Worksheet 2.

7 Logarithms and Exponentials

Section 1 Logarithms
The mathematics of logarithms and exponentials occurs naturally in many branches of science. It is very important in solving problems related to growth and decay. The growth and decay may be that of a plant or a population, a crystalline structure or money in the bank. Therefore we need to have some understanding of the way in which logs and exponentials work. Denition: If x and b are positive numbers and b = 1 then the logarithm of x to the base b is the power to which b must be raised to equal x. It is written logb x. In algebraic terms this means that

if y = logb x x = by

then

The formula y = logb x is said to be written in logarithmic form and x = by is said to be written in exponential form. In working with these problems it is most important to remember that y = logb x and x = by are equivalent statements. Example 1 : If log4 x = 2 then x = 42 x = 16 Example 2 : We have 25 = 52 . Then log5 25 = 2. Example 3 : If log9 x =
1 2

then x = 92 x = 9 x = 3
1

Example 4 : If log2

y 3

= 4 then y 3 y 3 y y = 24 = 16 = 16 3 = 48

Exercises: 1. Write the following in exponential form: (a) log3 x = 9 (b) log2 8 = x (c) log3 27 = x 2. Write the following in logarithm form: (a) y = 34 (b) 27 = 3x (c) m = 42 3. Solve the following: (a) log3 x = 4 (b) logm 81 = 4 (c) logx 1000 = 3 (d) log2
x 2

(d) log4 x = 3 (e) log2 y = 5 (f) log5 y = 2

(d) y = 35 (e) 32 = x5 (f) 64 = 4x

=5

(e) log3 y = 5 (f) log2 4x = 5

Section 2 Properties of Logs

Logs have some very useful properties which follow from their denition and the equivalence of the logarithmic form and exponential form. Some useful properties are as follows: logb mn m logb n logb ma logb m = logb m + logb n = logb m logb n = a logb m = logb n if and only if Page 2 m=n

Note that for all of the above properties we require that b > 0, b = 1, and m, n > 0. Note also that logb 1 = 0 for any b = 0 since b0 = 1. In addition, logb b = 1 since b1 = b. We can apply these properties to simplify logarithmic expressions. Example 1 : logb xy = logb xy logb z z = logb x + logb y logb z

Example 2 : log5 5p = p log5 5 = p1 = p Example 3 : log2 (8x) 3 =

1

1 log2 8x 3 1 = [log2 8 + log2 x] 3 1 [3 + log2 x] = 3 1 = 1 + log2 x 3

Example 4 : Find x if 2 logb 5 + 1 logb 9 logb 3 = logb x 2

1

logb 52 + logb 9 2 logb 3 logb 25 + logb 3 logb 3 logb 25 x

= = = =

logb x logb x logb x 25

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Example 5 : log2 8x3 = 2y = = = = log2 8x3 log2 2y log2 8 + log2 x3 [log2 2 + log2 y] 3 + 3 log2 x [1 + log2 y] 3 + 3 log2 x 1 log2 y 2 + 3 log2 x log2 y

Exercises: 1. Use the logarithm laws to simplify the following: (a) log2 xy log2 x2
8x2 y

(b) log2

+ log2 2xy

(d) log4 (xy)3 log4 xy 2. Find x if:

(c) log3 9xy 2 log3 27xy (e) log3 9x4 log3 (3x)2

(b) logb 30 logb 52 = logb x (c) logb 8 + logb x2 = logb x

(a) 2 logb 4 + logb 5 logb 10 = logb x

(d) logb (x + 2) logb 4 = logb 3x (e) logb (x 1) + logb 3 = logb x

Section 3 The Natural Logarithm and Exponential

The natural logarithm is often written as ln which you may have noticed on your calculator. ln x = loge x The symbol e symbolizes a special mathematical constant. It has importance in growth and decay problems. The logarithmic properties listed above hold for all bases of logs. If you see log x written (with no base), the natural log is implied. The number e can not be written

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exactly in decimal form, but it is approximately 2.718. Of course, all the properties of logs that we have written down also apply to the natural log. In particular, ey = x and ln x = y

are equivalent statements. We also have e0 = 1 and ln 1 = 0. Example 1 : eloge a = a Example 2 : ea loge x = eloge x = xa
a

Example 3 : loge e2y = 2y loge e = 2y Example 4 : loge

x2 5

= 2 loge x loge 5

Exercises: 1. Use your calculator to nd the following: (a) ln 1.4 (b) ln 0.872 (c) ln 6.43.8 10 (d) e0.62 (e) e3.8 2. Simplify the following (a) log x2 log xy + 4 log y
1

(f) (e0.24 )2 (h) 6e4.1 (i) (j) e

e8.2 1068 2.4

(g) e1.4 e0.8

e6.1 (8 + ln 2)

(b) ln(8x) 2 + ln 4x2 ln(16x) 2 (c) e6 e6

(d) 12e7 6e2 (e) ln e2 (f) ln(e2 ln e3 )

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3. Find x in each of the following: (a) ln x = 2.7 (b) ln(x + 1) = 1.86 (d) 6.27 = ex (c) x = e9.8 e7.6 (e) 4.12 = e2x

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Exercises 2.7 Logarithms and Exponentials

1. Evaluate (a) log10 1000 (b) log4 1 (c) log3 27 (d) log2
1 4

(e) loga ax 2. Solve for x (a) log4 x = 2 (b) log 1 x = 4

3

(c) log10 (2x + 1) = 2 (d) log2 64 = x (e) logb 81 = 4 3. (a) Use log laws to solve log3 x = log3 7 + log3 3. (b) Without tables, simplify 2 log10 5 + log10 8 log10 2. i. log10 24 ii. log10
9 8

(c) If log10 8 = x and log10 3 = y, express the following in terms of x and y only: iii. log10 720

4. (a) The streptococci bacteria population N at time t (in months) is given by N = N0 e2t where N0 is the initial population. If the initial population was 100, how long does it take for the population to reach one million? (b) The formula for the amount of energy E (in joules) released by an earthquake is E = 1.74 1019 101.44M where M is the magnitude of the earthquake on the Richter scale. i. The Newcastle earthquake in 1989 had a magnitude of 5 on the Richter scale. How many joules were released? ii. In an earthquake in San Francisco in the 1900s the amount of energy released was double that of the Newcastle earthquake. What was its Richter magnitude?

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Answers 2.7
Section 1 1. (a) x = 39 (b) 8 = 2x 2. (a) 4 = log3 y (b) x = log3 27 3. (a) 81 (b) 3 Section 2
y 1. (a) log2 x (b) 4 + 3 log2 x (c) log3 y 1

(c) 27 = 3x (d) x = 43 (c) 2 = log4 m (d) 5 = log3 y (c) 10 (d) 64

(e) y = 25 (f) y = 52 (e) 5 = logx 32 (f) x = log4 64 (e) 243 (f) 8

(d) 2 log4 (xy) (e) 0 (b)

6 5

2. (a) 8 Section 3 1. (a) 0.34 (b) 0.14 2. (a) ln xy 3 (b)

1 2

(c)

1 8

(d)

2 11

1 (e) 1 2

(c) 0.89 (d) 1.86 (c) 1

(e) 44.70 (f) 1.62

(g) 9.03 (h) 0.10 (e) 2

(i) 3.41 (j) 4.65

ln 8 + 2 ln x

(d) 2e

(f) 2 + ln 3 (e) 0.71

3. (a) 14.88 (b) 5.42

(c) 9.03 (d) 1.84

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Exercises 2.7 1. (a) 3 2. (a) 16 3. (a) 21 (b) 2 (c) i. x + y ii. 2y x iii. 2y + x + 1 (b) 0 (b)
1 81

(c) 3 (c) 49.5 or

99 2

(d) 2 (d) 6

(e) x (e) 3

4. (a) 4.6054 months (b) i. 2.76 1026 Joules ii. 5.2 on the Richter scale.

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