2009-2012

John Yeary

Advanced Class Design

Oracle Certied Professional, Java SE 7 Programmer Module 2

Module 2 - Objectives
Identify when and how to apply abstract classes. Construct abstract Java classes and subclasses. Use the static and nal keywords. Create top-level and nested classes. Use enumerated types.

Abstract Classes
A class declared as abstract can not be instantiated, and must

be sub-classed. as abstract.

A class is must be declared abstract if any method is declared Fields declared in an abstract class are not public, static, or

nal by default like an interface. 9.3

If an abstract class contains only abstract methods, it should

be declared as an interface.

Abstract Classes (cont.)

If a class implements an interface, but does not provide an

implementation for all of the interface methods, it must be declared as abstract.

An enum can not be declared as abstract. An abstract class is used to encapsulate elds and behaviors

which are expected in sub-classes.

nal modier
nal can be applied to classes, elds, and methods.8.1.1.2,

8.3.1.2, and 8.4.3.3

A nal class can not be sub-classed. All methods of a nal class are nal, and can not be

overridden.

A static nal eld that is not denitely assigned must be

initialized by a static initializer. 8.3.1.2 at the end every constructor. 8.3.1.2

A nal eld that is not denitely assigned must be initialized

nal modier
A method can be declared nal to prevent sub-classes from

overriding, or hiding it. 8.4.3.3

At run-time, a machine-code generator or optimizer can "inline" the

body of a nal method, replacing an invocation of the method with the code in its body. The inlining process must preserve the semantics of the method invocation. 8.4.3.3

Local eld declarations can be nal. A resource of a try-with-resources statement (14.20.3) and an

exception parameter of a multi-catch clause (14.20) are implicitly declared nal. 4.12.4

static modier
A static class modier can be only applied to member classes

(inner classes). 8.1.1 (created). 8.3.1.1

A static eld is incarnated when the class in initialized A static method is also called a class method. A static method can be invoked without reference to a

specic instance of the object.

static nal modiers

A eld declared as static and nal is considered a

constant.9.3

If the eld is a primitive, or String and its value is known at

compile time. It is a compile time constant. The compiler replaces all instances with the actual value.

Class Declaration
A public class must be in a source le which has the same name as

the public class name.7.6

Any number of individual classes may be in a given source le as

long as none are declared public. contained.

The source le does not need to be named for any of the classes import and package declarations apply to all classes within the

source le.

Class Declaration (cont.)

If there is a package declaration, it must be the rst item occurring

before any imports, or class declarations. and before the class declaration.

If there are any imports, they must occur after the package name, A class may be declared inside of another class (enclosing class).

This results in a member class, or inner-class. classes.

There are two types of nested (inner-classes): static, and instance A class may created as an anonymous inner-class by directly

implementing an interface.

enum types
An enum can not be abstract. 8.9 An enumerated type can not be cloned. 8.9 It is a compile time error to explicitly instantiate an enum.

15.9.1
An enum contains constants which form the body of the

enumeration. 8.9.1
You can use == or equals to determine equality since

there is only one enum constant. 8.9.1

enum types (cont.)

It is a compile-time error if a constructor declaration of an

enum type is public or protected. 8.9.2

If an enum type has no constructor declarations, then a

private constructor that takes no parameters (to match the implicit empty argument list) is automatically provided. 8.9.
An enum constant is implicitly static and nal. 16.5 A nested enum is implicitly static. 8.9 An enum may not be local, nor can it be inside an inner class.

enum types (cont.)

An enum can be used in place of a primitive int type in a case

statement.

The use of enum in a case statement is a vast improvement

over using simple primitives.

enum example
public enum Coin { PENNY(1), NICKEL(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25); Coin(int value) { this.value = value; } private nal int value; public int value() { return value; } }

References
Java Language Specication, Java SE 7 Edition, James Gosling,

Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha, and Alex Buckley.

Preparation for Java Programmer Language Certication Sun Certied Java Programmer for Java 6 Study Guide, Kathy

Sierra, and Bert Bates

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