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CIVL 2310 Fluid Mechanics Lecture 1: Flow Concepts and Kinematics

This document provides a summary of the key topics covered in Lecture 1 of CIVL 2310 Fluid Mechanics including: - Reference frames for analyzing fluid motion from both a Lagrangian perspective following fluid elements and an Eulerian perspective using a fixed control volume - Flowlines such as streamlines showing the instantaneous path of particles, pathlines showing the trajectory over time, and streaklines showing particles released from a point - Simplifying fluid flows such as ideal flow assuming no viscosity versus boundary layer flows near surfaces where viscosity is important

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92 views4 pages

CIVL 2310 Fluid Mechanics Lecture 1: Flow Concepts and Kinematics

This document provides a summary of the key topics covered in Lecture 1 of CIVL 2310 Fluid Mechanics including: - Reference frames for analyzing fluid motion from both a Lagrangian perspective following fluid elements and an Eulerian perspective using a fixed control volume - Flowlines such as streamlines showing the instantaneous path of particles, pathlines showing the trajectory over time, and streaklines showing particles released from a point - Simplifying fluid flows such as ideal flow assuming no viscosity versus boundary layer flows near surfaces where viscosity is important

Uploaded by

David Ng
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CIVL 2310 Fluid Mechanics Lecture 1: Flow Concepts and Kinematics

Chapter 3 of Mechanics of Fluids, Merle C. Potter and David C. Wiggert, Brooks/Cole, 2001. Topics Reference frames Flowlines Fluid processes and simplifications

1. Reference frames a) Rigid-body versus fluid mechanics (system vs control volume) Application of Newtons second law (Force=massacceleration) to a rigid-body (system) in free fall gives:

F = ma

d 2s mg = m 2 dt using s=s0 at t=0 ds = V = 0 at t=0 dt

we get

s s0 =

1 2 gt 2

Newtons law is a powerful tool that can provide us with a description of the position of the body (and also the velocity) at each time. Applying the above concepts to fluids is difficult since the definition of the body is not always clear due to continuous deformation (see Fig. 1). Instead, we will concentrate on whole regions of fluid rather than on particular fluid elements. The definition of these regions is arbitrary and is called the control volume.

Figure 1: (a) solid and (b) fluid parcel paths (from Fluid Mechanics, Victor L. Streeter, E. Benjamin Wylie, Keith W. Bedford, McGraw-Hill, 1997).

b) Lagrangian versus Eulerian reference frames A reference frame following a system is called Lagrangian reference frame. A reference frame using the control volume concept is called Eulerian. Key concept: in order to be able to apply the universal laws of mechanics to fluids, we need to adapt them to a suitable system of reference.

2. Flowlines: streamlines, pathlines, streaklines In an Eulerian approach, the velocity is a vector field (bold for vectors), i.e.,
v(x,y,z,t)=ui+vj+wk

Streamline: continuous line drawn through the fluid which has the direction of the velocity vectors at every point.

ds

Figure 2: streamline Since the displacement has the direction of the velocity, we can write: dx dy dz = = u v w Pathline: the successive positions of a particle over time (history) is called a pathline. In unsteady flow a particle can follow different streamlines at different times.

Figure 3: pathlines in unsteady flow Streakline: position of several particles released from the same source point.

Figure 4: streaklines In steady flow all three (streamlines, pathlines and streaklines) coincide.

3. Fluid processes and simplifications Shear stress: internal forces per unit area between neighboring fluid particles. General formulation for both laminar and turbulent flow is given by

u y

where is the viscosity (laminar flow) or eddy viscosity (turbulent flow). Laminar flow: fluid moves in layers along smooth paths Turbulent flow: fluid moves in irregular swirling paths Ideal flow: frictionless and incompressible, with no viscosity Boundary-layer flow: flow close to boundaries in which viscosity can not be neglected. Steady flow: conditions at any point do not change in time, for example: u =0 t Uniform flow: conditions at a given time are the same regardless of position, for example: dv =0 ds

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