multiplexing, allowing also different bit rates to be multiplexed

. . . Channel N
TB = 1/B
B bits/sec

MUX

Channel 2

TB/N = 1 /NB
TDM is usually performed in the electronic domain, but is is now done also in the optical domain, for bit rates greater or equal to 40Gb/s

Time Division Multiplexer

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.13

Multiplexing Techniques
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Channel 1
1
B bit/sec Optical Power

1 N

B bit/sec

. . . Channel N
N
B bit/sec

-MUX

Channel 2

1 2

. . .

N
Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM Mux) NB bit/sec

It is the most common multiplexing approach in the optical domain.

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.14

Multiplexing Techniques
Wavelength Division/Subcarrier Multiplexing (WDM/SCM)
f1
Channel 1 B bits/sec Channel 2 B bits/sec . X
RF Combiner Optical transmitter

f2

fN

1f1 1fN 2f1 2fN Mf1 MfN Optical transmitter

. . .

B bits/sec B bits/sec

. . .

B bits/sec B bits/sec

1 (1)

. .

. . .

B bits/sec B bits/sec

B bits/sec

2 (2)

-MUX

Channel N

MNB bits/sec

. . .
Optical transmitter ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

M (M)

1.15

Other Multiplexing and Coding Techniques

Space Division Multiplexing:
use of several bers belonging to the same bundle

Polarization Multiplexing:
Using orthogonal states of polarization in ber to transmit independent data streams

Code Division Multiplexing

Initially known as spread-spectrum, a particular kind of multiplexing based on the product between the useful signals and orthogonal pseudorandom sequences (mostly used in RF/wireless applications, like in third generation wireless phone)

Multilevel Coding
Bandwidth efcient way to increase channel bit-rate without requiring more modulation bandwidth.

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.16

Fiber-Optic Network Applications

Main application: digital transmission
Voice, telephone Data
IP Networks ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, etc. Distributed Computing and Databases Video, Multimedia

Microwave Photonics
Fiber/Wireless Hybrid Fiber/Coax

Note: Trafc generated by data -centric application (mainly IP) is rapidly surpassing the voice -centric trafc

Other applications
Fiber/Wireless Hybrid Fiber/Coax

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.17

Transmission Bandwidth Evolution

10

10

10

10

8 x 10 Gbps 280 km

10

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

W M D T M D
5 4 3 8 x 20 Gbps 300 km
1 x 2 0 0 Gb

1 0 0

k m

273 x 40 Gbps 117 km 160 x 40 Gbps 85 km 35 x 40 Gbps 132 x 20 Gbps 85 km 40 x 40 Gbps 120 km 7 x 200 Gbps 400 km 50 km 1 x 1.28 Tbps 70 km 50 x 20 Gbps 600 km 10 x 100 Gbps 100 x 10 Gbps 400 km 1 x 640 Gbps 40 km 100 km 1 x 400 Gbps 1 x 200 Gbps 40 km 1000 km
ps

1 x 100 Gbps 200 km 1 x 40 Gbps 80 km

1 x 40 Gbps 406 km

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Ye a r

1.18

Evolution of Fiber-Optic Point-to-Point Transmission

Low loss Single Multimode mode optical ber-optic bers 1 dB/km waveguides @ 1310 nm >5dB/km attenuation Early 80s Early 70s Room temperature GaAs LEDs and multimode FP Lasers @ 830 nm Multimode Fabry-Perot 1310 nm lasers Operation in the low loss window of 0.2 dB/km @ 1550 nm but high dispersion @ 1550 nm Mid to Late 80s Multichannel erbium doped ber ampliers (EDFAs) @ 1550 nm deployed. Late 80s to Early 90s Mid 90s Development of single frequency DFB 1310 nm and 1550 nm lasers New dispersion shifted ber yields Zero dispersion @ 1550 nm and 0.5 dB/km loss @ 1310 nm Multichannel WDM @1550 nm. Number of channels and channel spacing limited by ber four-wave mixing (FWM) 4th Generation Mid 90s Optical Solitons, dispersion compensation AT&T True Wave Fiber and Corning Large Optical Core Fiber reduce ber FWM

1st Generation

2nd Generation

3rd Generation

5th Generation

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.19

DWDM Link Evolution

1st Generation
LED Tx MMF 10 km SMF 1.31 m MM Laser Tx Rx 50 km SMF Rx 100 km 2.5 Gbps to 10 Gbps Few 100 Mbps to 1.7 Gbps Rx 50 to 100 Mbps

2nd Generation

3rd Generation
1.55 m SM Laser Tx

4th Generation
SM DFB Laser Tx (1) SMF 100s km

EDFA DeMUX

Rx Rx 2.5 Gbps to 40 Gbps per wavelength.

SM DFB Laser Tx (2) SM DFB Laser Tx (N)

MUX

Rx

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

Optoelectronic Regenerator

1.20

Basic Fiber Optic Point-to-Point Link

Data Optical source Modulator Transmitter Repeater or Optical Amplier Optical ber Link interface

Link interface

Photo detector

Amplication and Signal Processing

Demodulator

Data recovery Clock recovery

Data

Clock

Receiver
ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal 1.21

Basic Communication System

data

Block Coding

Line Coding

Transmitter

Receiver

Line Coding

Block Coding

data

Block Coding Error Correction Redundancy Overcome noise and transmission impairments E.g. FEC, Turbo -Codes

Line Coding DC balance Redundancy E.g Manchester Codes

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.22

Link Capacity and Spectral Efciency

Capacity of an optical communications channel is the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted without error for a given noise, bandwidth and power. Capacity can be calculated independent of modulation, coding or decoding technique For a WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexed) optical communications system

S = Spectral Efficiency =

Capacity per Channel C Bits/Second = = Channel Spacing f Hz

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.23

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

Optical Amplier Noise Signal-Spontaneous Noise Spontaneous-Spontaneous Noise Dispersive Channel Noise Mode Partition Noise (MPN) Transmitter Noise Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) Dispersion induced jitter Receiver Noise Shot noise, APD noise Thermal noise Amplier noise Clock Jitter

t Laser Transmitter Mode Phase noise partition noise (MPN)

t EDFA

t Receiver

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.24

Optical Modulation Basics

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.25

Modulation Basics (I)

Dene
Rb = bit rate = bits/second Rc = added redundancy per bit to improve SNR = baud = symbols/second B = occupied bandwidth per channel M = number of points in signal constellation

Binary Modulation
One bit per symbol

Non-Binary Modulation
More than one bit per symbol

No inter-symbol interference (ISI) Rs B Error correction

Rc Rc

Information bit rate per channel in one polarization state

1 =1

Rb = Rs Rc log 2 M
1.26

No error correction

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

Binary Intensity Modulation

The primary modulation format used for commercially deployed optical systems are intensity modulation (optical power modulation)
T B

Non Return to Zero NRZ Return to Zero RZ (50 % dc) Pulsed RZ (gaussian-like or soliton -like pulses, can be less than 50% dc)

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.27

Optical spectrum for intensity modulation

If the intensity modulation is imposed to the optical signal together with unwanted phase or frequency modulation (e.g chirp under direct laser modulation, excess laser phase noise)
The resulting optical spectrum is larger than the bit rate

If the modulation is a (nearly) pure intensity modulation, without any accompanying phase/frequency shift (e.g. external modulation)
The resulting spectrum has a primary lobe that occupies the order of the bit rate

P( f )

2 BR

Qualitative Optical Spectrum for NRZ ideal intensity modulation (external modulation)

f
ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

f0

1.28

Coherent Binary Modulation

T
B

Electrical Binary Signal

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Constant Amplitude Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.29

Binary Signal Constellations

Binary Intensity Modulation/Direct Detect (IM/DD) Two-Level PSK

Py(y|ZERO)

Py(y|ONE)

ZERO
2R Ps PLOT

ONE y
2R Ps PLOT

M = average power in 1 bit 0 = variance of signal independent noise Ps = average signal power PLO = average local oscillator power T = bit period

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.30

Quadrature Multi-Level Modulation

Both optical phase and amplitude can be used to code symbols per bit N-ASK is N-level amplitude shift keying (generalization of ASK): along amplitude axis N-PSK is N-level phase shift keying (PSK): along phase axis N-QAM is quadrature amplitude modulation: 2D in amplitude and phase Receiver must isolate one point in constellation per bit Noise makes more difcult to isolate symbol (SNR) 2-D space can be increased to 3 and 4-D by allowing temporal modulation of phase and amplitude phase N = 32 N = 64 Amplitude and phase noise

N = 4 amplitude N = 16 N = 8

ECE 228A Fall 2007Daniel J. Blumenthal

1.31