PARTS OF THE ABACUS

Side View

I-Sit upright 2-Do not lean against the chair

Front View

3-Place your feet flat on the floor , as shown in the diagram above . 4-Do not cross your legs . 2

6-Place the middle finger of your left hand on the clearing device . 7-Your arms must not touch the table . 8-Place the abacus about 10 centimeters away from the edge of the table .

Grip a pencil with the ring finger and the little finger of your right hand . 4

The thumb moves the lower beads towards the beam . ( move up lower beads ) The forefinger moves the lower beads away from the beam .

THUMB

FOREFINGER

The middle finger moves the upper beads towards and away from the beam . ( move up and move down upper beads )

( move down lower beads ) MIDDLE FINGER

Lets visualise the abacus !

I-Lay down .

2-Close your eyes .

3-Visualise the frame , the beam , the rods , the upper beads and the lower beads .

Lets Learn Mathematics Using the Abacus with Walid , Amer , Dalal , Jamal and Zena !
Amer Dalal Jamal

Zena

Walid

Lets say !

One tiger

Two Roosters

2
8

Three dogs

Four giraffes

4
9

Lets count !
Lets count the yellow apples . How many yellow apples are there ?

One

2
two three

4
10

four

Lets count with the beads !

One

2
two three

4
11

four

Lets practice !
Use your thumb and forefinger to move the beads !

One

up I

down I

2
two three

up 2

down 2

up 3

down 3

up 4

down 4

four 12

Lets write !

13

Lets visualise !

One

two

three

four 14

Five elephants

5
Six bears

6
15

Seven cows

Eight camels

16

Nine sheeps

9
17

Lets count !
Lets count the yellow apples . How many yellow apples are there ?

Five

5
Six

6
Seven

8
18

Eight

nine

Lets count with the beads !

Five

5 6
Six

Seven

8
19

Eight

nine

Lets practice !

Five

5 6
Six
use your middle finger

up 5
use your middle finger

down 5

up 6
use your thumb and middle finger at the same time

down 6
use your forefinger and middle finger at the same time

Seven

up 7
use your thumb and middle finger at the same time

down 7
use your forefinger and middle finger at the same time

up 8
use your thumb and middle finger at the same time

down 8
use your forefinger and middle finger at the same time

Eight

nine

up 9
use your thumb and middle finger at the same time

down 9
use your forefinger and middle finger at the same time

20

Lets write !

21

Lets write !

22

Lets visualise !

Five

Six

seven eight

nine

23

Lets count on !

one 4

two 5

three

four 6

down four (clear abacus )

7 8

five

six 9

seven

eight

nine

24

Lets count back !

nine 6 5

eight

seven

six 4 3

five

down five (clear abacus )

2

four 1

three

two

one

25

Lets arrange !

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight 26

nine

Is there any orange in the basket ?

No . There is none . There is no orange in the basket . There is zero orange .

zero

27

How many oranges are there in the basket now ? Lets count .

One , two , three , four , Five , six , seven , eight , nine , ten

There are ten oranges in the basket !

ten

28

Lets read and write !

can you write the missing numbers ?

0 I 3 5 9 10

29

Can you count the animals ?

Lets match the answers ! How many birds are there ? How many frogs are there ? How many giraffes are there ? How many grasshoppers are there ? How many roosters are there ? How many bees are there ?

30

How many deers are there ? How many parrots are there ? How many flies are there ? How many dogs are there ?

Is there any tiger in the picture ?

31

Lets compare !

Walid has 2 kites . Zena has 2 kites too .

Walid s and Zenas kites are equal in number .

Amer has 6 eggs . Dalal has 6 chikes .

Amers eggs and Dalals chikes are equal in number .

32

Zena has 2 fishs . Jamal has I fish .

Zenas and Jamals fishs .

are not equal in number . Zena has more fishs . Jamal has less fishs.

5 I

is more than

is larger than is less than

I 5

is smaller than 33

is I more than

is I more than

is I more than

is I more than

is I more than 34

is I less than

is I less than

is I less than

is I less than

is I less than

35

There is I red rooster on the fence . I orange rooster just joined in . There is I more rooster in the farm now . how many roosters are there in the farm altogether ?

lets ADD !

36

What is I more than I ?

0 I 23 4 5
1

is I more than

I and I more is 2
I and I is 2 I add I is 2 I plus I is 2 I plus I equals 2 I+I=2

How do we add using the abacus ?

STEP I : up I

STEP 2 : up I

STEP 3 : equals I

We can add the duks . I duk and I more duk make 2 duks . So , there are 2 duks in the pond .

37

There are 2 duks in the pond . If I more duk joins in , how many duks will there be altogether ? 2 duks and I more duk make . how many duks ? Lets add !

0 1

2 3 4 5

2 and I is 3 2 add I is 3 2 plus I is 3 2 plus I equals 3 2+I=3

Lets use the abacus to add !

STEP I :

up 2

STEP 2 :

up I

STEP 3 :

equals 3

2 duks and I more duk make 3 duks . There will be 3 duks altogether . 38

Zena has I flower . Jamal has 2 flowers . How many flowers are there altogether? Lets add ! I + 2 = ?

STEP I : up I

STEP 2 : up 2

STEP 3 : equals 3

I + 2 = 3

There are 3 flowers altogether ! 39

Amer has 2 drums . Dalal has 2 drums . How many drums are there altogether ? Lets add ! 2 + 2 = ?

STEP I : up 2

STEP 2 : up 2

STEP 3 : equals 4

2 + 2 = 4 There are 4 drums altogether !

40

Lets practice !

1 + 1 = ?
STEP I : up 1 STEP 2 : up 1 STEP 3 : equals 2

1 + 2 = ?
STEP I : up 1 STEP 2 : up 2 STEP 3 : equals 3

3 + 1 = ?
STEP I : up 3 STEP 2 : up 1 STEP 3 : equals 4

2 + 2 = ?
STEP I : up 2 STEP 2 : up 2 STEP 3 : equals 4

41

There are 2 red bees in the garden . There are also 5 yellow bees in the garden . How many bees are there altogether ? Lets add ! 2 + 5 = ? How do we add using the abacus ?

STEP I : up 2

STEP 2 : up 5

STEP 3 : equals 7

2 + 5 = 7 There are 7 bees ! 42

Dala has 3 balls . How many balls are there altogether ?

Lets add !

Walid has 6 balls .

6 + 3 = ? Lets use the abacus to add !

STEP I : up 6

STEP 2 : up 3

STEP 3 : equals 9

6 + 3 = 9 There are 9 balls ! 43

Lets visualise !
What is I + 8 ?

Step I

I , up I

Step 2 :

plus 8 , up 8

Step 3 :

equals 9

1+8=9
44

Lets visualise !
What is 2 + 7 ?

Step I:

2 ,up 2 plus 7 , up 7

Step 2:

Step 3 :

equals 9

2+7=9
45

Lets count the apples !

How many apples are there altogether ? Lets count them !

There are 5 apples altogether .

How many apples are red ? Lets count ! There are 4 red apples ! How many apples are green ? Lets count again ! There is only I green apple !

3 4

4 red apples plus I green apple . equal 5 apples altogether !

4+1=5
46

Lets count the birds!

How many birds are there altogether ? Lets count them !

There are 5 birds altogether . How many birds are yellow? Lets count ! There are 3 yellow birds! How many birds are brown? Lets count again! There are 2 brown birds! 3 yellow birds plus 2 brown birds. equal 5 birds altogether !

3+2=5
47

The little Friend ! Lets write !

4 + I 4 + I + I 4 + 4 4

= 5 = = 5 = 5

I + 4 I + 4 + 4 I + 5

= 5 = = 5 = 5

4 and I make 5

I and 4 make 5

We say I is the Little Friend of 4

we say 4 is the Little Friend of I

48

The little Friend ! Lets write !

3 + 2 3 + 2 + 2 3 + 5 3

= 5 = = 5 = 5

2 + 3 2 + 3 + 3 2 + 5

= 5 = = 5 = 5

3 and 2 make 5

2 and 3 make 5

We say 2 is the Little Friend of 3

we say 3 is the Little Friend of 2

49

Lets add using the abacus !

4 + 1 = ?
Step I : 4 , up 4 Step 2: plus I , up I?

But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF 1!

Think ! What is the little friend of I? The little friend of I is 4 .

Up 5 , Down little friend . So , Up

5 , Down 4 5

Step 3 : equal

4 + 1 = 5
50

Lets add using the abacus !

3 + 2 = ?
Step I : 3 , up3 Step 2: plus 2 , up 2 ?

But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF 2 !

Think ! What is the little friend of I? The little friend of I is 4 .

5 3

Up 5 , Down little friend .

Step 3 : equal

3 + 2 = 5
51

Lets practise !

3 + 3 = ?
Step I : 3 , up 3 Step 2: plus 3 , up 3
?
But there are not enough lower beads . Think ! What is the little friend of 3? The little friend of 3 is 2 .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF 3 !

5 3 2

Up 5 , Down little friend . So , Up

5 , Down 2

Step 3 : equals 6

3 + 3 = 6
52

Lets practise !

2 + 4 = ?
Step I : 2 , up 2 Step 2: plus 4 , up 4 ?
But there are not enough lower beads . Think ! What is the little friend of 4? The little friend of 4 is I .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF4 !

5 3 2

Up 5 , Down little friend . So , Up

5 , Down 1 6

Step 3 : equals

2 + 4 = 6
53

Lets add !
Zena has 4 flowers. She buys 4 more flowers.

How many flower does Zena have now ? Lets use the abacus to calculate !

4 + 4 = ?
Step I : 4 , up 4 Step 2: plus 4 , up 4 ?
But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF 4 ! Up 5 , Down little friend . Step 3 : equals So , Up

Think ! What is the little friend of 4? The little friend of 4 is I . 5

5 , Down I 8

4 + 4 = 8
54

Lets add zero

Dalal adds I flower into the bowl

There is no flower in the bowl .

How many flower is in the bowl now ?

up I

Lets try the

0+5=?
0

equals I

up 5

equals 5

0 + I0 = ?
0 up I0 equals I0 Adding zero to any number equals the number itself !

55

There are 3 bees in the air.

Look ! the frog is playing With the bees. The frog grabs I bee! There is I less bee in the air . How many bees are left in the air?

lets SUBTRACT !

56

What is I less than 3 ?

is I less than 3 and I less is 2

3 subtract I is 2 3 take away I is 2 3 minus I is 2 2 3 minus I equals 2 3I=2

How do we subtract using the abacus ?

STEP I : up 3

STEP 2 : down I

STEP 3 : equals 2

We can subtract the bees. 3 bees minus I bee is 2 bees. So, there are 2 bees left in the air. 57

Zena has 4 bananas . Zena gives Jamal I banana . How many banana does Zena have left ? Lets subtract ! 4 - I = ?
How do we subtract using the abacus ?

STEP I : up 4

STEP 2 : down I

STEP 3 : equals 3

4 minus I equals 3 4-1=3 Zena has 3 bananas left ! 58

Walid has 4 balloons . 2 balloons burst ! How many balloons are left ? Lets subtract !

4 - 2 = ?
How do we subtract using the abacus ?

STEP I : up 4

STEP 2 : down 2

STEP 3 : equals 2

4-2=2 Walid has 2 balloons left ! 59

Lets practice !

4 - I = ?
STEP I :

up 4

STEP 2 :

down I

equals 3

STEP 3 :

4 - 3 = ?
STEP I :

up 4

down 3

STEP 2 :

equals I

STEP 3 :

3 - 2 = ?
STEP I :

up 3

down 2

STEP 2 :

equals I

STEP 3 :

I - I = ?
STEP I :

up I

STEP 2 :

60

down I

equals 0

STEP 3 :

There are 9 planes in the airport .

3 planes get off the airport .

How many planes are left in the airport? Lets subtract !

9 - 3 = ?

STEP I : up 9

STEP 2 : down 3

STEP 3 : equals 6

9 - 3 = 6
There are 6 planes left in the airport .! 61

There are 8 nuts on the tree. A squirrel takes away 6 nuts . How many nuts are left ? Lets subtract !

8 - 6 = ?

STEP I : up 8

STEP 2 : down 6

STEP 3 : equals 2

8 - 6 = 2
There are 2 nuts left ! 62

Lets visualise !
What is 9- 2 ?

Step I :

9 , up minus 2 , down 2

Step 2 :

Step 3 :

equals 7

92=7
63

Lets visualise !
What is 8 - 5 ?

Step I : Step 2 :

8 , up 8 minus 5 , down 5

Step 3 :

equals 3

85=3
64

What is 6 - 2 ? Step I : 6 , up 6

Step 2: minus 2 , down 2 ?

But there are not enough lower beads !

Use little friends ?

What is the little friend of 2 ?

5 2 ?

How do we use the little friend ?

65

Do you still remember ?

5 2
In addition ,

5 ? 4 ?

to plus , we use little friend like this :

Up 5 , Down little friend

Now , in subtraction , to minus , we use little friend like this :

Up little friend , Down 5

66

So , what is 6 2 ?

Step I : 6 , up 6 Step 2 : minus 2 , down 2 ?

But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF 2 !

Think ! What is the little friend of 2 ? The little friend of 2 is 3 . 5

Up little friend , Down 5 . so , Up

3 , Down 5

Step 3 : equals 4

=
67

Lets practice !

Step I : 5 , up 5 Step 2 : minus 1 , down 1 ?

But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF I !

Think ! What is the little friend of I ? The little friend of I is 4 .
5

Up little friend , Down 5 . so , Up

4 , Down 5

Step 3 : equals 4

68

Lets practice !

Step I : 6 , up 6 Step 2 : minus 3 , down 3 ?

But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF I !

5

Think ! What is the little friend of 3 ? The little friend of 3 is 2 .

Up little friend , Down 5 . so , Up

2 , Down 5

step 3 : equals 3

69

Lets subtract !

Zena wears 7 bracelets. She removes 4 bracelets. How many bracelets does Zena wear now ? Lets use the abacus to calculate !

Step I : 7, up 7 Step 2 : minus 4 , down 4 ?

But there are not enough lower beads .

USE THE LITTLE FRIEND OF 4 !

The little friend of 4 is I .

5 4 I

so , Up

I , Down 5 3
=

Step 3 : equals

3
70

Lets subtract zero !

There are 3 fish in the bowl.

Zena does not grab any fisf.

How many fish is still left in the bowl ?

Up 3

minus 0

equals 3

Lets try the

50=?
Up 5

minus 0

equals 5

10 0 = ?
Subtracting zero from a number equals the number itself !
Up I0 minus 0 equals I0

71

Lets say !

ten apples I0

eleven apples II

twelve apples I2

Thirteen apples I3 72

fourteen apples I4

fifteen apples I5

sixteen apples I6

seventeen apples I7

eighteen apples I8

nineteen apples I9

20 twenty apples 73

Lets read aloud !

I0 and I is I I I ten and I one is I I

I0 and 2 is I2 I ten and 2 ones is I2 I0 and 3 is I3 I ten and 3 ones is I3

I0 and 4 is I4 I ten and 4 ones is I4

I0 and 5 is I5 I ten and 5 ones is I5 74

Lets read aloud !

I0 and 6 is I6 I ten and 6 ones is I6 I0 and 7 is I7 I ten and 7 ones is I7

I0 and 8 is I8 I ten and 8 ones is I8

I0 and 9 is I9 I ten and 9 ones is I9

I0 and I0 is 20 I ten and I0 ones is 20 75

Place Value on the Abacus

Tens Ones

One lower bead at Ones represents I. One lower bead at Tens represents I0 .

I0

Lets try !
How do you move up I I ? I I is I ten and I one . One lower bead at Tens represents I0 . I lower bead at Ones represents I.
Tens Ones Tens Ones Tens Ones

Up I at Tens

STEP I

up I at Ones

STEP 2

II

76

Lets practise !

Twelve

I2

Thirteen

I3

up I2 (up I at Tens , up 2 at Ones )

down I2 (down I at Tens , down 2 at Ones )

fourteen

I4

up I3 (up I at Tens , up 3 at Ones )

down I3 (down I at Tens , down 3 at Ones )

up I4 (up I at Tens , up 4 at Ones )

down I4 (down I at Tens , down 4 at Ones )

Remember ! The bead movement should be from a higher place value to a lower place value .

77

Lets practise !

fifteen

I5 I7

up I5 (up I at Tens , up 5 at Ones )

down I5 (down I at Tens , down 5 at Ones )

seventeen

20
Twenty

up I7 (up I at Tens , up 7 at Ones )

down I7 (down I at Tens , down 7 at Ones )

up 20 (up 2 at Tens ,

down 20 (down 2 at Tens ,

20 is I ten and 10 ones . 10 ones is I ten . 20 is 2 tens 78

Lets write and visualise !

79

Lets write and visualise !

80

81

Zena has I0 apples on the tray . Andi puts 3 more apples on the apple tray. How many apples are there altogether ? What is I0 + 3 ? Lets use the abacus to add !

STEP I : up I0

STEP 2 : up 3

STEP 3 : equals I3

I0 + 3 = I3
There are I3 apples on the egg tray !

82

Walid has I I balls.

how many balls does Amer have? Amer has I I and 6 more balls. Lets add I I and 6 !

Amer has 6 balls more than Walid .

STEP I : up II

STEP 2 : up 6

STEP 3 : equals I7

II + 6 = I7 Amer has I7 balls ! 83

Lets practise !

2 + I5 = ?
STEP I : up 2 STEP 2 : up I5 STEP 3 : equals I7

II + 3 = ?
STEP I : up II STEP 2 : up 3 STEP 3 : equals I4

7 + I0 = ?
STEP I : up 7 STEP 2 : up I0 STEP 3 : equals I7

5 + I3 = ?
STEP I : up 5 STEP 2 : up I3 STEP 3 : equals I8

84

Lets visualise !
What is 2 + II ? Step I:

2 , up 2

Step 2 : plus I I

up I I

Step 3 : equals I3

2 + II = I3
85

Lets count the fruits !

How many red apples ? I How many green apples ? 9 How many apples altogether ? There are I0 apples altogether . How many yellow pears ? 2 How many green pears ? 8 How many pears altogether ? There are I0 pears altogether . How many green grapes ? 3 How many red grapes ? 7 How many grapes altogether ? There are 10 grapes altogether . How many green bananas? 4 How many yellow bananas? 6 How many bananas altogether ? There are I0 bananas altogether . How many yellow oranges ? 5 How many green oranges? 5 How many oranges altogether ? There are I0 oranges altogether

86

The big Friend !

I0
The big friend of I is 9 The big friend of 9 is I

I0 9
The big friend of 2 is 8 The big friend of 8 is 2

I0
The big friend of 3 is 7 The big friend of 7 is 3

I0 7 4 I0
The big friend of 5 is 5

The big friend of 4 is 6 The big friend of 6 is 4

How do we use the big friend to add ? Down big friend at Ones , Carry I at Tens . 87

Lets try !

Step I : 8 , up 8 Step 2 : plus 2 , up 2 ?

But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 2 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 2 ? The big friend of 2 is 8 .

I0 2 8

Down big friend at Ones , Carry Iat Tens . so , Down 8 at Ones , Step 3 : equals 10

Carry I at Tens

I0

88

Lets try !

7
Step I : 7 , up 7

Step 2 : plus 4 , up 4 ?
But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 4 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 4 ? The big friend of 4 is 6 .

I0 4 6

Down big friend at Ones , Carry Iat Tens . so , Down 6 at Ones ,

Carry I at Tens

Step 3 : equals II

=
89

II

Lets try !

5
Step I : 5 , up 5

?
I0 6 4

Step 2 : plus 6 , up 6 ?
But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 6 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 6 ? The big friend of 6 is 4 .

Down 4 at Ones, Carry I at Tens ., How to Down 4 ?Not enough beads ! Remember little friend of 4 ? Down 4 Up I Down 5

5
So , Up I Down 5 , Carry I at Tens Step 3 : equals 11

=
90

II

Lets try !

7
Step I : 7 , up 7

?
I0 7 3

Step 2 : plus 7 , up 7 ?
But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 7 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 7 ? The big friend of 7 is 3 .

Down 3 at Ones, Carry I at Tens ., How to Down 3 ?Not enough beads ! Remember little friend of 3 ? Down 3 Up 2 Down 5

5
So , Up 2 Down 5 , Carry I at Tens . Step 3 : equals II

I4
91

Lets add !

Jamal has 5 pineapples.

Andi has 9 pineapples. How many pineapples are there altogether ? Lets use the abacus to calculate !

Step I : 5 , up 5 Step 2 : plus 9 , up 9 ?

The big friend of 9 is I . But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 9 !

So , Down I at Ones , Carry I at Tens . Not enough beads to Down I

I0 9 I

5 4

So , Up 4 , Down 5 at Ones . Carry I at Tens . Step 3 : equals 14

14
92

Lets add !

Dalal has 8 dolls . Jamal has 6 more dolls than Devi . How many dolls does Jamal have ?

?
I0 9 I 5 4

Step I : 8 , up 8 Step 2 : plus 6 , up 6 ?

The big friend of 6 is 4 . But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 6 !

So , Down 4 at Ones , Carry I at Tens . Not enough beads to Down 4

So , Up I , Down 5 at Ones . Carry I at Tens . Step 3 : equals 14

14
93

Amer has 15 balls . He gives 5 balls to Walid . How many balls does Amer have left ? What is 15 - 5 ? Lets use the abacus to subtract !

STEP I : up I5

STEP 2 : down 5

STEP 3 : equals I0

I5 - 5 = I0 Amer has I0 balls left ! 94

Amer has I8 balls.

Walid has 6 balls less than Walid .

How many balls does Walid have ? Amer has 6 less balls than I8 . Lets subtract 6 from I8. What I8- 6 ?

STEP I : up I8

STEP 2 : down 6

STEP 3 : equals I2

I8 - 6 = I2 Amer has 12 balls ! 95

Lets practice !

II - I = ?
STEP I :

up II

STEP 2 :

down I

equals I0

STEP 3 :

I6 - I0 = ?
STEP I :

up I6

down I0

STEP 2 :

equals 6

STEP 3 :

I7 - 5 = ?
STEP I :

up I7

STEP 2 :

down 5

equals I2

STEP 3 :

I4 - 3 = ?
STEP I :

up I4

STEP 2 :

down 3

equals II

STEP 3 :

96

Lets visualise !
What is I8 - 5 ? Step I: I8 , up I8

Step 2: minus 5 ,

down 5

Step 3: equals I3

8 5 = I3
97

Remember the Big Friend ?

The big friend of I is 9 The big friend of 2 is 8 The big friend of 3 is 7 The big friend of 4 is 6 The big friend of 5 is 5 The big friend of 6 is 4 The big friend of 7 is 3 The big friend of 8 is 2 The big friend of 9 is I

I0 ? ?

Remember ! To add , Down Big Friend at Ones , Carry I at Tens . How do we use the big friend to subtract ? to subtract ? Remove I at Tens , Up Big Friend at Ones. 98

Lets try !

I5

Step I : I5 , up I5 Step 2 : minus 9 , down 9 ?

But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 9 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 9 ? The big friend of 9 is I .

I0 9 1

Remove I at Ones . Up Big Friend at Ones . So , Remove I at Tens

Up I at Ones .

Step 3 : equals 6

I5

6
99

Lets try !

I2

Step I : I2 , up I2 Step 2 : minus 8 , down 8 ?

But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 8 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 8 ? The big friend of 8 is 2 .

5 4 1

Remove I at Ones . Up Big Friend at Ones . So , Remove I at Tens

Up 2 at Ones .

Step 3 : equals 4

I2

4
100

Lets try !

II

Step 2 : minus 6 , down 6 ?

But there are not enough beads at Ones .

Step I : II , up II

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 6 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 6 ? The big friend of 6 is 4 .

I0 6 4

Remove I at Tens , Up 4 at Ones . How to Up 4 ? Not enough beads ! Remember little friend of 4 ? Up 4 Up 5 , Down I

So , Remove

I at Tens , Up 5, Down I at Ones .

Step 3 : equals 5

II

5
101

Lets try !

I3

Step I : I3 , up I3

Step 2 : minus 7 , down 7 ?

But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 7 !

Think ! What is the big friend of 7 ? The big friend of 7 is 3 .

I0 7 3

Remove I at Tens , Up 3 at Ones . How to Up 3 ? Not enough beads ! Remember little friend of 3 ? Up 3 Up 5 , Down 2

3
So , Remove

I at Tens , Up 5, Down 2 at Ones .

Step 3 : equals 6

I3

6
102

Lets subtract !

There I4 candles. 6 candles not lighted . How many candles lighted are ? Lets use the abacus to calculate !

Step I : I4 , up I4

I4

?
I0 6 4 5 I

Step 2 : minus

6 , down 6 ?

But there are not enough beads at Ones .

USE THE BIG FRIEND OF 6 !

The big friend of 6 is 4 . So , Remove I at Tens , Up 4 at Ones . Not enough beads to Up 4

so , Remove I at Tens , Up 5, Down I at Ones . Step 3 : equals

8
=

I4

8
103

Lets look at the beads and say out

2I Twenty one

22 twenty two

23 twenty three

24 twenty four

25 twenty five

26 Twenty six

27 28 twenty seven twenty eight

29 twenty nine

30 thirty

3I thirty one

32 thirty two

33 thirty three

34 thirty four

35 thirty five

36 thirty six

37 thirty seven

38 thirty eight

39 thirty nine

40 forty

104

4I forty one

42 forty two

43 forty three

44 forty four

45 forty five

46 forty six

47 48 forty seven forty eight

49 forty nine

50 fifty

5I fifty one

52 fifty two

53 fifty three

54 fifty four

55 fifty five

56 fifty six

57 fifty seven

58 fifty eight

59 fifty nine

60 sixty

105

6I sixty one

62 sixty two

63 sixty three

64 sixty four

65 sixty five

66 sixty six

67 sixty seven

68 sixty eight

69 sixty nine

70 seventy

7I seventy one

72 seventy two

73 seventy three

74 seventy four

75 seventy five

76 seventy six

77 78 79 seventy seven seventy eight seventy nine

80 eighty

106

8I eighty one

82 eighty two

83 eighty three

84 eighty four

85 eighty five

86 eighty six

87 88 eighty seven eighty eight

89 eighty nine

90 ninety

9I ninety one

92 ninety two

93 ninety three

94 ninety four

95 ninety five

96 ninety six

97 98 ninety seven ninety eight

99 ninety nine

I00 one hundred

107

Lets write and read !

108

Lets write and read !

109

Notes

110