8-1

In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle using refrigerant R-134a, saturated vapor enters the compressor at a temperature of 20 C with a volumetric flow rate of 1.5 m3/min. The refrigerant leaves the condenser at 35 C, 10 bar. Determine: a. the compressor power (in kW) b. the refrigerating capacity (in tons) c. the coefficient of performance (COP).

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power. Likewise, an energy balance on the evaporator can be used to calculate the input heat transfer rate.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The system is steady. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. The compressor is isentropic. No work is done in the evaporator. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) For compressor power, apply the energy and mass equations to the compressor. Assume reversible, adiabatic, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and steady. 2 2 V V dE dm = Q W + m h + + g2 m h + + g2 and = m m out dt dt 2 2 in in out where m = V1 v1 Therefore, m1 = m2 = m and W = m(h1 h2 ) = Win For the properties, use the R-134a tables, Appendices B-14B-16: v1 (T1 ,saturated vapor ) = vg1 (T1 ) = 0.1464 m3 / kg , h1 (T1 ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 (T1 ) = 235.31kJ / kg Because of isentropic compression, s2 = s1 , and we want to evaluate h2 ( P2 , s2 )
s1 = sg1 (T1 ) = 0.9332 kJ / kg K

State 2 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation:

3 3

m = (1.5 m / min ) / ( 0.1464 m / kg ) = 10.2 kg / min

W = (10.2 kg )( 235.31 277.14 )

h2 = 277.14 kJ kg . Therefore,

kJ 1min 1kW = 7.11kW kg 60s 1 kJ/s

Win = W = 7.11kW Answer b) To obtain the refrigerating capacity, apply the energy and mass equations to the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator. Assume steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and no work. Therefore, m4 = m1 = m and Q = m ( h1 h4 ) = Qin

Across the throttling value, h4 = h3 and liquid approximation h3 h f 3 (T3 ) = 98.78 kJ / kg Therefore,

h3 (T3 , P3 )

This is a subcooled liquid, so we use the subcooled

kg kJ 1min 1kW Q = 10.2 ( 235.31 98.78 ) min kg 60s 1 kJ / s

Q = Qin = 23.2 kW For the refrigerating capacity in tons, 1ton = 211kJ / min 1kJ/s 60s 1ton Qin = ( 23.2 kW ) = 6.6 tons 1 kW 1min 211kJ/min

Answer

c) Finally, COPRef = Qin Win = 23.2 kW 7.11kW = 3.26 8- 1

Answer

8-2

Refrigerant R-134a is used in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. Saturated vapor at 20 psia enters the compressor, which has an isentropic efficiency of 80%, and leaves at 120 psia. Saturated liquid exits the condenser, and saturated vapor exits the evaporator. The mass flow rate is 15 lbm/min. Determine: a. the compressor power (in hp) b. the refrigerating capacity (in tons) c. the coefficient of performance (COP).

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power. Likewise, an energy balance on the evaporator can be used to calculate the input heat transfer rate.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. 3. The compressor is adiabatic. 4. No work is done in the evaporator. 5. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) Apply the energy and mass equations to the compressor. Assume steady, adiabatic, with negligible potential and kinetic energy effects. Therefore, m1 = m2 = m1 and Win = m ( h2 h1 ) From the R-134a tables, Appendices B-14B-16: h1 ( P ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P ) = 101.39 Btu lbm 1 1 and s1 = sg1 (T1 ) = 0.2227 Btu / lbm R To determine h2 we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency:

C =

h1 h2 s h1 h2

h2 = h1 ( h1 h2 s ) / C

By interpolation in the superheat vapor region at 120 psia, knowing that s2 = s1 :

h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 117.3Btu / lbm h2 = 101.39 (101.39 117.3) / 0.80 = 121.3Btu / lbm
Btu Btu lbm Win = 15 = 298 (121.3 101.39 ) lbm min min Btu 60 min 1hp Answer = 298 = 7.04 hp min 1hr 2544.5 Btu / hr b) Apply the energy and mass equations to the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 h4 )

From the throttling valve

h4 = h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 40.91Btu lbm . Therefore,

Btu Btu lbm Qin = 15 = 907.2 (101.39 40.91) min lbm min Btu 1ton = 907.2 = 4.54 tons min 200 Btu / min

Answer Answer

c)

COPRef =

Qin 907.2 Btu/min = = 3.04 Win 298.7 Btu/min

8- 2

8-3

A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle uses R-134a. Liquid at 1200 kPa exits the condenser at 40 C. The evaporator operates at a pressure of 240 kPa. The compressor isentropic efficiency is 75%. Determine the cycle coefficient of performance (COP) if the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as superheated vapor at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 C above the saturation temperature.

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power. Likewise, an energy balance on the evaporator can be used to calculate the input heat transfer rate. Their ratio is used to determine the cycle COP.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The system is steady. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. The compressor is adiabatic. No work is done in the evaporator. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
The refrigeration cycle COP is Q COPRef = in Win Applying the mass and energy equations to the evaporator, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 h4 ) Qin m = qin = h1 h4 Applying the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 ) Win m = win = h2 h1 From the throttling valve, h4 = h3 ( P3 , T3 ) . Using the subcooled liquid approximation and Appendix A-14, h3 h f 3 (T3 ) = 106.19 kJ kg To find h1 ( P , T1 ) , P and T1 are known, so h1 can be evaluated 1 1 To obtain h2 , we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency

C =

where, because s2 = s1 , h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) is obtained by interpolation from the R-134a superheated vapor table, Appendix A-16. Below is a table of all the values with Tsat ,1 = 5.37 C
T1 Tsat ,1 T1 h1 ( P , T1 ) 1 s1 ( P , T1 ) 1 h2 s h2 win qin COP

h1 h2 s h2 = h1 ( h1 h2 s ) / C h1 h2

( C)
0 5 10 15 20

( C)
-5.37 -0.37 4.63 9.63 14.63

( kJ / kg )
244.09 248.71 253.03 257.51 262.01

( kJ / kg K )
0.9222 0.9392 0.9548 0.9709 0.9866

( kJ / kg )
277.4 283.0 288.1 293.6 298.9

( kJ / kg )
288.5 294.4 299.8 305.6 311.2

44.4 45.7 46.8 48.1 49.2

137.9 142.5 146.8 151.3 155.8

3.11 3.12 3.14 3.15 3.17

Comments:
As can be seen, with increasing superheat from the evaporator, the compressor power and heat input increase and the COP decreases. This is a consequence of the density at the compressor inlet decreasing with increasing temperature.

8- 3

8-4

An ice-making plant is designed to produce 10,000 lbm of ice each day. Liquid water enters the plant at 50 F and solid ice leaves it at 20 F; the enthalpy change for the water when it goes from the liquid to the solid is 167.4 Btu/lbm. Refrigerant R-134a enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 20 lbf/in.2 and leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at 100 lbf/in.2. The compressor isentropic efficiency is 85%. Detemine: a. the refrigerant flow rate (in lbm/s) b. the compressor input power (in hp) c. the cycle coefficient of performance.

Approach:
An energy balance on the evaporator can be used to calculate the refrigerant flow rate, since we know the water flow rate and can evaluate the enthalpies. Likewise, an energy balance across the compressor power can be used to determine its power.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. 3. The compressor and evaporator are adiabatic. 4. No work is done in the evaporator. 5. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the whole evaporator, and assume adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects for both the R-134a and the water m1 = m4 = mR and mA = mB = mW and mR ( h1 h4 ) = mW ( hA hB ) Solving for the refrigerant flow rate: From the R-134a table Appendix B-15,
mR = mW hA hB h1 h4

h4 = h3 ( P3 ,saturated liquid ) = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 36.99 Btu lbm

h1 ( P ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P ) = 101.39 Btu / lbm 1 1 lbm 167.4 lbm 1Day hr mR = 10000 Answer = 0.301 Day 101.39 36.99 24 hr 3600 s s b) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 )

For h2 , we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency

C =

h1 h2 s h1 h2

h2 = h1

h1 h2 s

With s2 = s1 , and s1 = sg1 ( P ) = 0.2227 Btu lbm R , by interpolation in Appendix B-16 1

h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 115.64 Btu / lbm

101.39 115.64 = 118.16 Btu / lbm 0.85 lbm Btu Btu Win = 0.301 = 5.05 = 7.14 hp (118.16 101.39 ) s lbm s c) The coefficient of performance is defined as COPRef = Qin Win h2 = 101.39

Answer

From the energy balance on the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator Qin = mR ( h1 h4 ) = ( 0.301lbm s )(101.39 36.99 ) Btu lbm = 19.38 Btu s
COPRef = 19.38 Btu s = 3.84 5.05 Btu s

Answer

8- 4

8-5

A large frozen food storage building is to be maintained at 10 C. The cooling load is 243 kW. An ideal R-134a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is to be used for the cooling. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 100 kPa, and saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 800 kPa. Water used to cool the condenser experiences a 10 C temperature rise. Determine: a. the mass flow rate of the refrigerant (in kg/s) b. the power input to the compressor (in kW) c. the cycle coefficient of performance d. the water mass flow rate (in kg/s).

Approach:
Each process is evaluated with conservation of energy using the appropriate assumptions. The water mass flow rate is evaluated by applying the energy equation to the complete condenser.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser or evaporator. The compressor is isentropic. Water is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat. The condenser is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) Applying the mass and the energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 h4 ) Solving for m = Qin / ( h1 h4 ) . From the refrigerant R-134a table, Appendix A-15:
h1 ( P ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P ) = 231.35 kJ / kg 1 1 s1 = sg1 ( P ) = 0.9395 kJ / kg iK 1

For the throttling value h4 = h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 93.42 kJ / kg Therefore,

1kJ/s 243kW 1 kW m= = 1.76 kg / s ( 231.35 93.42 ) kJ kg

Answer

b) Applying the mass and energy equation to the compressor and assuming steady, reversible, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects m1 = m2 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 ) The compressor is isentropic, s2 = s1 , so interpolation in the superheated vapor region, Appendix A-16, at 800 kPa
h2 ( P2 , s2 ) = 274.3kJ / kg kg kJ 1kW Win = 1.76 ( 274.3 231.35 ) = 75.6 kW s kg 1 kJ/s

Answer

c)

Qin 243kW = = 3.21 Answer Win 75.6 kW d) Apply the mass and energy equations to the condenser, and assuming steady, no heat transfer, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects for both the water and R-134a m2 = m3 = mR and mA = mB = mW mR ( h2 h3 ) = mW ( hB hA ) COPRef =

d) Assuming the water acts as an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat, so that h = c p T (for water
c p = 4.18 kJ / kgiK )
mW = mR ( h2 h3 ) c p TW =

(1.76 kg s )( 274.3 93.42 ) kJ ( 4.18 kJ kgiK ) (10 C )

8- 5

kg

= 7.62

kg s

Answer

8-6

Data from an experiment on a new R-134a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle were obtained. The motor driving the compressor consumed 2.14 hp. The refrigerant entered the compressor at 20 F and 20 lbf/in.2 and exited at 170 F and 160 lbf/in.2. Refrigerant exited the condenser at 155 lbf/in.2 as a saturated liquid, and the pressure just downstream of the expansion valve was 22 lbf/in2. Determine: a. the compressor isentropic efficiency b. the cooling capacity (in tons) c. the cycle coefficient of performance (COP).

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power. Likewise, an energy balance on the evaporator can be used to calculate the input heat transfer rate.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. 3. The compressor is adiabatic. 4. No work is done in the evaporator. 5. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) Compressor isentropic efficiency is defined as h h C = 1 2 h1 h2 From the R-134a tables for a superheated vapor (Appendix B-16, by interpolation) h1 ( P , T1 ) = 105.88 Btu / lbm s1 = 0.2323Btu / lbm R 1
h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = 132.42 Btu / lbm s2 = 0.2433Btu / lbm R

with s2 = s1 , Therefore,

h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 125.63Btu / lbm

105.88 125.63 = 0.744 Answer 105.88 132.42 b) For the cooling capacity, apply the mass and energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator, assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m1 = m and Qin = m ( h1 h4 )

C =

From the throttling valve, Appendix B-15, h4 = h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 46.85 Btu / lbm To obtain the mass flow rate, we apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 )
2545 Btu/hp 2.14 hp 1 hp Win = 205.2 lbm m= = Btu hr h2 h1 (132.42 105.88) lbm lbm Btu Btu Qin = 205.2 = 12,110 = 1.01ton (105.88 46.85 ) hr lbm hr

Answer Answer

c)

COPRef =

Qin 12113Btu/hr = = 2.22 Win ( 2.14 hp ) ( 2545 Btu/hr ) 1hp

8- 6

8-7

A home is heated with a groundwater heat pump, which uses subterranean water at 50 F as the low temperature reservoir. The heat pump is designed to blow air in the residential space at 30 F above the thermostat set point. Heat loss from the building to the outside air is 358 W per degree Fahrenheit of temperature difference between the inside of the house and the outside air. On a winter day when the outside temperature is 20 F, the thermostat is set at 65 F. Determine the minimum possible electric power that must be supplied to the heat pump under these conditions.

Approach:
Because the minimum possible power is sought, a heat pump operating on the reverse Carnot cycle must be analyzed. Sufficient information is given to evaluate the required heat transfer rate.

Assumptions:
1. The heat pump operates on the reverse Carnot cycle.

Solution:
Using the definition of COP for a heat pump and solving for Win
QH COPHP For the minimum power, we use the definition of the COP for a heat pump operating on the reverse Carnot cycle. Q QH TH COPHP = H = = Win QH QL TH TL The given information is: QH = 358 (Tin - Tout ) where 358 has units of W/F and T is in F. Win = Tin = 65 F = TThermostat Tout = 20 F TH = Tin + 30 o F = 95 o F = 555 R TL = 50 F = 510 R Groundwater Substituting in the absolute temperatures: TH 555R COPHP = = = 12.33 TH TL 555R-510R From the given information about heat loss: W QH = 358 o ( 65-20 ) o F = 16,110 W F Therefore: 16,110W Win = = 1310 W 12.33

Answer

8- 7

8-8

In winter a building requires 94,000 kJ/hr of heat, and an ideal vapor-compression heat pump is used. R134a enters the isentropic compressor of the heat pump at 0.4 MPa, 10 C and exits at 1 MPa. Saturated liquid leaves the condenser. Determine: a. the mass flow rate of the refrigerant (in kg/s) b. the power input to the compressor (in kW) c. the cycle coefficient of performance (COP).

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power since we can evaluate the enthalpies. Likewise, an energy balance on the condenser can be used to calculate the heat output. The definition is used to determine COP.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. 3. The compressor is isentropic. 4. No work is done in the condenser. 5. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the condenser, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m2 = m and Qout = m ( h2 h3 ) m = Qout ( h2 h3 ) From the R-134a tables, Appendices A-14A-16 With P3 = P2 , h3 = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 105.29 kJ / kg Because the compressor is isentropic, s2 = s1 ,
s1 ( P , T1 ) = 0.9182 kJ / kg K and 1 h1 ( P , T1 ) = 253.35 kJ / kg 1

We need h2 ( P2 , s2 ) so, by interpolation, h2 ( P2 , s2 ) = 272.37 kJ / kg

m=

( 94000 kJ / hr )(1hr 3600 s ) = 0.156 kg / s ( 272.37 105.29 ) kJ / kg

Answer

b) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 )
kg kJ 1kW Win = 0.156 ( 272.37 253.35 ) = 2.97 kW s kg 1kJ / s

Answer

c) The heat pump coefficient of performance is Q ( 94000 kJ / hr )(1hr / 3600 s ) COPHP = out = = 8.78 Win 1kJ / s ( 2.97 kW ) 1kW

Answer

8- 8

8-9

A vapor-compression refrigeration system with a cooling capacity of 6 tons is to be used as a heat pump to warm liquid water. The working fluid is R-134a. The water enters the condenser at 55 F and leaves at 80 F. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 40 lbf/in.2, and superheated vapor leaves at 120 lbf/in.2, 110 F. Heat transfer between the compressor and the surroundings occurs at a rate of 1.0 Btu/lbm of refrigerant flowing through the compressor. Liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser at 85 F, 120 lbf/in2. Determine: a. the compressor power input (in Btu/min) b. the water flow rate through the condenser (in lbm/min) c. the coefficient of performance.

Approach:
Each process is evaluated with conservation of energy using the appropriate assumptions. The water mass flow rate is evaluated by applying the energy equation to the complete condenser.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser or evaporator. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Water is ideal with a constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady with negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = mR and QC WC + m1h1 m2 h2 = 0
WC = QC + mR ( h1 h2 ) Win = mR ( h2 h1 ) mR qc = mR ( h2 h1 qC )

From the R-134a tables (Appendices A-14A-16, by interpolation, as needed): h1 ( P ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P ) = 105.88 Btu lbm and h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = 118.92 Btu / lbm 1 1 To determine m , apply the mass and energy equations to the evaporator, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m1 = m4 = mR and Qin = mR ( h1 h4 ) mR = Qin ( h1 h4 ) Across the throttling value h4 = h3 ( P3 , T3 )
mR =

using the subcooled liquid approximation h3 = h f 3 (T3 ) = 38.99 Btu lbm

= 17.9 lbm min

6 tons ([ 200 Btu / min 1ton ])

(105.88 38.99 ) Btu lbm

Therefore, Win = (17.9 lbm min ) [118.92 105.88 1.0] Btu lbm = 216 Btu min

Answer

b) Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the condenser, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Q = mW ( hB hA ) = Qout mW = Qout ( hB hA ) For a cycle

Q = W

Qout +QC - Qin = Win

Qout = Win +Qin - QC = 216

200 Btu/min Btu Btu lbm Btu + 6 tons 1 17.9 = 1398 min 1ton min min lbm

Assuming the water is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat, h = c p T , and using c p = 1.0 Btu / lbmiR
mW = 1398 Btu / min lbm = 55.9 min (1.0 Btu lbmiR )(80 55) R

Answer

c) The coefficients of performance for the heat pump and for the refrigeration system are Q Q 1398 Btu / min 1200 Btu / min COPHP = out = = 6.47 = 5.56 Answer COPRef = in = 216 Btu / min 216 Btu / min Win Win 8- 9

Answer

8-10

An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle using R-134a is used to heat a house. The inside temperature is 22 C; the outside temperature is 0 C. Saturated vapor at 2.2 bar enters the compressor, and saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 8 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.2 kg/s. Determine: a the power input to the compressor (in kW) b. the coefficient of performance c. the coefficient of performance if the system were used as a refrigeration cycle d. the maximum theoretical COP working between thermal reservoirs at 22 C and 0 C.

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power since we can evaluate the enthalpies. Likewise, an energy balance on the condenser can be used to calculate the heat output. The definition is used to determine COP.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. 3. The compressor is isentropic. 4. No work is done in the condenser. 5. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equation to the compressor, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 ) From the R-134a tables (Appendices A-14A-16), h1 ( P ,saturated vapor ) = hg1 ( P ) = 242.7 kJ kg 1 1
s1 = sg1 ( P ) = 0.9238 kJ / kg K 1

With s2 = s1 , by interpolation h2 ( P2 , s2 ) = 269.45 kJ / kg

kg kJ 1kW Win = 0.2 ( 269.45 242.7 ) = 5.35 kW s kg 1 kJ/s b) The coefficient of performance is defined as Q COPHP = out Win

Answer

The heating rate, Qout , is determined from mass and energy balance around the refrigerant flowing through the condenser, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m2 = m and Qout = m ( h2 h3 )
h3 ( P3 ,saturated liquid ) = h f 3 ( P3 ) = 93.42 kJ / kg kg kJ 1kW Qout = 0.2 ( 269.45 93.42 ) = 35.2 kW s kg 1kJ/s 35.2 kW COPHP = = 6.58 5.35 kW

Answer Answer Answer

c) COPHP = COPRef + 1 d) COPCARNOT =

HP

COPRef = 6.58 1 = 5.58

( 273 + 22 ) K TH = = 13.4 TH TL ( 273 + 22 ) K ( 273 + 0 ) K

8-10

8-11

R-134a is used in a vapor-compression heat pump cycle in which the refrigerant enters the adiabatic compressor at 2.4 bar, 0 C, with a volumetric flow rate of 0.8 m3/min, and leaves at 10 bar, 55 C. Liquid leaves the condenser at 34 C. Determine: a. the power input to the compressor (in kW) b. heating capacity of the system (in kW) c. the coefficient of performance d. the isentropic compressor efficiency.

Approach:
An energy balance across the compressor can be used to determine its power since we can evaluate the enthalpies. Likewise, an energy balance on the condenser can be used to calculate the heat output. Definitions are used to determine COP and isentropic efficiency.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The system is steady. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. The compressor and evaporator are adiabatic. No work is done in the evaporator. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid.

Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the compressor, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m2 = m1 = m and Win = m ( h2 h1 ) where m = V1 / v1 From the R-134a tables (Appendices A-14A-16,by interpolation) h1 ( P , T1 ) = 248.89 kJ / kg v1 ( P , T1 ) = 0.08574 m3 / kg 1 1
h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = 285.78 kJ / kg s1 ( P , T1 ) = 0.9399 kJ / kg 1

Therefore, m = ( 0.8 m3 min ) ( 0.08574 m 2 / kg ) = 9.33kg min = 0.156 kg / s

kg kJ 1kW Win = 0.156 ( 285.78 248.89 ) = 5.75 kW s kg 1 kJ/s

Answer

b) The heating capacity is Qout , so apply the mass and energy equations to the refrigerant flowing through the condenser. Assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m2 = m and Qout = m ( h2 h3 )
h3 ( P3 , T3 ) using the subcooled liquid approximation kJ 1kW = 29.4 kW kg 1 kJ/s c) The coefficient of performance for a heat pump is defined as Q 29.4 kW COPHP = out = = 5.11 Wout 5.75 kW Qout = 0.156 kg ( 285.78-97.31) h3 h f 3 (T3 ) = 97.31kJ / kg

Answer

Answer

d) Isentropic efficiency is

C =

Since s2 = s1 , by interpolation h2 s ( P2 , s2 ) = 279.27 kJ / kg

h1 h2 s h1 h2

C =

248.89 279.27 = 0.823 248.89 285.78

Answer

8-11

8-12

In an ideal Rankine cycle, saturated water vapor enters the turbine at 20 MPa and exits at 10 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the condenser. Determine: a. the net work per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg) b. heat input per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg) c. the cycle thermal efficiency d. the heat rejection per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg).

Approach:
Basic definitions combined with conservation of mass and energy are used to calculate the needed quantities.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler. The turbine and pump are isentropic. The water is incompressible.

Solution:
a) The net work is defined as: Wnet = WT WP . To determine these quantities, we apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m3 = m and m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h3 h4 )

and

WP = m ( h2 h1 )

Wnet m = ( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 )

Evaluating the four enthalpies using Appendices A-10A-12: h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = hg ( P3 ) = 2409.7 kJ / kg s3 = sg ( P3 ) = 4.9269 kJ/kg K For h4 ( P4 , s4 ) because the turbine is isentropic, s4 = s3 , and state 4 is in the two-phase region
x4 = s4 s f ,4 s fg ,4 = 4.9269 0.6493 = 0.570 7.5009

h4 = h f ,4 + x4 h fg ,4 = 191.83kJ kg + ( 0.570 )( 2392.8 kJ kg ) = 1556.4 kJ kg

For the isentropic pump and assuming water is incompressible, WP = mh = mvP Therefore,
Wnet m = ( 2409.7 1556.4 ) 20.2 = 833.1kJ / kg

h2 h1 = h = v f ,1 ( P2 P ) = ( 0.001010 m3 kg ) [ 20000 10] kN m 2 ( kJ kN-m ) = 20.2 kJ kg 1

Answer

b) To find the heat addition, apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 hi ) Qin m = h3 h2
h2 = h1 + ( h2 h1 ) pump

with

h1 = h f ( P ) = 191.83kJ / kg 1

h2 = 191.83 + 20.2 = 212.0 kJ/kg Qin m = 2409.7 212 = 2197.7 kJ kg

Answer
Wnet / m 833.1kJ / kg = = 0.379 Qin / m 2197.7 kJ / kg

c) Cycle thermal efficiency is cycle = Wnet Qin = d) For a cycle, Wnet = Qnet = Qin Qout
Qout = Qin Wnet

Answer

Qout Qin Wnet kJ = = 2197.7 833.1 = 1364.6 kg m m m

Answer

Comments:
The exit quality from the turbine is very low and could damage the turbine. This is not a good design.

8-12

8-13

Data from a simple Rankine cycle power plant were measured to determine actual performance. The measured steam flow rate was 6.8 kg/s. The measured conditions of the water are shown in the following table. Device Pump Boiler Turbine Inlet conditions P1 =10 kPa; T1 = 45 C Outlet conditions P2 =5.2 MPa; T2 = 46 C

P3 =5.1 MPa; T3 = 45 C P4 =5.0 MPa; T4 = 500 C P5 =4.5 MPa; T5 = 500 C P6 =15 kPa; x6 = 0.97 P7 =12 kPa; T7 = 45 C

Condenser P6 =15 kPa; x6 = 0.97 Determine: a) the heat addition (in kW) b) the net power produced (in kW) c) the heat rejection (in kW) d) the turbine isentropic efficiency e) the pump isentropic efficiency f) the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
We are given information about the fluid state upstream and downstream of each device. Hence, application of conservation of mass and energy to each device allows us to calculate the heat transfer rate or power of each.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are adiabatic.

Solution:
a) Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m3 = m and Qin = m ( h4 h3 ) Evaluating the properties, h3 ( P3 , T3 ) is in the subcooled liquid region, so we use the subcooled liquid approximation and Appendix A-10: h3 ( P3 , T3 ) h f 3 (T3 ) + v f 3 ( P Psat ,3 )
= 188.45 kJ m3 kN 1kJ + 0.00101 ( 5100 9.593) 2 = 193.6 kJ / kg kg kg m 1kN-m

State 4 is in the superheated vapor region (Appendix A-12), so h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3433.8 kJ / kg

kg kJ 1kW Qin = 6.8 ( 3433.8 193.6 ) Answer = 22, 033kW s kg 1 kJ/s b) The net work is Wnet = WT WP Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: WT = m ( h5 h6 )

where state 5 is in the superheated vapor region, h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3439.6 kJ / kg and state 6 is in the two-phase region: 8-13

h6 = h f 6 + x6 ( h fg ,6 ) = 225.94 + 0.97 ( 2373.1) = 2527.8 kJ / kg

Therefore,
kg kJ 1kW WT = 6.8 ( 3439.6 2527.8 ) = 6200 kW s kg 1 kJ/s

Likewise, WP = m ( h2 h1 ) State 1 is slightly subcooled liquid, so that h1 ( P , T1 ) h f 1 (T1 ) + v f 1 ( P Psat ,1 ) 1

h1 = 188.45 kJ m3 kN 1kJ + 0.00101 (10 9.593) 2 = 188.45 kJ / kg kg kg m 1kN-m

Likewise, for state 2 with interpolations h2 ( P2 , T2 ) = h f 2 (T2 ) + v f 2 ( P2 Pat ,2 ) = 192.6 + ( 0.001010 )( 5200 10.14 ) = 197.9 kJ / kg
kg kJ 1kW WP = 6.8 (197.9 188.45 ) = 64.3kW s kg 1 kJ/s Therefore, Wnet = 6200 64.3 = 6136 kW

Answer

c) To find the output heat transfer, consider the overall cycle: Q = W Qin Qout = Wnet
Qout = 22033 6136 = 15,897 kW d) Turbine isentropic efficiency definition is W h h T = act = 5 6 Ws h5 h6 s s6 s f 6 s fg 6

Answer

For isentropic behavior, s6 = s5 , and s5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 7.0301kJ / kg K . Therefore, for h6 s ( P6 , s6 )

= 7.0301 0.7549 = 0.865 7.2536 h6 s = 2278.9 kJ / kg

By interpolation x6 s = And x6 s = Therefore,

h6 s h f 6 h fg 6 =

h6 s 225.94 2373.1

T =

3439.6 2527.8 = 0.786 3439.6 2278.9

Answer
Ws . Recognizing that the liquid is incompressible, Wact

e) Pump isentropic efficiency definition is P =

m3 kN 0.001010 ( 5200-10 ) 2 kg m Ws mv P = = = 0.56 P = kJ Wact m ( h2 h1 ) 197.9-188.45 ) ( kg f) The cycle thermal efficiency is:

Answer

cycle =

Wnet 6136 kW = = 0.278 22033kW Qin

Answer

8-14

8-14

A Rankine cycle power plant has a flow control valve (for use during partial load conditions) located between the boiler and the turbine. At one partial load condtion, steam leaves the boiler at 6.0 MPa, 300 C, flows through the valve, which drops the pressure to 4.5 MPa, then enters the turbine in which it expands to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Net power output is 500 MW. The turbine isentropic efficiency is 82% and that of the pump is 68%. The condensate from the condenser leaves at 40 C. Determine: a. the steam flow rate (in kg/s) b. the cycle thermal efficiency c. the steam flow rate and cycle thermal efficiency if no valve is present between the boiler and turbine.

Approach:
With the net power known and states up and down stream of the turbine and pump, the energy equation is combined with the known information to calculate the mass flow. Cycle thermal efficiency is determined from its definition and the energy equation applied to the boiler.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler. The turbine is adiabatic. The pump is isentropic.

Solution:
Wnet = WT WP = Qin Qout = 500 MW a) To determine the steam flow rate, we know We evaluate the pump and turbine work by applying the energy and mass equations, and assuming, steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m5 = m4 = m m2 = m1 = m WT = m ( h4 h5 ) WP = m ( h2 h1 )

Combining these expressions: m = Wnet ( h4 h5 ) ( h2 h1 ) We need the enthalpies at various locations. Using Appendices A-10A-12, across the throttling valve, h4 = h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 2884.2 kJ / kg . For h5 , we need to use the definition of isentropic efficiency

T =

For h5 s ( P5 , s5 ) , we know s5 = s4 , so we need to find s4 ( P4 , h4 ) . By interpolation in the superheated vapor table,

s4 = 6.1776 kJ / kg K . State 5 is in the two-phase region, so x5 s = s5 s f s fg = 6.1776 0.6493 = 0.737 7.5009 h5 s = h f ,5 + x5 h fg ,5 = 191.83 + 0.737 ( 2392.8 ) = 1955.4 kJ kg

Wact h h = 4 5 Ws h4 h5 s

h5 = h4 T ( h4 h5 s )

h5 = 2884.2 ( 0.82 )( 2884.2 1955.4 ) = 2122.6 kJ kg

For the pump, because it is an ideal liquid (assumed) h2 s h1 = v f ,1 ( P2 P ) = ( 0.001010 m3 kg ) [ 6000 10] kN m 2 (1kJ 1kN-m ) = 6.05 kJ / kg 1 Using the definition of pump isentropic efficiency: W h h h h 6.05 kJ kJ P = s = 2s 1 h2 h1 = 2 s 1 = = 8.9 P Wact h2 h1 0.68 kg kg Therefore,
m= 1kJ / s 500 000 kW 1 kW kJ ( 2884.2 2122.6 ) ( 8.9 ) kg = 664.3kg / s

Answer

8-15

b) Cycle thermal efficiency is defined as cycle = Wnet Qin . We need to evaluate the input heat transfer rate. To do so, we apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) Using subcooled liquid approximation to evaluate h1 ( P , T1 ) 1
h2 = h1 + ( h2 h1 ) pump = 167.57 + 8.9 = 176.5 kJ / kg kg kJ 1 kW Qin = 664.3 ( 2884.2 176.5 ) = 1, 799, 000 kW s kg 1 kJ/s 500, 000 kW cycle = = 0.278 Answer 1, 799, 000 kW h f (T1 ) = 167.57 kJ / kg

c) If no valve is present, the analysis is the same but the properties upstream and downstream of the turbine change, which changes the mass flow rate s3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 6.0674 kJ / kg K To evaluate the new h5 s ( P5 , s5 ) , we know s5 = s3 , so that the new x5 s = NEW h5 s = 191.83 + 0.722 ( 2392.8 ) = 1920.2 kJ / kg NEW h5 = 2884.2 0.82 ( 2884.2 1920.2 ) = 2093.7 kJ / kg
1kJ/s 500 000 kW 1 kW NEW m = ( 2884.2-2093.7 ) ( 8.9 ) kJ = 639.7 kg / s kg

6.0674 0.6493 = 0.722 7.5009

kg kJ 1kW NEW Qin = 639.7 ( 2884.2 176.5 ) = 1, 732, 000 kW s kg 1kJ/s 500, 000 kW NEW cycle = = 0.289 Answer 1, 732, 000 kW

Comments:
The valve creates a pressure drop that represents an unrecoverable energy loss. Hence, without the valve, the cycle efficiency increases.

8-16

8-15

In a 2 MW Rankine cycle, saturated vapor leaves the boiler at 2 MPa, and expands in the turbine to an outlet condition of 15 kPa, 94% quality. Saturated liquid leaves the condenser. The pump is ideal. The temperature rise of the cooling water in the condenser is 10 C. Determine: a. the mass flow rate of steam (in kg/s) b. the input heat transfer rate (in MW) c. the cycle thermal efficiency d. the cooling water flowrate (in kg/s).

Approach:
For the steam mass flow rate, we are given information the net power output (2 MW) and about the fluid state upstream and downstream of the pump and turbine. These two pieces of information can be combined to calculate the flow rate. Likewise, sufficient information is given for the fluid states around the boiler and condenser to calculate the input heat transfer rate, and the cooling water flow rate, respectively. Hence, we will apply conservation of mass and energy to each device.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or condenser. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are adiabatic, and the pump is isentropic. The condenser is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) The net power is Wnet = WT WP . Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m3 = m and WT = m ( h3 h4 ) Likewise, for the pump
WP = m ( h2 h1 )

Therefore, Wnet = m ( h3 h4 ) m ( h2 h1 )

m = Wnet ( h 3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 ) Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10A-12: h3 ( P3 ,saturated vapor ) = hg ( P3 ) = 2799.5 kJ / kg h4 = h f 4 + x4 h fg 4 = 225.94 + 0.94 ( 2373.1) = 2456.7 kJ / kg

Assuming the water is an ideal liquid, the across the pump hP = h2 h1 = vP = v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1

m3 kN 1kJ h = 0.001014 ( 2000 15 ) 2 = 2.0 kJ / kg kg m 1 kN-m Therefore, 1kJ/s 2000 kW 1 kW Answer = 5.87 kg / s m= kJ ( 2799.5-2456.7 ) 2.0 kg b) Appling the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 h2 )

Evaluating the properties: h2 = h1 + ( h2 h1 ) = h f ( P ) + hP = 225.94 + 2 = 227.94 kJ / kg 1

8-17

kg kJ 1kW 1MW Qin = 5.87 ( 2799.5 225.94 ) = 15.1MW s kg 1kJ/s 1000 kW

Answer

c) The cycle thermal efficiency is W 2 MW cycle = net = = 0.132 Answer Qin 15.1MW d) Appling the mass and energy equations to the condenser, and assuming steady, adiabatic, no work, and negligible PE and KE for both fluids: m1 = m4 = mst and mB = mA = mW
m4 h4 + mA hA m1h1 mB hB = 0 h h mW = mst 4 1 hB hA mst ( h4 h1 ) mW ( hB hA ) = 0

Assuming the water is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat ( c p = 4.18 kJ / kg K ) , h = hB hA = cP T
kJ ( 2456.7 225.94 ) kg kg kg mW = 5.87 = 313.3 s s kJ 4.18 (10 K ) kg K

Answer

8-18

8-16

A 1000 MW coal-fired Rankine cycle power plant uses coal that has a heating value of 13,390 Btu/lbm. The inlet conditions to the steam turbine are 1000 psia, 750 F. Saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 1 psia. The boiler has a combustion efficiency of 87%, and the electric generator has an efficiency of 94%. The turbine isentropic efficiency is 91%, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 82%. Determine: a. the overall plant efficiency b. the coal flow rate (in tons/day).

Approach:
Begin with basic definitions and use conservation of mass and energy applied to the various devices to evaluate the terms in the definitions. Sufficient information is given to evaluate all properties up and downstream of each device.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or condenser. The liquid water is incompressible, and the subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are adiabatic.

Solution:
a) The overall plant efficiency is

cycle = Wnet Qin , Qin = Qcoalboiler , and Wnet = gen (WT WP ) = 1000 MW
To find the mass flow rate, apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m3 = m and m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h3 h4 ) WP = m ( h2 h1 ) Wnet

overall = boilercycle

where

Combining these expressions, we obtain: m =

gen ( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 )

Evaluating the properties (Appendices A-10-A-12, by interpolation as needed: h1 ( P ,saturated liquid ) = h f ,1 ( P ) = 69.74 Btu / lbm 1 1 For h2 , use the subcooled liquid approximation and the definition of isentropic efficiency
h2 s = h1 + v f ,1 ( P2 P ) = 69.74 1 h1 h2 s h1 h2

Btu ft 3 lbf 144in.2 1Btu Btu + 0.01614 (1000 1) 2 = 69.74 + 3.0 = 72.7 2 lbm lbm in. ft lbm 778.2ft-lbf
h1 h2 s = 69.74 +

P =

h2 = h1 +

h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1357.3Btu / lbm s4 s f ,4 sg s f h3 h4 h3 h4 s

3.0 Btu = 73.4 0.82 lbm

s3 = 1.5412 Btu / lbm R

To determine h4 s ( P3 , s4 ) , we first use s4 = s3 and recognize that state 4 is in the two-phase region:
x4 s = = h4 h f ,4 h4 s 69.74 1.5412 0.13266 = 0.763 = = h4 s = 860.6 Btu / lbm hg h f 1.9779 0.13266 1105.8 69.74 h4 = 1357.3 0.91(1357.3 860.6 ) = 905.3Btu / lbm

T =

8-19

= 2248.9 lbm / s Btu lbm To find the input heat transfer, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:

m=

1Btu/s 1, 000, 000 kW 1.055 kW

0.94 (1357.3-905.3) ( 73.4 69.74 )

lbm Btu 1.055 kW Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) = 2248.9 = 3, 046, 460 kW (1357.3 73.4 ) s lbm 1Btu/s For the cycle thermal efficiency 1, 000, 000 kW cycle = = 0.328 3, 046, 460kW For the overall plant thermal efficiency: overall = 0.87 ( 0.328 ) = 0.286 Answer

b) To obtain the coal flow rate we use the required heat input and the energy content of the coal: Qin = Qcoalboiler = mcoal HVcoalboiler Solving for the coal flow rate: 1Btu/s 3, 046, 460kW Q 1.055 kW = 247.9 lbm mcoal = = Btu s HVcoalboiler 13390 ( 0.87 ) lbm lbm 3600s 24 hr 1ton tons = 247.9 Answer = 10, 707 s 1hr day 2000 lbm day

8-20

8-17

For Problem P 8-12 assume that the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 91% and the pump has an isentropic efficiency of 78%. Determine: a. the net work per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg) b. the heat input per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg) c. the cycle thermal efficiency d. the heat rejection per unit mass of steam flow (in kJ/kg).

Approach:
Basic definitions combined with conservation of mass and energy are used to determine the unknowns.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or condenser. The liquid water is incompressible. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) From the analysis in P 8-12, we know that Wnet = WT WP where both work terms for this problem represent the ideal power. From the definitions of isentropic efficiency W Wact = T Ws T = act Turbine: Ws Pump: So that

P =

Ws Wact

Wact =

Ws

Wnet kJ 20.2 kJ kJ = 0.91( 2409.7 1556.4 ) = 750.6 m kg 0.78 kg kg

Answer

b) For the heat input, Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) Incorporating the isentropic efficiency does not change h3 , but h2 does because of the pump isentropic efficiency, so h 20.2 h2 = h f ,1 + P = 191.83 = 217.7 kJ / kg 0.78 P
Qin = 2409.7 217.7 = 2192 kJ / kg m

Answer

c) The cycle thermal efficiency changes because both the net work and heat input changed: 750.6 kJ / kg cycle = = 0.342 Answer 2192 kJ / kg d) For the heat transfer output, we start with basic information about the cycle performance: Wnet = Qnet = Qin Qout
Qout = Qin Wnet Qout Qin Wnet = = 2192 750.6 = 1441.4 kJ/kg m m m

Answer

Comment:
As expected, net work and cycle thermal efficiency decrease when the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and pump are included. Note, however, that most of the change is due to the inefficiencies of the turbine. The pump inefficiencies have little effect. 8-21

8-18

Steam flowing at 15.9 lbm/s enters the turbine of a simple Rankine cycle power plant at 1000 psia, 800 F and exits at 2 psia. Saturated liquid exits the condenser. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine: a. the power output of the turbine (in hp and kW) b. the power input to the pump (in hp and kW) c. the heat input (in hp and kW) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
Basic definitions combined with conservation of mass and energy are used to determine the needed quantities.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or condenser. The liquid water is incompressible. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) To find the power produced by the turbine, apply the mass and energy equations, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m3 = m and WT = m ( h3 h4 ) From the superheated vapor table for water, Appendix A-16: h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1388.5 Btu / lbm and s3 = 1.5664 Btu lbm R Because the turbine is isentropic, s4 = s3 , and we need to evaluate h4 ( P4 , s4 ) . State 4 is in the two-phase region (Appendix A-11): s4 s f ,4 1.5664 0.1745 x4 = = = 0.798 1.7448 s fg ,4
h4 = h f ,4 + x4 h fg ,4 = 94.02 + 0.798 (1022.1) = 909.4 Btu / lbm lbm Btu 1.055 kW WT = 15.9 = 8037.6 kW (1388.5 909.4 ) s lbm 1Btu/s 1hp = ( 8037.6 kW ) = 10, 779 hp 0.7457 kW b) Apply the same equations and assumptions to the pump to obtain: m2 = m1 = m and WP = m ( h2 h1 )

Answer Answer

For a reversible process for an incompressible fluid, w = vdP = vP = h = h2 h1 As with the turbine WP = (15.9 lbm s )( 3Btu lbm )(1.055kW Btu s ) =50.3kW = 67.5 hp

h2 h1 = v f ,1 ( P2 P ) = ( 0.01623ft 3 lbm ) (1000 2 ) lbf in.2 (144in.2 1ft 2 ) (1Btu 778.2 ft-lbf ) = 3.0 Btu lbm 1

Answer

c) To obtain the heat input, apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects m3 = m2 = m and Qin = m ( h3 h2 )
h2 = h1 + ( h2 h1 ) pump = h f ,1 + hpump = 94.02 + 3 = 97.0 Btu / lbm Qin = (15.9 lbm s )(1388.5 97.0 ) Btu lbm (1.055kW Btu s ) = 21, 666 kW = 29, 055 hp

Answer

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is: W W WP 10779 hp 67.5 hp = = 0.369 cycle = net = T 29055 hp Qin Qin

Answer

8-22

8-19

For Problem P 8-18, assume the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 87% and the pump has an isentropic efficiency of 75%. All other conditions remain the same. Determine: a. the power output of the turbine (in hp and kW) b. the power input to the pump (in hp and kW) c. the heat input (in hp and kW) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
Basic definitions combined with conservation of mass and energy are used to determine needed quantities.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or condenser. The liquid water is incompressible. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) From the analysis in P 8-18, we known that WT = m ( h3 h4 ) = Ws Using the definition of isentropic efficiency W Wact = WsT = ( 8037.6 kW ) 0.87 = 6992.7kW=9377.4 hp T = act Ws b) For the pump,
WP = m ( h2 h1 ) = Ws

Answer

Using the definition of isentropic efficiency W W 50.3kW Wact = s = P = s = 67.1kW=89.9 hp Wact 0.75 P c) For the heat input
hpump Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) 3 = 98.0 Btu / lbm 0.75

Answer

The enthalpy h3 does not change; but h2 does change, so

h2 = h f ,1 +

= 94.02 +

Qin = (15.9 lbm s )(1388.5 98.0 ) Btu lbm (1.055kW Btu s ) = 21, 650 kW = 29, 033hp

Answer

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is 9377.4 89.9 = 0.320 cycle = 29033

Answer

Comment:
As expected, when the pump and turbine are not isentropic, net work and cycle thermal efficiency decrease. Note, though, that almost all of the change is due to the turbine inefficiency. In Rankine cycles, because the back work ratio is small, inefficiencies in the pump do not have a significant impact on the overall cycle performance.

8-23

8-20

An ideal Rankine cycle uses one stage of reheat. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 10 MPa, 550 C, expands to 1 MPa where it is extracted and routed to a reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 500 C. The steam is then expanded in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 20 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the condenser. The net power produced by the plant is 100 MW. Both turbine stages and the pump are isentropic. Determine: a. the mass flow rate of the steam (in kg/s), b. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
We are given the net power produced and have enough information to analyze the power of the turbine and pump. Combining these two facts allows us to calculate the steam flow rate.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) To find the flow rate, apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and pump, and assume steady, adiabatic, reversible, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m6 = m5 = m4 = m3 = m and m2 = m1 = m
WT = m ( h3 h4 ) + m ( h5 h6 )

and

WP = m ( h2 h1 ) m=

Because

Wnet = 100 MW=WT WP , then

Wnet ( h3 h4 ) + ( h 5 h6 ) ( h2 h1 )

Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10A-12: h1 = h f1 ( P ) = 251.4 kg / kJ 1

m3 kN 1 kJ kJ h2 h1 + v f1 ( P2 P ) = 251.4 + 0.001017 [10000 20] 2 1 = 261.5 K m 1 kN-m kg h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3500.9 kJ / kg s3 = 6.7561kJ / kg iK

With s4 = s3

and

h4 ( P4 , s4 )

s6 = s5

superheated vapor, so by interpolation

s5 = 7.7622 kJ / kgiK

h4 = 2858.8 kJ kg

h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3478.5 kJ / kg h6 ( P6 , s6 ) x6 =

7.7622 0.832 = 0.979 and h6 = 251.4 + 0.979 ( 2358.3) = 2560.2 kJ / kg 7.0766 1kJ/s 100, 000 kW kg 1 kW m= = 64.5 Answer s ( 3500.9-2858.8 ) + ( 3478.5 2560.2 ) ( 261.5 251.4 ) kJ kg

b) The definition of cycle thermal efficiency is cycle = Wnet Qin . Apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler and reheater, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater = m ( h3 h2 ) + m ( h5 h4 )
kg kJ 1kW = 64.5 ( 3500.9 261.5 ) + ( 3478.5 2858.8 ) = 248,910 kW s kg 1kJ/s 100,000 kW cycle = = 0.402 Answer 248,910 kW

8-24

8-21

For Problem P 8-20, the both stages of the turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85%, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 78%. All other conditions remain the same. Determine: a. the mass flow rate of the steam (in kg/s) b. the cycle thermal efficiency, and compare the efficiency to that calculated in P 8-20.

Approach:
The same approach is used as in P 8-20. The only difference is the definition of isentropic efficiency is now incorporated.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) Using the information from problem P 8-20, and incorporating the definitions of isentropic efficiency: h h kJ Turbine 1: h4 = 3500.9 0.85 ( 3500.9 2858.8 ) = 2955.1 T = 3 4 kg h3 h4 s Turbine 2: Pump:

T = P =

h5 h6 h5 h6 s h1 h2 s h1 h2

h6 = 3478.5 0.85 ( 3478.5 2560.2 ) = 2697.9 h2 = 251.3 251.4 261.5 kJ = 264.3 0.78 kg

kJ kg

1kJ/s 100, 000 kW kW m= = 76.1 kg / s ( 3500.9-2955.1) + ( 3478.5 2697.9 ) ( 264.3 251.4 ) kJ kg

Answer

b) For the new cycle thermal efficiency: kg kJ 1kW Qin = 76.1 ( 3500.9 264.3) + ( 3478.5 2955.1) kg 1 kJ/s = 286,100 kW s

cycle =

Wnet 100, 000 kW = = 0.349 286,100 kW Qin

Answer

Comments:
For the same net power output, a larger mass flow rate is required when non-isentropic pumps and turbines are used since less energy is extracted in the turbine. In addition, cycle thermal efficiency drops significantly when the isentropic efficiencies are taken into account.

8-25

8-22

A Rankine cycle has three turbine stages with two reheats between the stages. Superheated vapor leaves the boiler at 30 MPa, 550 C; the vapor leaves the first reheater at 5 MPa, 500 C and the second reheater at 0.5 MPa, 400 C. The condenser pressure is 0.05 bar, and saturated liquid exits the condenser. Total mass flow is 2.5106 kg/hr. Determine: a. the net power (in kW) b. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
Beginning with the definition of net power, conservation of mass and energy can be applied to the turbines and pumps to evaluate each power term. Cycle thermal efficiency is determined from its definition.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) For net power, we know
Wnet = WT , A + WT , B + WT ,C WP

Applying the mass and energy equations to each turbine and the pump, and assuming steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: WT , A = m ( h3 h4 ) WT , B = m ( h5 h6 )
WT ,C = m ( h7 h8 ) WP = m ( h2 h1 ) h1 = h f ,1 ( P ) = 137.82 kJ / kg 1 h2 = h f ,1 + v f ,1 ( P2 P ) 1

Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10A-12: State 2 is a subcooled liquid

h2 = 137.82

kJ m3 kN 1kJ kJ + 0.001005 ( 30000 5 ) 2 = 137.82 + 30.1 = 167.9 kg kg m 1kN-m kg s3 = 6.0342 kJ / kg K

h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3275.4 kJ kg

For isentropic turbines, s4 = s3 , s6 = s5 , and s8 = s7

h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3433.8 kJ / kg h7 ( P7 , T7 ) = 3271.9 kJ / kg

State 4 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation h4 ( P4 , s4 ) = 2827.3kJ kg

s5 = 6.9759 kJ / kg K s7 = 7.7938 kJ / kg K x8 = s8 s f ,8 s fg ,8 = 7.7938 0.4764 = 0.924 7.9187

State 6 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation h6 ( P6 , s6 ) = 2818.0 kJ / kg State 8 is two-phase, so to find h8 ( P8 , s8 )

h8 = 137.82 + 0.924 ( 2423.7 ) = 2377.5 kJ / kg kg kJ 1hr 1kW WT , A = 2.5 106 = 311,180 kW ( 3275.4 2827.3) hr kg 3600s 1kJ/s 1 WT , B = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3433.8 2818.0 ) = 427, 640 kW 3600 1 WT ,C = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3271.9 2377.5 ) = 621,110 kW 3600 1 WP = ( 2.5 106 ) (167.9 137.82 ) = 20,900 kW 3600

8-26

Wnet = 311,180 + 427, 640 + 621,110 20,900 = 1,339, 000 kW

Answer

b) The cycle thermal efficiency is cycle =

Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater ,1 + Qreheater ,2

Wnet Qin

To find the heat inputs, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flows through the boiler and both reheaters, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: 1 Qboiler = m ( h3 h2 ) = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3275.4 167.9 ) = 2,158, 000 kW 3600 1 Qreheater , 1 = m ( h5 h4 ) ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3433.8 2827.3) = 421, 200kW 3600 1 Qreheater ,2 = m ( h7 h6 ) = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3271.9 2818.0 ) = 315, 200kW 3600 Qin = 2,158, 000 + 421, 200 + 315, 200 = 2,894, 000kW kW

cycle =

1,339,000kW = 0.463 2,894,000kW

Answer

8-27

8-23

For Problem P 8-22, assume the three turbine stages have isentropic efficiencies of 91%, 87%, and 83%, respectively, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 80%. Determine: a. the net power (in kW) b. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
The same approach is used as in P 8-22. The only difference is the definition of isentropic efficiency is used.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the boiler or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) Using information given in P 8-22 and incorporating the effects of isentropic efficiencies: h h kJ Turbine A: T , A = 3 4 h4 = 3275.4 0.91( 3275.4 2827.3) = 2867.6 kg h3 h4 s
kg kJ 1hr 1kW WT , A = m ( h3 h4 ) = 2.5 106 ( 3275.4 2867.6 ) = 283, 200 kW hr kg 3600 s 1 kJ/s h h kJ T , B = 5 6 h6 = 3433.8 0.87 ( 3433.8 2818.0 ) = 2898.1 kg h5 h6 s WT , B = m ( h5 h6 ) = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3433.8 2898.1)(1/ 3600 ) = 372, 000 kW h7 h8 h7 h8 s h8 = 3271.9 0.83 ( 3271.9 2377.5 ) = 2529.5 kJ kg

Turbine B:

Turbine C:

T ,C =

Pump:

kg kJ 1hr 1kW WT ,C = m ( h7 h8 ) = 2.5 106 ( 3271.9 2529.5 ) = 515, 600 kW hr kg 3600 s 1 kJ/s h h 137.82 167.9 kJ = 175.5 P = 1 2 s h2 = 137.82 0.80 kg h1 h2 WP = ( 2.5 106 ) (175.5 137.82 )(1/ 3600 ) = 26, 200 kW

Wnet = 283, 200 + 372, 000 + 515, 600 26, 200 = 1,145, 000 kW

b) Using information from P 8-22 and Part (a) above Qboiler = m ( h3 h2 ) = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3275.4 175.5 )(1/ 3600 ) = 2,153, 000 kW

Qreheater, 1 = m ( h5 h4 ) = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3433.8 2867.6 )(1/ 3600 ) = 393, 200 kW Qin = 2,153, 000 + 393, 200 + 259, 600 = 2,806, 000 kW

Qreheater , 2 = m ( h7 h6 ) = ( 2.5 106 ) ( 3271.9 2898.1)(1/ 3600 ) = 259, 600 kW 1,145, 000 kW = 0.408 2,806, 000 kW

cycle =

Answer

Comments:
As expected, when non-isentropic turbines and pump are used, both the net work and the cycle thermal efficiency decrease. The turbine inefficiencies contribute the vast majority of the reduced performance.

8-28

8-24

For the Rankine cycle power plant shown in the figure below, determine: a. the mass flow rate (in kg/s) b. the total heat addition (in kW) c. the net power output (in kW) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
We are given the heat transfer rate rejected from the condenser and have enough information to apply conservation of energy to it to find the steam flow rate. Likewise, sufficient information is given to evaluate the properties at the entrance and exit of the other devices. Hence, by applying the mass and energy equations to the other devices, the quantities sought can be determined.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Liquid water is incompressible.

Solution:
a) We can determine the mass flow rate from an energy and mass balance on the steam in the condenser. Assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m6 = m1 = m and Qout = m ( h6 h1 ) m = Qout / ( h6 h1 ) Evaluating the fluid properties using Appendices A10A-12: h6 ( P6 , x6 ) = h f 6 + x6 h fg = 289.23 + 0.99 ( 2336.1) = 2602.0 kJ / kg
h1 h f (T1 ) = 209.33kJ / kg

Therefore,
1kJ/s 1500 kW 1 kW m= = 0.627 kg / s ( 2602.0-209.33) kJ / kg

Answer

b) Total heat input is Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater . Apply the energy and mass equations to the water flowing through the boiler and reheater, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qboiler = m ( h3 h2 ) Evaluating the properties: h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3625.3kJ / kg
h2 = h1 + hP

assuming incompressible and reversible flow

hP = v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1

From the definition of isentropic efficiency

P =

hP h

m3 kN kJ 0.001012 (10000 30 ) 2 kg m 1kN-m hP v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1 h = = = = 11.2 kJ / kg P P 0.90

h2 = 209.33 + 11.2 = 220.5 kJ / kg Qboiler = ( 0.627 kg s )( 3625.3 220.5 ) kJ kg = 2135 kW

Likewise, for the reheater Qreheater = m ( h5 h4 )

8-29

h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3066.8 kJ / kg

For h4 , we need to use the isentropic turbine efficiency definition T =

s3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 6.902 kJ kgiK

h3 h4 . With s4 = s3 , h3 h4 s

By interpolation in the superheated vapor table

h4 s ( P4 , s4 ) = 2741kJ kg

h4 = h3 T ( h3 h4 s ) = 3625.3 0.88 ( 3625.3 2741) = 2847 kJ kg Qreheater = ( 0.627 kg s )( 3066.8 2847 ) kJ kg = 137.7 kW Qin = 2135 + 137.7 = 2273kW

Answer

c) Net power output is

Wnet = WT WP = Qin Qout = 2273kW 1500 kW = 772.7 kW

d) The cycle thermal efficiency is W 772.7 kW cycle = net = = 0.340 2273kW Qin

Answer

8-30

8-25

In a Rankine cycle power plant, superheated steam leaves the boiler at 1250 psia, 1000 F. Saturated liquid exits the condenser that operates at a pressure of 2 psia. Pump isentropic efficiency is 90%. Determine: a. the cycle thermal efficiency if expansion is through a single turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 90% b. the cycle thermal efficiency if reheat is used in which the steam is extracted at 100 psia, is reheated to 800 F, and is expanded to the same condenser pressure; both low- and high-pressure turbines have isentropic efficiencies of 90%.

Approach:
From the definition of cycle efficiency, we need to evaluate net work and heat input. We are given sufficient to evaluate the properties at the entrance and exit of the turbines, pump, boiler, and reheater. By applying the mass and energy equations to the other devices, the quantities sought can be determined.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Liquid water is incompressible.

Solution:
a) The cycle thermal efficiency is W cycle = net and Wnet = WT WP Qin For one stage expansion, apply the mass and energy equations, from Point 3 to Point 6 with no extraction, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m6 = m and WT = m ( h3 h6 ) Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10A-12: h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1498.2 Btu / lbm s3 = 1.6244 Btu / lbm R With no reheat and for an isentropic process, s6 = s3 , and h6 s ( P6 , s6 ) is in the two-phase region, so:
x6 s = s6 s f ,6 s fg ,6 h3 h6 h3 h6 s = 1.6244 0.17499 = 0.831 1.7448

h6 s = h f ,6 + x6 s h fg ,6 = 94.02 + 0.831(1022.1) = 943.1Btu / lbm

T =

h6 = 1498.2 ( 0.90 )(1498.2 943.1) = 998.6 Btu / lbm

WT = h3 h6 = 1498.2 998.6 = 499.6 Btu / lbm m Likewise, for the pump m2 = m1 = m and WP = m ( h2 h1 )

State 1 is a subcooled liquid, so using the subcooled liquid approximation h1 = h f 1 ( P ) = 94.02 kJ kg 1 For h2, which is a subcooled, incompressible liquid,
h2 s h1 = v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1 ft 3 lbf 144in.2 1 Btu Btu h2 s h1 = 0.01623 (1250 2 ) 2 = 3.75 2 lbm in. ft lbm 778.2 ft-lbf h h 3.75 Btu h2 = 94.02 + = 98.2 P = 1 2s 0.90 lbm h1 h2

8-31

WP = 98.2 94.02 = 4.2 Btu / lbm m Wnet m = 499.6 4.2 = 495.4 Btu / lbm For the heat input, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler (from Point 1 to Point 2), and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) Qin m = h3 h2 = 1498.2 98.2 = 1400 Btu lbm

Finally,

cycle =

495.4 Btu lbm = 0.354 1400 Btu lbm

Answer

b) This problem is similar to part (a), but now we take into account the reheat. Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbines using the same assumptions as before: WT,A = m ( h3 h4 ) WT ,B = m ( h5 h6 ) For the isentropic turbines, s4 = s3 and s6 = s5 . For h4 s ( P4 , s4 ) , this is in the superheated vapor region, so by interpolation h4 s = 1204.7 Btu lbm . Using isentropic efficiency
h4 = 1498.2 ( 0.9 )(1498.2 1204.7 ) = 1234.0 Btu / lbm

For the second turbine: h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1429.6 Btu / lbm

s6 s f ,6 s fg ,6

s5 = 1.8449 Btu / lbm R

State 6 is in the two-phase region, so to determine h6 s ( P6, s6 )

x6 s = = 1.8449 0.17499 = 0.957 1.7448 h6 = 1429.6 0.9 (1429.6 1072.2 ) = 1108.0 Btu / lbm

h6 s = 94.02 + 0.957 (1022.1) = 1072.2 Btu / lbm

Using isentropic efficiency

Therefore, Wnet W = ( h3 h4 ) + ( h5 h6 ) P m m
Btu lbm For the heat transfer input, both the boiler and reheater need to be taken into account. Analyzing the reheater similar to the boiler in part (a): Qin Qboiler Qreheater = + = ( h3 h2 ) + ( h5 h4 ) m m m = (1498.2 98.2 ) + (1429.6 1234.0 ) = 1595.6 Btu / lbm = (1498.2 1234.0 ) + (1429.6 1108.0 ) 4.2 = 581.6

Therefore, the cycle efficiency using reheat is: 581.6 Btu/lbm cycle = = 0.365 1595.6 Btu/lbm

Answer

Comments:
As expected the addition of a reheater increased the cycle thermal efficiency. Note also that the net work per unit mass flow increased, and the exit quality at the lowest pressure increased, too.

8-32

8-26

In an ideal reheat Rankine cycle, steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 9 MPa, 500 C and is extracted at a lower pressure, reheated to 500 C, and then, in the low-pressure turbine, expanded to 10 kPa. To minimize possible damage in the low-pressure turbine, the minimum quality at the turbine outlet is specified to be 90%. Determine: a. the pressure at which reheating takes place (in kPa) b. the total heat addition per unit mass (in kJ/kg) c. the total heat rejection per unit mass (in kJ/kg) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
Part (a) is determined solely using information about thermodynamic states. The heat rejection and addition are determined by application of conservation of mass and energy to the condenser and boiler, respectively.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) For an isentropic turbine, s6 = s5 . Using data from Appendices A-10A-12, and based on the given minimum outlet quality: s6 = s f 6 ( P6 ) + x6 s fg 6 ( P6 ) = 0.6493 + ( 0.90 )( 7.5009 ) = 7.400 kJ / kg K Likewise, the outlet quality can be determined: h6 = 191.83 + ( 0.90 )( 2392.8 ) = 2345.4 kJ / kg We know that the steam is reheated to 500 C upstream of the turbine, and we know its entropy. Because this is superheated vapor, by interpolation P5 (T5 , s5 ) = 2.15 MPa and h5 = 3466 kJ / kg Answer b) The total heat input is: Qin = Qboiler +Qreheater . Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler and reheater, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin m = ( h3 h2 ) + ( h5 h4 ) To obtain h2, across the pump we know that
m3 kN kJ hP = v f 1 ( P2 P ) = 0.00101 ( 9000 10 ) 2 1 = 9.08 kJ / kg kg m 1 kN-m The pump inlet is saturated liquid: h1 = h f ( P ) = 191.83kJ / kg 1 h2 = h1 + hP

Therefore, h2 = 191.83 + 9.08 = 200.9 kJ / kg States 3 and 4 are superheated vapor:

h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 3386.1kJ / kg

s3 = 6.6576 kJ / kg K

With s4 = s3 , and noting state 4 is superheated vapor, by interpolation h4 ( P4 , s4 ) = 2979.5 kJ / kg , so that

Qin m = ( 3386.1 200.9 ) + ( 3466.0 2979.5 ) = 3672 kJ/ kg

Answer

c) The heat rejection is obtained by a mass and energy balance on the water flowing through the condenser with the same assumptions as used above for the boiler; Qout m = ( h5 h1 ) = 2345.4 191.83 = 2154 kJ / kg Answer d) The cycle thermal efficiency is: W Q 2154 kJ / kg cycle = net = 1 out = 1 = 0.414 3672 kJ / kg Qin Qin 8-33

Answer

8-27

In an ideal reheat Rankine cycle, steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 800 psia, 900 F and exits as a saturated vapor. The steam then enters the reheater where its temperature is raised to 800 F. The steam then expands in the low-pressure turbine to 1 psia. Total heat addition is 2.2108 Btu/h. Determine: a. the pressure at which reheat takes place (in psia) b. the mass flow rate (in lbm/s) c. the heat rejection (in Btu/hr) d. the cycle thermal efficiency e. the net power output (in Btu/hr, hp, and kW).

Approach:
Part (a) is determined solely from thermodynamic properties. Mass flow is obtained from the total heat addition and conservation of energy and mass applied to the boiler. The other quantities are obtained using their definitions and conservation of mass and energy.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:

a) For an isentropic turbine, s4 = s3 . Using Appendices A-10A-12, we obtain s3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1.6408 Btu / lbm R

and h3 = 1455.6 Btu / lbm Based on the statement that the outlet is saturated vapor, by interpolation: P4 ( s4 ,saturated vapor ) = 62.8lbf in.2 h4 = 1178.9 Btu / lbm

Answer

b) The mass flow rate is obtained by a mass and energy balance on the water flowing through the boiler and reheater. Assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) + m ( h5 h4 ) m= ( h 3 h2 ) + ( h5 h4 ) Evaluating properties, h1 = h f ( P ) = 69.74 Btu / lbm , and noting that across the pump we assume incompressible 1 and reversible:
h2 = h1 + hP = h1 + v f 1 ( P2 P ) = 69.74 1 h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1431.1Btu / lbm
lbm lbm Answer = 134,500 = 37.4 Btu hr s (1455.6 72.1) + (1431.1 1178.9 ) lbm c) The heat output is obtained by applying the energy and mass equations to the condenser, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qout = m ( h6 h1 ) m= 2.2 108 Btu / hr

Btu ft 3 lbf 144in.2 1Btu + 0.01614 ( 800 1) 2 lbm lbm in. ft 2 778.2 ft-lbf

= 72.1Btu / lbm

For h6, we note that s6 = s5 and that state 5 is superheated vapor, so by interpolation s5 ( P5,T5 ) = 1.8977 Btu lbmR
x6 = s6 s f ,6 s fg ,6 = 1.8977 0.13266 = 0.955 1.8453

h6 = h f + x6 h f g = 69.74 + ( 0.955 )(1036 ) = 1060.7 Btu / lbm

d) Cycle thermal efficiency is: cycle = 1 Qout Qin = 1 (1.333108 Btu hr ) ( 2.2108 Btu hr ) = 0.394 Answer e) For the net work,

Qout = (134500 lbm hr )(1060.7 69.24 ) Btu lbm = 1.333 108 Btu / hr

Answer

cycle = Wnet Qin

Btu 7 Btu Wnet = cycle Qin = ( 0.394 ) 2.2 106 = 25, 413kW = 8.67 10 hr hr

Answer

8-34

8-28

An ideal Rankine cycle uses one stage of reheat. Vapor leaves the boiler at 2000 psia, 1000 F, expands in the high-pressure turbine to 500 psia, at which point the steam is extracted and routed back through the reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 1000 F. The steam then expands through the lowpressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 5 psia. The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid. The steam mass flow rate is 5 lbm/s. Determine: a. the net power produced (in kW) b. the heat input to the boiler (without reheat) (in kW) c. the heat input in the reheater (in kW) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
Basic definitions and conservation of mass and energy applied to the devices are used to determine the quantities sought.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.
Wnet = WT , A + WT , B WP . To find power, apply the mass and energy equations to

Solution:
a) Net power produced is the turbines and pump, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m3 = m4 = m5 = m6 = m and m1 = m2 = m
WT , A = m ( h3 h4 ) WT , B = m ( h5 h6 ) WP = m ( h2 h1 )

The inlet to the pump is saturated liquid, so using Appendices B-10B-12, h1 = h f 1 ( P ) = 130.17 Btu / lbm . For 1 an incompressible, reversible process across the pump
h2 = 130.17
3

h2 h1 = v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1 Btu = 130.17 + 6.06 = 136.2 lbm

Btu ft lbf 144 in.2 1Btu + 0.016407 ( 2000 5) 2 lbm lbm in. 1ft 2 778.2 ft-lbf h3 ( P3 , T3 ) = 1474.1Btu / lbm s3 = 1.5598 Btu / lbm R

interpolation h4 ( P4 , s4 ) = 1299.7 Btu lbm .

For the isentropic turbine, s4 = s3 , and state 4 is superheated vapor, so by

h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1520.7 Btu / lbm s5 = 1.7371Btu lbmR

Note that s6 = s5 , and state 6 is in the two-phase region, so:

x6 = ( s6 s f 6 ) s fg ,6 = (1.7371 0.23486 ) 1.6093 = 0.933 h6 = 130.17 + ( 0.933)(1000.9 ) = 1064.5 Btu / lbm Btu 1.055 kW = 920.0 kW lbm 1Btu/s

WT , A = ( 5lbm s )(1474.1 1299.7 )

WT , B = ( 5 )(1520.7 1064.5 )(1.055 ) = 2407 kW WP = ( 5 )( 6.06 )(1.055 ) = 32.0 kW Wnet = 920.0 + 2407 32.0 = 3300 kW Answer b) To obtain the heat input, apply the mass and energy equation to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects m3 = m2 = m and Qboiler = m ( h3 h2 ) = ( 5 )(1474.1 136.2 )(1.055 ) = 7060 kW Answer

c) The reheater heat transfer rate calculation is similar to part (b): Qreheater = m ( h5 h4 ) = 5 (1520.7 1299.7 )(1.055 ) = 1170 kW d) The cycle thermal efficiency is W -W -W W ( 920.0 + 2407 32.0 ) kW cycle = net = T,A T,B P = = 0.401 Qin Qboiler +Qreheater ( 7060 + 1170 ) kW 8-35

Answer Answer

8-29

A closed feedwater heater is used in a Rankine cycle. Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa, 600 C. Between the high- and low-pressure turbines, steam at 1 MPa is extracted and delivered to the closed feedwater heater. Feedwater exits the feedwater heater at 20 MPa and the saturation temperature of the 1 MPa steam; saturated liquid condensate is fed through a steam trap back to the condenser. Steam from the second stage turbine enters the condenser at 10 kPa, and saturated liquid exits the condenser. Both stages of the turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 90%, and the pump isentropic efficiency is 85%. Determine: a. the fraction of steam entering the turbine that must be extracted b. the net work per unit mass of steam entering the first turbine stage (in kJ/kg) c. the heat added per unit mass of steam entering the first turbine stage (in kJ/kg) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
An energy balance is used on the feedwater heater to determine the steam fraction extracted from the turbine. Conservation of mass and energy applied to the two turbine states are used to determine the work.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) To determine the steam fraction, y, extracted from the turbine perform a mass and energy balance around the closed feedwater heater, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m h m h = 0 y m4 h5 + m2 h2 m7 h7 m3 h3 = 0
in out

But
y=

m2 = m3 = m5 h3 h2 h5 h7

and

m7 = y m5 so that substituting in these expressions and simplifying:

To evaluate the properties, for subcooled, incompressible liquid And

h2 s h1 = v f 1 ( P2 P ) and 1

h1 = h f 1 ( P ) 1

v f 1 ( P2 P ) h1 h2 s h h 1 h2 = h1 1 2 s = h1 h1 h2 P P Using Appendices A-10A-12 (by interpolation as needed) m3 kN 1kJ 0.001010 ( 20000 10 ) 2 kg m 1 kN-m kJ kJ h2 = 191.83 + = 191.83 + 23.8 = 215.6 kg 0.85 kg For the subcooled liquid at point 3, using the same approach as for point 2: h3 = h f (T3 ) + v f 3 P3 Psat (T3 ) = 762.81 + ( 0.001127 )( 20000 1000 ) = 784.2 kJ kg

P =

h7 = h f ( P7 ) = 762.87 kJ / kg

For state 5, we recognize that s5 = s4 , so

s5 s f 5 s fg 5 6.5048 2.1387 = 0.982 4.4478

h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3537.6 kJ kg

and

s4 = 6.5048 kJ kgK

Now for h5 s ( P5 , s5 ) , we recognize that state 5 is in the two phase region

x5 s = =

and h5 s = h f 5 + x5 s h fg 5 = 762.81 + ( 0.982 )( 2015.3) = 2741.1kJ kg

Using the isentropic efficiency

h5 = h4 T ( h4 h5 s ) = 3537.6 ( 0.90 )( 3537.6 2741.1) = 2820.7 kJ kg

8-36

y=

784.2 215.6 = 0.276 2820.7 762.81

Answer

b) The net work is

Wnet = WT , A + WT , B WP . Applying the mass and energy equations to the turbines and

pump, and assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects WT , A = m ( h4 h5 ) WT , A m = h4 h5
WT , B m = ( h5 h6 )(1 y ) WP m = h2 h1

State 6 is in the two-phase region, and s6 = s5 , so in the superheated vapor region, by interpolation
s5 ( P5 , h5 ) = 6.6785 kJ / kg K x6 s = 6.6785 0.6493 = 0.804 h6 s ( P6 , s6 ) = 191.83 + ( 0.804 )( 2392.8 ) = 2115.1kJ kg 7.5009 Using the isentropic efficiency h6 = h5 T ( h5 h6 s ) = 2820.7 ( 0.90 )( 2820.7 2115.1) = 2185.6 kJ kg

Therefore, WT , A m = 3537.6 2820.7 = 716.9 kJ / kg

WT , B m = (1 0.276 )( 2820.7 2185.6 ) = 459.7 kJ / kg WP m = 23.8 kJ / kg Wnet m = 716.9 + 459.7 23.8 = 1152.8 kJ / kg

Answer

c) For the heat added, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects Qin m = h4 h3 = 3537.6 784.2 = 2753.4 kJ / kg d) The cycle thermal efficiency is: W m 1152.8 kJ / kg cycle = net = = 0.419 Qin m 2753.4 kJ / kg

Answer

8-37

8-30

For Problem P 8-29 the closed feedwater heater is changed to an open feedwater heater, from which saturated liquid at 1 MPa exits. With this change, a second pump must be added to the system. Determine: a. the fraction of steam entering the turbine that must be extracted b. the net work per unit mass of steam entering the high-pressure turbine (in kJ/kg) c. the heat added per unit mass of steam entering the high-pressure turbine (in kJ/kg) d. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
The same approach as used in P 8-29 is used, except an open feedwater heater is substituted for the closed feedwater heater, and a second pump is now used.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) To determine y, perform a mass and energy balance on the open feed water heater, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects h h y m5 h6 + (1 y ) m5 h2 m5 h3 = 0 y= 3 2 h6 h2 Evaluating the enthalpies, for subcooled, incompressible liquid h2 s h1 = v f 1 ( P2 P ) and h1 = h f ( P ) 1 1
h1 h2 s h1 h2 h1 h2 s v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1

P, A =

h2 = h1 +

P, A

= h1 +

P, A

From Appendices A-10A-12 as needed: h1 = 191.83kJ / kg

h2 = 191.83 +

( 0.001010 m

kg ) [1000 10] 0.85

kN 1kJ m 2 1 KN-m

= 191.83 + 1.17 = 193.00 kJ / kg

h3 = h f ( P3 ) = 762.81kJ / kg

For the isentropic turbine s6 = s5 , so first evaluating h5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 3537.6 kJ / kg To find h6 s ( P6 , s6 ) , we recognize that it is in the two-phase region, so
x6 s = s6 s f ,6 s fg ,6 = 6.5048 2.1387 = 0.982 4.4478

and s5 = 6.5048 kJ kg K

h6 s = h f ,6 + x6 s h fg ,6 = 762.81 + ( 0.982 )( 2015.3) = 2741.1kJ / kg

Using isentropic efficiency h6 = h5 T ( h5 h6 s ) = 3537.6 ( 0.90 )( 3537.6 2741.1) = 2820.7 kJ kg

y= 762.81 193.0 = 0.217 2820.7 193.0

Answer

b) The net work is Wnet = WT , A + WT , B WP , A WP , B Apply the mass and energy equations to the turbines and pumps, and assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: WT , A = m ( h5 h6 ) WT , A m = h5 h6
WT , B m = ( h6 h7 )(1 y ) WP , A m = h2 h1

8-38

WP , B m = h4 h3

Similar to the analysis of the first pump v f ,3 ( P4 P3 ) ( 0.001127 ) [ 20000 1000] kJ h4 = h3 + = 762.83 + = 762.83 + 25.2 = 788.0 P, B 0.85 kg
s6 ( P6 , h6 ) = 6.6785 kJ / kg K . State 7 is in the two-phase region, so: x7 s = s7 s f 7 s fg ,7 = 6.6785 0.6453 = 0.804 7.5009

For state 7, s7 = s6 , so first evaluating state 6, we recognize it is superheated vapor, so by interpolation

h7 s = 191.83 + ( 0.804 )( 2352.8 ) = 2115.1kJ / kg

using isentropic efficiency h7 = h6 T ( h6 h7 s ) = 2820.7 ( 0.90 )( 2820.7 2115.1) = 2185 kJ / kg

WT , A m = 3537.6 2820.7 = 716.9 kJ / kg WT , B m = (1 0.217 )( 2820.7 2185.6 ) = 497.3kJ / kg WP , A m = 1.17 kJ / kg WP , B m = 25.2 kJ / kg Wnet m = 716 + 497.3 1.17 25.2 = 1187 kJ / kg

Answer

c) For the heat added, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin m = h5 h4 = 3537.6 788.0 = 2749.6 kJ / kg Answer d) The cycle thermal efficiency is: W m 1187 kJ / kg cycle = net = = 0.432 Qin m 2749.6 kJ / kg

Answer

8-39

8-31

A Rankine cycle power plant uses one open feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 1000 psia, 800 F and enters the turbine. At 100 psia, steam is extracted and routed to the open feedwater heater; the feedwater exits the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. The condenser pressure is 2 psia. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine: a. the fraction of steam entering the turbine that is extracted b. the cycle thermal efficiency c. the cycle thermal efficiency if there were no feedwater heater.

Approach:
Conservation of mass and energy are applied to the feedwater heater to determine the steam fraction extracted from the turbine. To determine cycle thermal efficiency, basic definitions are used in conjunction with the conservation of mass and energy applied to other devices.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) To determine the fraction, y, of steam extracted from the turbine, apply the mass and energy equations to the open feedwater heater, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects h h y m5 h6 + (1 y ) m5 h2 m5 h3 = 0 y= 3 2 h6 h2 Evaluating the enthalpies using Appendices B-10B-12: h1 = h f ( P ) = 94.02 Btu / lbm 1 For state 2, assuming incompressible liquid and reversible process
3 2

h2 = h1 + hP Btu = 0.3 lbm

ft lbf 144in. 1Btu hP = v f ,1 ( P2 P ) = 0.01623 (100 1) 2 1 lbm in. ft 2 778.2 ft-lbf h2 = 94.02 + 0.3 = 94.3Btu / lbm h3 = h f ( P3 ) = 298.61Btu / lbm

For state 6, we note that s6 = s5 , so s5 ( P5 , T5 ) = 1.5664 Btu lbm R State 6 is in the two-phase region, so x6 =
s6 s f 6 s fg 6 =

and

h5 = 1388.5 Btu lbm

1.5664 0.47439 = 0.967 1.1290

h6 ( P6 , s6 ) = h f 6 + s6 h fg 6 = 298.61 + ( 0.967 )( 889.2 ) = 1158.7 Btu / lbm y= 298.61 94.3 = 0.192 1158.7 94.3

Answer

Wnet Q = 1 out Qin Qin Apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler and condenser, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects Qin = m ( h5 h4 ) Qout = (1 y ) m ( h7 h1 )

b) The cycle thermal efficiency is cycle =

Similar to pump 1
Btu 144 h4 = h3 + hP = h f ( P3 ) + v f 3 ( P4 P3 ) = 298.61 + ( 0.017736 )(10000 100 ) = 301.6 lbm 778.2

8-40

For state 7, we note that s7 = s6 and state 7 is in the two phase region, so
x7 = s7 s f 7 s fg 7 = 1.5664 0.17499 = 0.797 1.7448

h7 = h f 7 + x7 h fg 7 = 94.02 + ( 0.797 )(1022.1) = 909.1Btu / lbm Qin m = 1388.5 301.6 = 1086.9 Btu / lbm Qout m = (1 0.192 )( 909.1 94.02 ) = 658.6 Btu / lbm 658.6 Btu / lbm = 0.394 1086.9 Btu / lbm

cycle = 1

Answer

c) If there is no feedwater heater, then both Qin and Qout change. Ignoring the reheat portion of the cycle
Qin = h5 h4 = 1388.5 97.0 = 1291.5 Btu / lbm m h4 changes, so that Btu 144 h4 = h f ( P ) + v f 1 ( P4 P ) = 94.02 + ( 0.01623)(1000 1) 1 1 = 97.0 lbm 778.2 Qout = h7 h1 = 909.1 94.02 = 815.1Btu / lbm m

cycle = 1

815.1Btu / lbm = 0.369 1291.5 Btu / lbm

Answer

Comments:
With no feedwater heater, additional heat must be added to the system from an external source, and this heat is used to raise the liquid feedwater temperature. This results in a lower cycle thermal efficiency.

8-41

8-32

A Rankine cycle power plant uses one closed feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 6 MPa, 400 C. At 400 kPa, 15 % of the steam entering the turbine is extracted and routed to the closed feedwater heater; the condensate exits the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid and is routed back to the condenser. The condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine: a. the cycle thermal efficiency b. the cycle thermal efficiency if there were no feedwater heater.

Approach:
Begin with the definition of cycle thermal efficiency. Each term is evaluated with conservation of energy and mass. Information is given about all fluid states upstream and downstream of each device.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the heat exchangers. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pump and turbines are isentropic.

Solution:

a) Cycle thermal efficiency is defined as: cycle = Wnet Qin = Qin Qout

Qin = (WT , A + WT , B WP ) Qin

We need to evaluate each term on the right hand side of the equation. Apply the mass and energy equations to the turbines, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m5 = m4 and m5 (1 y ) = m6
WT , A = m4 ( h4 h5 )

Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10A-12: h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3177.2 kJ kg s4 = 6.5408 kJ kg K With s5 = s4 , we recognize that h5 ( P5 , s5 ) is in the two-phase region, so
x5 = s5 s f ,5 s fg ,5 = h 604.24 kJ kg 6.5408 1.7766 = 0.931 = 5 5.1193 2133.8 kJ kg h5 = 2590.0 kJ kg

Likewise for turbine 2, WT ,2 = m5 (1 y )( h5 h6 ) With s6 = s5 , h6 ( P6 , s6 ) is in the two-phase region, so x6 =

h6 = h f ,6 + x6 h fg = 168.79 + ( 0.778 ) (2406.0) = 2040.7 kJ / kg s6 s f ,6 s fg ,6 = 6.5488 0.5764 = 0.778 7.6750

To calculate the heat input rate, apply the mass and energy equations to the boiler, and assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 = m3 and Qin = m4 ( h4 h3 ) To obtain h3, apply the mass and energy equations to the closed feedwater heater, and assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and adiabatic: m2 h2 + ( y m4 ) h5 ( y m4 ) h7 m3 h3 = 0 but m2 = m3 = m4 so h3 = h2 + y h5 y h7 Evaluating the properties: h7 ( P7 , T7 ) = h f ( P7 ) = 604.74 kJ / kg Because 2 is a subcooled liquid
h2 = h f ,1 ( P ) + v f ,1 ( P2 Psat, 1 ) = 168.79 1 kJ m3 kN kJ + 0.001008 ( 6000 7.5 ) 2 = 168.79 + 6.0 = 174.8 kg kg m kg

h3 = 174.8 + 0.15 ( 2590.0 ) 0.15 ( 604.74 ) = 472.7 kJ / kg

8-42

hcycle =

WT , A + WT , B WP Qin

m4 ( h4 h5 ) + (1 y ) m4 ( h5 h6 ) m4 ( h2 h1 ) m4 ( h4 h3 )

= 0.388 3177.2 472.7 b) Without the feedwater heater, the cycle thermal efficiency is defined as:

( 3177.2 2590.0 ) + (1 0.15)( 2590.0 2040.7 ) ( 6.0 )

Answer

cycle =
=

WT -WP m4 ( h4 h6 ) m4 ( h2 h1 ) = m4 ( h4 h2 ) Qin

( 3177.2 2040.7 ) ( 6 )
3177.2 174.8

= 0.377

Answer

8-43

8-33

An ideal Rankine cycle uses two open feedwater heaters and three pumps. Steam at a flow rate of 12 lbm/s leaves the boiler at 1500 psia, 1600 F, enters the high-pressure turbine and expands to 250 psia, where steam is extracted for the first open feedwater heater. The steam expands in the intermediate-pressure turbine to a pressure of 100 psia, where steam is extracted for the second open feedwater heater. The steam expands in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 4 psia. Water leaves the condenser and the feedwater heaters as saturated liquid. All pumps and turbines are isentropic. Determine: a. the fraction of steam entering the high-pressure turbine that is extracted for each of the feedwater heaters b. the power required to operate each pump (in kW) c. the power produced by each turbine stage (in kW) d. the heat input in the boiler (in kW) e. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
Apply conservation of energy to each of the feedwater heaters to determine the steam fractions extracted from the turbines. Apply mass and energy equations to all other devices to determine power and heat input.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater.

4. 5. 6.

The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic. Feedwater heaters are adiabatic.

Solution:
a) To determine the fraction of flow, y, extracted from the turbine, apply the mass and energy equations to the feed water heater A, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 h4 + y m7 h8 m5 h5 = 0 but
m4 = (1 y ) m7

and

m5 = m7

y=

h5 h4 h8 h4

A similar analysis is used on feed water heater B to find y

m2 h2 + y ' m9 h9 m3 h3 = 0 m2 = (1 y y ) m7

but

m3 = m4

and

y =

(1 y )( h3 h2 )
h9 h2

Now, evaluating properties using Appendices B-10B-12 h1 = h f ( P ) = 120.89 Btu / lbm h2 = h1 + hP , A 1 For the pump, assume incompressible and reversible, so that hP , A = v f ,1 ( P2 P ) 1
ft 3 lbf 144in.2 1Btu hP , A = 0.016358 (100 4 ) 2 2 lbm in. ft 778.2 ft-lbf h2 = 120.89 + 0.3 = 121.2 Btu / lbm h3 = h f ( P3 ) = 298.61Btu / lbm h4 = h3 + hP , B = 0.3Btu / lbm

Similar to pump A

144 hP , B = ( 0.017736 )( 250 100 ) = 0.5 Btu / lbm 788.2

h4 = 298.61 + 0.5 = 299.1Btu / lbm

8-44

h5 = h f ( P5 ) = 376.2 Btu / lbm

Similar to pump A

h6 = h5 + hP ,C

Btu 144 hP ,C = ( 0.01865 )(1500 250 ) = 4.3 778.2 lbm h7 = 1843.7 Btu lbm

h6 = 376.2 + 4.3 = 380.5 Btu lbm s7 ( P7 , T7 ) = 1.8031Btu lbm R

Point 8 is superheated vapor, and noting that s8 = s7 , so by interpolation h8 ( P8 , s8 ) = 1508.0 Btu / lbm Point 9 is superheated vapor, and noting that s9 = s8 , so by interpolation h9 ( P9 , s9 ) = 1379.2 Btu lbm Point 10 is in the two-phase region and s10 = s9 , so
x10 = s10 s f ,10 s fg ,10 = 1.8031 0.21983 = 0.964 1.6426

h10 ( P , s10 ) = h f ,10 + x10 h f9 = 120.89 + ( 0.964 )(1006.4 ) = 1090.9 Btu / lbm 10 y= 376.2 299.1 = 0.0638 1508.0 299.1 (1 0.0638 )( 298.61 121.2 ) y = = 0.132 1379.2 121.2

Answer Answer

b) Power for each pump is WP = mhP

WP , A = m1hP , A = (1 y y ) m7 hP , A Btu 1.055 kW lbm = (1 0.0638 0.132 ) 12 = 3.05 kW = 4.1hp 0.3 s lbm 1Btu/s

Answer Answer

WP , B = m3 hP , B = (1 y ) m7 hP , B = (1 0.0638 )(12 )( 0.5 )(1.055 ) = 5.9 kW = 7.9 hp WP ,C = m5 hP ,C = (12 )( 4.3)(1.0551) = 54.4 kW=73.0 hp

Answer

c) For each turbine, assuming steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects WT = mh so
Btu 1.055 kW lbm WT , A = m7 ( h7 h8 ) = 12 = 4250 kW = 5700 hp (1843.7 1508.0 ) s lbm 1Btu/s

Answer Answer

WT , B = (1 y ) m7 ( h8 h9 ) = (1 0.0638 )(12 )(1508.0 1379.2 )(1.055 ) = 1527 kW = 2047 hp

WT ,C = (1 y y ) m7 ( h9 h10 ) = (1 0.0638 0.132 )(12 )(1379.2 1090.9 )(1.055 ) = 2936 kW = 3937 hp

Answer
d) To obtain the input heat transfer rate, apply the energy and mass equations to the water flowing through the boiler, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects Btu 1.055 kW lbm Qin = m6 ( h7 h6 ) = 12 Answer = 18,520 kW = 24,840 hp (1843.7 380.5 ) s lbm 1Btu/s e) The cycle thermal efficiency is: W + WT , B + WT ,C WP , A WP , B WP ,C W cycle = net = T , A Qin Qin
=

( 4250 + 1527 + 2936 3.05 5.9 54.4 ) kW

18520 kW

= 0.467

Answer

8-45

8-34

A Rankine cycle uses one stage of reheat and one open feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 5 MPa, 550 C and expands in the high-pressure turbine to a pressure of 1 MPa. The steam is extracted, some of which flows through the reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 500 C and the remainder flows to the open feedwater heater. The steam from the reheater enters the low-pressure turbine and expands to the condenser pressure of 20 kPa; saturated liquid exits the condenser. Feedwater from the open feedwater heater leaves as saturated liquid at 1 MPa. Each pump has an isentropic efficiency of 88% and each turbine stage has an isentropic efficiency of 92%. Determine: a. the fraction of the mass flow entering the high-pressure turbine that is extracted to flow to the open feedwater heater b. the work output of the high- and low-pressure turbines per unit of mass flowing into the highpressure turbine (in kJ/kg) c. the work input of the low pressure and high pressure pumps per unit of mass flowing into the highpressure turbine (in kJ/kg) d. heat input in the boiler and reheater per unit of mass entering the high-pressure turbine e. the cycle thermal efficiency.

Approach:
We are given information about states upstream and downstream of each device. Application of conservation of mass and energy is needed to evaluate the quantities sought.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible. 3. The pump, turbine, and feedwater heater are adiabatic. 4. No work is done in the feedwater heater. 5. The liquid water is incompressible.

Solution:
a) To determine the fraction of flow, y, extracted from the turbine, perform an energy balance on the open freshwater heater. Assume steady, adiabatic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: y m1 h2 + (1 y ) m1 h6 m1 h7 = 0
y= h7 h6 h2 h6

To obtain h2 , use the definition of isentropic efficiency:

h1 h2 h2 = h1 T ( h1 h2 s ) h1 h2 s From Appendices A-10A-12 at the given conditions (with interpolation as needed): h1 ( 5 MPa,550 C ) = 3550 kJ / kg, s1 ( 5 MPa,550 C ) = 7.1174 kJ / kgK ,

T =

with s2 = s1 , h2 s (1MPa, s2 ) = 3048.2 kJ / kg

h2 = 3550 0.92 ( 3550 3048.2 ) = 3088.3kJ / kg h7 (1MPa, x = 0 ) = h f (1MPa ) = 762.8 kJ / kg h6 from an energy balance on the pump with an incompressible liquid wP = vdP = vP = h6 s h5 h6 s = h5 + v f 5 ( P6 P5 ) , using the definition of pump isentropic efficiency h6 = h5 + ( h6 s h5 ) P h5 ( 20 kPa, x = 0 ) = h f ( 20 kPa ) = 251.4 kJ / kg v f ( 20 kPa ) = v f ( 20 kPa, x = 0 ) = 0.001017 m3 / kg

8-46

h6 s = 251.4 kJ kg + ( 0.001017 m 3 kg ) (1000 20 ) h6 = 251.4 + ( 252.4 251.4 ) 0.88 = 252.5 kJ / kg y= 762.8 252.5 = 0.180 3088.3 252.5

kN kJ = 252.4 kJ kg m 2 kN-m

Answer

b) With mass and energy balances on the turbines and pumps, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and adiabatic, and dividing the energy equation through by the mass flow rate: wT ,1 = h1 h2 = ( 3550 3088.3) kJ kg = 461.7 kJ / kg Answer
wT ,2 = h3 h4 = T ( h3 h4 s )

This is work per unit mass of flow entering turbine 2. To express in terms of work per unit mass of flow entering turbine 1, multiply by (1-y). Like wise, for wP ,1 the same is true.
wT ,2 = (1 y ) wT ,2

Evaluating the properties

h3 (1MPa, 500 C ) = 3478.5 kJ / kg , s3 (1MPa, 500 C ) = 7.7622 kJ / kgK 7.7622 0.8320 = 0.979 7.0766 h4 s ( 20 kPa, s4 ) = 251.4 + ( 0.979 )( 2358.3) = 2560.9 kJ / kg

x4 s =

with

s4 = s3

wT ,2 = (1 0.180) ( 0.92 )( 3478.5 2560.9 ) = 692.2 kJ / kg

Answer

c) For the pumps, the same approach is used as for the turbines: wP1 = h6 h5 = 252.5 251.4 = 1.1kJ / kg
wP ,2 = h8 h7

wP ,1 = (1 y )( h6 h5 ) = (1 0.180 )( 252.5 251.4 ) kJ / kg = 0.90 kJ / kg

Answer

where

h8 s = h7 + v f 7 ( P8 P7 )

and

h8 = h7 + ( h8 s h7 ) P

Evaluating the properties v7 (1000 kPa, x = 0 ) = 0.001127 m3 / kg , h8 s = 762.8 + ( 0.001127 )( 5000 1000 ) = 767.3kJ / kg
h8 = 762.8 + ( 767.3 762.8 ) 0.88 = 767.9 kJ / kg wP ,2 = 767.9 762.8 = 5.1kJ / kg

Answer

d) Applying the mass and energy equations to the steam flowing through the boiler and reheater, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no work, and dividing the energy equation by the mass flow rate: qin, boiler = h1 h8 = 3550 767.9 = 2782 kJ / kg Answer
qin, reheater = (1 y )( h3 h2 ) = (1 0.180 )( 3478.5 3088.3) = 320.0 kJ / kg

Answer

e) Using the definition of cycle thermal efficiency: W w = net = net qin Qin
= wT ,1 + wT ,2 wP ,1 wP ,2 qin = 461.7 + 692.2 0.90 5.1 = 0.370 2782 + 320.0

Answer

8-47

8-35

A regenerative Rankine cycle that produces 500 MW uses one closed and one open feedwater heater. Steam exits the boiler at 10 MPa, 550 C. Steam at 1 MPa is extracted between the high- and intermediatepressure turbines and is sent to the closed feedwater heater, from which the feedwater leaves at 10 MPa, 150 C; saturated liquid condensate is pumped forward and injected into the boiler feedwater line. Steam at 0.15 MPa is extracted between the intermediate- and low-pressure turbines and is sent to an open feedwater heater, from which saturated liquid water leaves at 0.15 MPa. Steam leaves the low-pressure turbine at 6 kPa. The turbines and pumps are isentropic. Determine: a. the cycle thermal efficiency b. the required mass flow rate (in kg/s).

Approach:
Begin with the definition of cycle thermal efficiency. Each quantity is evaluated with application of conservation of mass and/or energy, since information on states upstream and downstream of each device is given.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the heat exchangers. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. The pumps and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
The cycle thermal efficiency is defined as: cycle = Wnet Qin = Qin Qout Qin

(1)

The heat input is obtained with an energy balance around the water flowing through the boiler. Assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and no work: Qin = m10 ( h1 h10 ) (2)
m10 = m1 = unknown Sufficient information is given to evaluate h1, but we will wait to evaluate all the properties at once. To find h10 , we perform a mass and energy balance on the location where streams 9 and 12 mix. Assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, adiabatic, and no work: m9 h9 + m12 h12 m10 h10 = 0 and m9 + m12 = m10

where

Note that m12 m10 = y and m9 m10 = 1 y . Substituting these two expressions into the main energy equation and dividing by m10 :

(1 y ) h9 + y h12 h10 = 0

h10 = (1 y ) h9 + y h12

We need to determine y by performing a mass and energy energy balance on the closed feedwater heater. With the same assumptions as for the mixer and bringing in the definition of y: h9 h8 ym1h2 + (1 y ) m1h8 ym1h11 (1 y ) m1h9 = 0 y = h2 h8 h11 + h9 To find the output heat transfer rate, apply conservation of mass and energy to the steam flowing through the condenser with the same assumptions as for the boiler. Qout = (1 y y ) m1 ( h4 h5 ) (3) We need to find y , and to do so we perform a mass and energy balance on the open feedwater heater with the same assumptions as for the mixer: (1 y )( h7 h6 ) ym1h3 + (1 y y ) m1h6 (1 y ) m1h7 = 0 y = h3 h6 Now, substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) and noting that m10 = m1 : 8-48

cycle =

m10 ( h1 h10 ) (1 y y ) m1 ( h4 h5 ) m10 ( h1 h10 )

( h1 h10 ) (1 y y )( h4 h5 ) ( h1 h10 )

Now evaluating all properties from Appendices A-10A-12 (with interpolation as required), and then y and y :
h1 (10 MPa,500 C ) = 3501kJ / kg s1 (10 MPa,500 C ) = 6.75611kJ / kgK

with s2 = s1 ,

h2 (1MPa, s2 ) = 2859 kJ / kg

with s3 = s2 , state 3 is in the two-phase region, so x3 =

6.7561 0.5164 = 0.800 7.8212 h5 ( 6 kPa, x5 = 0 ) = h f ,5 ( 6 kPa ) = 150.2 kJ / kg w = vdP = vP = h6 h5
3

6.7561 1.4336 = 0.919 5.7897 h3 ( 0.15 MPa, s3 ) = 467.11 + ( 0.919 )( 2226.5 ) = 2514 kJ / kg h4 ( 6 kPa, s4 ) = 150.2 + ( 0.800 )( 2416.6 ) = 2084 kJ / kg

Likewise, with s4 = s3 , x3 =

For h6 apply an energy balance to the liquid pump

h6 = h5 + v f ,5 ( P6 P5 ) h6 = 150.2 kJ kg + ( 0.001006 m kg ) (150 6 ) kN m 2 = 150.3kJ / kg h7 ( 0.15 MPa, x9 = 0 ) = h f ,7 ( 0.15 MPa ) = 467.1kJ / kg h8 is determined similar to h6 h8 = 467.1kJ kg + ( 0.001053m3 kg ) (10000 150 ) kN m 2 = 477.4 kJ / kg h8 = h7 + v f ,7 ( P8 P7 )

h9 (10 MPa, 150 C ) = h fg (T9 ) + v fg ( P9 Psat ) = 632.2 + ( 0.001091)(10000 475.8 ) = 642.6 kJ / kg h11 (1MPa, x11 = 0 ) = h f ,11 (1MPa ) = 762.8 kJ / kg h12 = 762.8 kJ kg + ( 0.001127 m3 kg ) (10000 1000 ) kN m 2 = 772.9 kJ / kg 642.6 477.4 = 0.0731 2857 477.4 762.8 + 642.6 h10 = (1 0.0731)( 642.6kJ / kg ) + ( 0.0731)( 772.9kJ / kg ) = 652.1kJ / kg y= y = h12 is determined similar to h6 h12 = h11 + v f ,11 ( P P ) 12 11

(1 0.0731)( 467.1 150.2 )

= 0.455 3501 652.1 For the mass flow rate, we use the net power output: Wnet = 500 MW = Qin - Qout = m10 ( h1 h10 ) (1 y y ) m1 ( h4 h5 )

cycle =

= 0.124 2514 150.2 ( 3501 652.1) (1 0.0731 0.124 )( 2084 150.2 )

Answer

With m10 = m1 , and solving for the mass flow rate:

m1 = Wnet ( h1 h10 ) (1 y y )( h4 h5 )

1kJ / sec 1kW = = 385.7 kg / sec ( 3501-652.1) (1 0.0731 0.124 )( 2084 150.2 )

( 500, 000 kW )

Answer

8-49

8-36

A Rankine cycle power plant uses reheat and one closed feedwater heater. Steam leaves the boiler at 6 MPa, 400 C and enters the high-pressure turbine. At 400 kPa all the steam is extracted; 85% of the flow is routed through a reheater where the steam temperature is raised to 400 C, and then is returned to the lowpressure turbine. The other 15% of the extracted steam is routed to the closed feedwater heater; the condensate exits the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid and is routed back to the condenser. The condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. The turbine and pump are isentropic. Determine: a. the cycle thermal efficiency b. compare this result to that obtained in Problem P8-32.

Approach:
Begin with basic definitions, and use conservation of mass and energy applied to individual devices to evaluate terms in the definitions.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. No work occurs in the condenser, boiler, or reheater. The subcooled liquid approximation is valid. Pump and turbine are isentropic.

Solution:
a) The cycle thermal efficiency is Q W cycle = 1 out = net Qin Qin
Wnet = WT WP To determine the turbine and pump work, apply the mass and energy equations to the turbines and pump, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects WT = m4 ( h4 h5 ) + (1 y ) m4 ( h6 h7 )

Evaluating the properties using Appendices A-10A-12: State 5 is in the two-phase region, and noting s5 = s4 ,
x5 = s5 s f 5 s fg 5 = 6.5408 1.7766 = 0.931 5.1193

h4 ( P4 , T4 ) = 3177.2 kJ kg

s4 = 6.5408 kJ / kg K

h5 = h f + x5 h f 5 = 604.74 + ( 0.931)( 2133.8 ) = 2590.5 kJ / kg h6 ( P6 , T6 ) = 3273.4 kJ / kg x7 = s6 = 7.8985 kJ / kg K

State 7 is in the two-phase region, and noting s7 = s6

7.8985 0.5764 = 0.954 7.6750 h7 = 168.79 + 0.954 ( 2406.0 ) = 2464.2 kJ / kg WT m = ( 3177.2 2590.5 ) + (1 0.15 )( 3273.4 2464.2 ) = 1274.5 kJ / kg

For the pump WP m = (1 y )( h2 h1 ) . Assuming incompressible liquid and reversible,

hP = h2 h1 = v f 1 ( P2 P ) 1 m3 kN 1kJ hP = 0.001008 ( 6000 7.5 ) 2 = 6.0 kJ / kg kg m 1 kN-m

Therefore WP m = (1 0.15 )( 6.0 kJ/kg ) = 5.1kJ / kg For the heat input, apply the mass and energy equations to the water flowing through the boiler and reheater, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: 8-50

Qin = Qboiler + Qreheater Qboiler = m ( h4 h3 )

and

Qreheater = (1 y ) m ( h6 h5 )

To evaluate h3 , apply the mass and energy equations to the closed feedwater heater, and assume steady, adiabatic, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: m4 h2 + y m4 h5 y m4 h8 m4 h3 = 0
h3 = h2 + y ( h5 h8 )

Evaluating properties h8 = h f ( P8 ) = 604.74 kJ / kg Across the pump h2 h1 = hP

h1 = h f ( P ) = 168.79 kJ / kg 1 h2 = h1 + hP h2 = 168.79 + 5.1 = 173.9 kJ / kg

h3 = 173.9 + ( 0.15 )( 2590.5 604.74 ) = 471.8 kJ / kg Qin m = ( h4 h3 ) + (1 y )( h6 h5 ) = ( 3177.2 471.8 ) + (1 0.15 )( 3273.4 2590.5 ) = 3285.9 kJ / kg

cycle =

(1274.5 5.1) kJ / kg
3285.9 kJ / kg

= 0.386

Answer

8-51

8-37

Air at 1 atm, 40 F enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton cycle. The pressure ratio is 10. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 1500 F. Using an air-standard analysis, determine: a. the cycle thermal efficiency b. the back work ratio c. the temperature of the air at the turbine exit (in C).

Approach:
Begin with the definition of cycle thermal efficiency, and apply conservation of mass and energy to individual devices to evaluate the terms in the definition. The same terms are used to determine the backwork ratio.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. Compressor and turbine are isentropic. An-air-standard analysis is used.

Solution:
a) Cycle thermal efficiency is cycle = Wnet Qin where
Wnet = WT WC . Apply the energy and mass equations

to the turbine and compressor, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: WT = m ( h3 h4 ) and WC = m ( h2 h1 ) From the air table Appendix B-9
h1 ( 500 R ) = 119.48 Btu / lbm h3 (1960 R ) = 493.6 Btu / lbm Pr ,1 = 1.0590 Pr ,3 = 160.5

Using relative pressures Pr ,2 = Pr ,1 ( P2 / P ) = 1.059 (10 ) = 10.59 1

by interpolation

h2 = 230.9 Btu / lbm h4 = 259.9 Btu / lbm

Pr ,4 = Pr ,3 ( P4 / P3 ) = 160.5 (1/10 ) = 16.05 by interpolation

Wnet m = ( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 ) = ( 493.6 259.9 ) ( 230.9 119.48 ) = 233.7 111.5 = 122.2 Btu / lbm

Apply the energy and mass equations to the air flowing through the combustor, and assume steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) Qin m = h3 h2 = 493.6 230.9 = 262.7 Btu lbm

cycle =

122.2 Btu / lbm = 0.465 267.7 Btu / lbm BWR =

Answer
WC (WC m ) 111.5 Btu / lbm = = = 0.477 WT (WT m ) 233.7 Btu / lbm by interpolation

b) The back work ratio is:

Answer Answer

c) The turbine outlet temperature is: T4 ( h4 )

T4 = 1075.7 R = 615.7 F

8-52

8-38

For Problem P 8-37, rework the problem using an air-standard analysis, with a turbine efficiency of 89% and a compressor efficiency of 83%. Determine: a. the cycle thermal efficiency b. the back work ratio c. the temperature of the air at the turbine exit (in C). Compare with the results from P 8-37.

Approach:
Basic definitions, now including isentropic efficiency, are used with conservation of mass and energy applied to individual components to evaluate terms in the definitions.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. Compressor and turbine are isentropic. An-air-standard analysis is used.

Solution:

a) The operating conditions are the same except now the isentropic efficiencies (T = 0.89, C = 0.83) must be incorporated into the solution. Following the solution to P 8-39: WT m = h3 h4 and WC m = h2 h1 Again using Appendix B-9
h1 ( 500 R ) = 199.48 Btu / lbm Pr ,1 = 1.0590 Pr ,3 = 160.5 h3 (1960 R ) = 493.6 Btu / lbm

For an isentropic process (from previous solution)

h2 s = 230.9 Btu / lbm

h4 s = 259.9 Btu / lbm Using the definition of isentropic efficiency h h T = 3 4 h4 = h3 T ( h3 h4 s ) = 493.6 ( 0.89 )( 493.6 259.9 ) = 285.6 Btu / lbm h3 h4 s

C =

h2 s h1 h2 h1

h2 = h1 +

h2 s h1

= 119.48 +

230.9 119.48 = 253.7 Btu / lbm 0.83

WT m = 493.6 285.6 = 208.0 Btu / lbm WC m = 253.7 119.48 = 134.2 Btu / lbm Wnet = 208.0 134.2 = 73.8 Btu / lbm

Likewise, for Qin m = h3 h2 = 493.6 253.7 = 239.9 Btu / lbm

cycle =

73.8 Btu / lbm = 0.308 239.9 Btu / lbm BWR =

Answer

b) The back work ratio is:

WC m 134.2 Btu / lbm = = 0.645 WT m 208.0 Btu / lbm

Answer Answer

c) The turbine exit temperature is: T4 ( h4 ) by interpolation

T4 = 1177.6 R = 717.6 F

Comments:
The inefficiencies in the turbine and compressor have a dramatic detrimental effect on the cycle thermal efficiency. Note that because less energy is removed from the turbine, its outlet temperature is much higher.

8-53

8-39

Air at 100 kPa, 27 C at a volumetric flowrate of 10 m3/s enters an ideal Brayton cycle and is compressed to 1750 kPa. The air temperature at the entrance to the turbine is 1073 C. Using a cold-air-standard analysis, determine: a. the net power (in kW) b. the heat addition (in kW) c. the cycle thermal efficiency d. back work ratio.

Approach:
Basic definitions are used with conservation of mass and energy applied to individual devices.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. Compressor and turbine are isentropic. A cold-air-standard analysis is used.

Solution:
a) Net power is Wnet = WT WC . Apply the mass and energy equations to the turbine and compressor, and assume steady, isentropic, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects WT = m ( h3 h4 ) and WC = m ( h2 h1 ) Using a cold-air-standard analysis where h = cP T , and from Appendix A-8 for air cP = 1.005 kJ / kg K , k = 1.4 : WT = mcP (T3 T4 ) and WC = mcP (T2 T1 ) For an isentropic process of an ideal gas with constant specific heats
P T2 = T1 2 P 1
k 1 k

1750 = 300 K 100

1.4 1 1.4

= 679.6 K = 573.8 K

P T4 = T3 4 P3

k 1

100 = 1300 K 1750 v1 =

1.4 1 1.4

m = 1V1 = V1 v1 m=

RT1 ( 8.314 kJ kmol K )( 300 K )( kN-m 1kJ ) m3 = = 0.861 MP kg ( 28.97 kg kmol ) (100 kN m 2 ) 1

( 0.861m /kg )
3

(10 m /min )
3

= 11.6 kg / min = 0.194 kg / s

WT = ( 0.194 kg s )(1.005 kJ kg K )(1300 573.8 ) K (1kW 1 kJ/s ) = 141.6 kW WC = ( 0.194 )(1.005 )( 679.6 300 ) = 74.0 kW Wnet = 141.6 74.0 = 67.6 kW Answer b) To obtain the input heat transfer rate, apply the energy and mass equations to the combustor, and assume steady, no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) = mcP (T3 T2 ) Qin = ( 0.194 )(1.005 )(1300 679.6 ) = 121.0

Answer Answer Answer

c) The cycle thermal efficiency is: d) The back work ratio is:
BWR =

cycle =

Wnet 67.6 kW = = 0.559 Qin 121.0 kW

WC 74.0 kW = = 0.523 WT 141.6 kW

8-54

8-40

Redo Problem P 8-39 with an air-standard analysis.

Approach:
Basic definitions are used with conservation of mass and energy applied to each device. Variable property effects are taken into account using the air tables.

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The processes are steady. Neglect potential and kinetic energy effects. Compressor and turbine are isentropic. An-air-standard analysis is used.

Solution:
a) All conditions are the same as in P 8-39, so for the net power: WT = m ( h3 h4 ) and WC = m ( h2 h1 )
m = 0.194 kg / s (remains unchanged) From the air tables, Appendix A-9 h1 ( 300 K ) = 300.19 kJ / kg Pr ,1 = 1.3860 h3 (1300 K ) = 1395.97 kJ / kg Pr ,3 = 330.9 Pr ,2 = Pr ,1 ( P2 P ) 1 h2 = 679.5 kJ kg h4 = 632.0 kJ / kg

For h2 , use relative pressures

Pr ,2 = 1.386 (1750 100 ) = 24.26 so by interpolation

Likewise for state 4: Pr ,4 = Pr ,3 ( P4 P3 ) = 330.9 (100 1750 ) = 18.91

WT = ( 0.194 kg s )(1395.97 632.0 )

so by interpolation

kJ 1kW = 148.2 kW kg 1 kJ/s

WC = ( 0.194 )( 679.5 300.19 ) = 73.6 kW Wnet = 142.2 73.6 = 74.6 kW

Answer Answer Answer

b) The heat input rate is:

Qin = m ( h3 h2 ) = ( 0.194 )(1395.97 679.5 ) = 139.0 kW Wnet 74.6 kW = = 0.537 Qin 139.0 kW

c) The cycle thermal efficiency is: cycle =

d) The back work ratio is:

BWR =

WC 73.6 kW = = 0.497 WT 148.2 kW

Answer

Comments:
Taking into account the variability of specific heat with temperature resulted in the cycle thermal efficiency and the back work ratio decreasing.

8-55