Techno Tutor 2010
Er. Pratik Jariwala Mob. No. : 09327315344 Resi. No. : 0261-2770565
Techno Tutor
(Tuition for Engineering)
CHAPTER 3 : Electric Flux Density, Gausss Law, Divergence & The Divergence Theorem
3.1 : Concept of Electric Flux
Fig. shows a concentric metallic sphere of radius Suppose a positive charge Q is given to this sphere. Then this sphere is enclosed by another concentric metallic sphere of radius b (b>a) as shown in fig. This outer sphere is in the form of to hemispheres. Between these two spheres, a dielectric material is present. The outer sphere is discharged by connecting it momentarily to ground. Then the charge on the outer sphere is measured carefully.
Metal conducting sphere
which forms the inner sphere.
Insulating dielectric material
This is found that the charge on the outer sphere is equal in magnitude to the charge on the inner sphere but opposite in the sign.
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Techno Tutor 2010
Hence there is a sort of displacement from the inner sphere to the outer sphere which is independent of the medium between two spheres and this is known as displacement of flux or electric flux. Electric flux is denoted by and has the unit Coulomb (C). =Q = flux leaving through a closed surface = charged enclosed by the closed surface = Q
3.2 : Electric Flux Density and Its Relationship With Electric Field Intensity
Fig. (a) shows the flux lines due to some charge distribution. At point P consider a differential area dS to which is perpendicular. Also in the neighbourhood of point P the lines of flux are in the same direction as that of . Then electric flux density is defined as the number flux lines crossing a surface per unit area. It is a vector quantity denoted by . Hence where d is the amount of flux leaving through the area dS. With reference to fig. (b) consider a + Q C charge at the origin of the coordinate system. Let point P (r, , ) lies on the spherical surface of radius r. Then at point P
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= =
and = = = = , where is the relative
Hence = for free space. In general permittivity of the medium.
3.3 : Gausss Law as Applied to Electric Flux Density :
The generalisations of Faradays experiment lead to the following statement, which is known as Gausss law. The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by that surface. Let us consider a distribution of charge shown as a cloud of do not charge in the fig. surrounded by a closed surface of any shape.
NORMAL
If the total charge is Q, then Q coulombs of electric flux will pass through the enclosing surface. At every point on the surface the electric flux density vector will have some value . Let at point P, is a unit vector normal to differential area S located at point P. Then = S and makes an angle with at point P. Then
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= flux crossing = = = =
and the total flux is given by = =
Thus the mathematical formation of Gausss law is
3.4 : Expression for Divergence of :
Z
P
Z X Y Y
Let us consider a small differential volume element in the form of a rectangular box centred at the point P ( , , ) in cartesian coordinate system as shown in fig. The edges are parallel to axes with lengths x, y and Apply Gausss law to this closed surface z.
The left hand side is broken up into six integrals,
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Since the surface element is very small, is essentially constant and
( )=
expand around the point
To determine
(
+
) by using Taylors
series and neglect higher order terms. = at point P is equal = at point P ( , , )
(
+
)=
+
where
is the value of
..
Similarly =
)
( )
( (
+
)= )
..
Adding these integrals we get Similarly
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And
And these results may be collected to yields = Q =
+
=
Volume enclosed by rectangular box = Hence = Q =
)
shrink to zero
Dividing the above expression by
and taking the limit as
Now the divergence of the vector flux density is defined as the outflow of flux from a small closed surface per unit volume shrinks to zero. Divergence of = div = Hence we have div =
3.5 : Maxwells First Equation In Electrostatics:
According to Gausss law
Dividing both side of above equation by v, and take the limit as the volume shrinks to zero, we have
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Now the volume charge density is defined as
And divergence of electric flux density by Hence we have . This is Maxwells first equation in electrostatics. It states that The electric flux per unit volume charge density, there. This equation is the point form of Gausss law. The del operator is defined only in cartesian coordinate system by the equation. = Let = Then , + = + .
+ +
) ( =
Which is same as div . Hence = div =
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Techno Tutor 2010 3.6 : State And Prove Divergence Theorem :
According to Gausss law And from the definition of volume charge density, we have And from Maxwells first equation in electrostatics, we have = Hence
From the first and last expressions we have
which is the divergence theorem. It states that The integral of the normal components of any vector field over a closed surface is equal to the divergence of this vector field throughout the volume enclosed by the closed surface.
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