Quadrat ic Equations

1
QUADRATI C EQUATI ONS
Target IIT JEE
MATHEMATI CS
Quadrat ic Equations
2
1. POLYNOMIAL
The expression of the form
1
0 1 1
........
n n
n n
a x a x a x a

+ + + + is called polynomial where

0 1
, , ..............
n
a a a are
real number and n is a non negative integer.
(i) Quadratic Polynomial
The polynomial where
2 n =
and
0
0 a = is called a quadratic polynomial i.e. polynomial with degree 2. such
as
2 2
0 1 2
or a x a x a ax bx c + + + + .
(ii) Quadratic Equations
The general form of quadratic equation is
2
0, ax bx c + + = where , , a b c are real numbers and
0. a =
For example:
2
5 10 0 x x + =
is a quadratic equation.
(iii) Zeros of a Quadratic Polynomial
The value(s) of x for which the polynomial reduces to 0 are called zeros of quadratic polynomial.
For example:
2
4 4 x x +
becomes zero if we put
2 x =
2
is a zero of this polynomial.
(iv) Roots of Quadratic Equation
If , are the zeros of the equatic polynomial,
2
( ) , p x ax bx c = + + then , are the roots of corresponding
quadratic equation i.e.
2
0 ax bx c + + =
or ( ) 0 p x = .
Solving the quadratic equation means finding the values of
' ' x
for which given quadratic equation is satisfied.
For example:
Consider the quadratic equation,
2
5 6 0 x x + =
Let us put 2, 3. x =
2 2
2 5 2 0 and 3 5 3 6 0 = + =
2, 3 x = are roots of quadratic equation.
2. FINDING SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
(a) Factorisation method:
Let us consider the quadratic equation:
2
0 ax bx c + + =
To find roots, we factorise it and get:
2
( )( ) 0 ax bx c lx m nx p + + = + + =
0 or 0 lx m nx p + = + =
or
m p
x x
l n
= =
Hence, these are the roots of the given quadratic equation.
Illustration:
Find the roots of the following equation:
2 2 2
3 2 0 a x abx b + =
Sol.
2 2 2
2 2 0 a x abx abx b + =
Quadratic Equations
Quadrat ic Equations
3
( 2 ) ( 2 ) 0 ax ax b b ax b =
( 2 )( ) 0 ax b ax b =
2 / or / x b a x b a = =
(b) Method of Completion of Square
The roots of a quadratic equation are found by expressing the quadratic equation in perfect square from and
then taking square roots on both sides.
Let us take the quadratic equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
2
0
b c
a x
a a
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
2
2
0
2
b c
a x x
a a
(
+ + =
(

On adding and subtracting
2
,
2
b
a
| |
|
\ .
we get:
2 2
2
2
0
2 2 2
b b c b
a x x
a a a a
(
| | | |
+ + + =
(
| |
\ . \ . (

2
2
2
4
0
2 4
b ac b
a x
a a
(
| |
+ + =
(
|
\ . (

[Using
2 2 2
( ) 2 x y x xy y + = + + ]
2
2
2
4
2 4
b b ac
x
a a
| |
+ =
|
\ .
2
4
2 2
b b ac
x
a a
| |
+ =
|
\ .
2 2
4 4
,
2 2 2
b b ac b b ac
x
a a a

=
Depending on the sign of
2
4 , b ac we make the following cases.
Case I:
2
4 0 b ac >
Then the two roots of quadratic are:
2 2
4 4
and
2 2
b b ac b b ac
a
a a

+
= =
Case II:
2
4 0 b ac =
Then the equation does not have any real roots.
Illustration:
Solve the equation
2
6 2 0 x x =
.
Sol. Expressing
2 2
1
6 2 6
6 3
x
x x x
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2 1
6 0
12 3
x
x
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2 1 1 1
6 0
12 144 144 3
x
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .
Quadrat ic Equations
4
2
1 (1 48)
0
12 144
x
+ | |
=
|
\ .
2
1 49 1 7
12 144 2 12
x x
| |
= =
|
\ .
1 7 2 1
,
12 12 3 2
x x

= =
(c) Direct formula Method
From the previous method, we can derive the formula for quadratic equation :
2
0 ax bx c + + =
(i) If
2
4 0, b ac > then the equation has real and distinct roots i.e.,
2 2
4 4
,
2 2
b b ac b b ac
a a

+
= =
(ii) If
2
4 0, b ac = then the equation has equal roots
2
b
a


= =
(iii) If
2
4 0, b ac < then the equation has no real roots.
Note:
2
4 b ac
is called the Discriminant of the quadratic equation and is represented by or . D A
Illustration:
Find the roots of the equation
2 2 2
3 2 0 a x abx b + =
.
Sol.
2 2 2 2
4 ( 3 ) 4(2 )( ) B AC ab b a =
2 2 2 2 2 2
9 8 0 D a b b a a b D = = >
The equation has two distinct roots i.e.
,
2 2
B D B D
A A
+
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3
,
2 2
ab a b ab a b
a a
+
=
2
,
b b
x
a a
= =
(d) Sum and product of roots of a Quadratic Equation
Let and be the roots of a quadratic equation:
2
0 ax bx c + + =
where , , and 0 a b c R a e = .
Using the direct formula method,
2 2
4 4
,
2 2
b b ac b b ac
a a

+
= =
Sum of roots 2
2 coeff. of
2 coeff. of
b b x
a a x


= + = = =
Product of roots =
( )
2
2 2
2
( ) 4
4
b b ac
a

=
2 2
2 2
4 constant term
4 coeff. of
b b ac c
a a x
+
= =
Quadrat ic Equations
5
Illustration:
Find the sum and product of roots of the equation
2
4 2 3 5 0 x x =
.
Sol.
( )
2 3
3
4 2


+ = =
5
4

=
(e) Formation of a quadratic equation when roots are given
Let , be the roots of equation
2
2
0 ax bx c + + =
.
&
b c
a a

+ = =
Consider
2
0 ax bx c + + =
2 2
0 0
b c b c
x x x x
a a a a
| |
+ + = + =
|
\ .
2
( ) 0 x x + + =
2
(sum of roots) product of roots 0 x x + =
Illustration:
Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3/2.
Sum of roots
3 7 3
2 and Product of roots 2 3
2 2 2
= + = = =
2 2
7
3 0 2 7 6 0
2
x x x x + = + =
Note: If one root of a quadratic equation is in the form p q + and , and a b c are rational numbers, then other
root must be p q since
2
4
2
b b ac
x
a

=
3. FINDING THE VALUES OF SYMMETRIC EXPRESSION
If and are the roots of
2
0 ax bx c + + =
where , , a b c R e and 0, a = then the values of symmetrical
expressions in and are obtained by using the sum of roots formula and product of roots formula.
Some important formulae to convert symmetrical expressions in terms of + and
(i)
2 2 2
( ) 2 + = +
(ii)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
( )( ) ( ) 4
(
= + = + = = + +
(

(iii) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3 2 2
( ) 3
(
+ = + + = + +

(iv)
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 2 2
4
(
(
= + + = +
(

(v) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(
+ = + = +

(vi) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 2 2
2 4
(
(
= + + = + + +
(

(vii) ( ) ( )
5 5 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
+ = + +
Quadrat ic Equations
6
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
( (
= + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 3 ( )
( (
= + + + +

(viii) ( ) ( )
6 6 2 2 4 4 2 2
+ = + +
( ) ( )
{ }
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 3
(
(
= + +
(


(ix)
( )
2 2
2 1 1
( )
a b
a b a b a ab b


+ +
+ =
+ + + + +
or using s
2 2
0 & 0 a b c a b c + + = + + =
&
c c
a b b

+ = + =
1 1 ( )
a b a b a c c


+
+ = =
+ +
(x) 2 2
1 1 ( ) 2
( )
b c
b c b c b bc c


+ +
+ =
+ + + + +
or using
2 2
0 & 0 a b c a b c + + = + + =
2 2
b c a b c + = + =
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2
1 1 1
a a a a


( + +


= = =
Illustration:
Let , be the roots of
2
0. ax bx c + + =
Find the values of:
(1)
1 2
2 2
+
+ +
2 2 2 2
3 3 3( )
4 2 2 2( ) 5


+ +
= =
+ + + + +
2
3( )
2
( ) 2 5


+
=
( + +

(2)
2 2
2 2


+
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) 2

+ +
= =
2
2 2 2
2 2
( ) 2 2

( +

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 b c c
a a a
c
a
(
| |
(
|
\ . (

=
Quadrat ic Equations
7
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4
2 2 2
2 4
2 2 2 2 b c c b ac a c
a a a
a
c c a
a a
| |


|
\ .
= =
4 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4 4 2 b a c b ac a c
c a
+
=
4 2 2 2
2 2
2 4 b a c b ac
c a
+
=
4.0 FACTORISATION OF A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
Let
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + be a quadratic polynomial. The factor of ( ) f x depends on the discriminant.
Case I:
0 D <
Then the polynomial cannot be factorised into linear factors.
Case II:
0 D =
Then the corresponding equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
has equal roots;
2
b
a


= =
The factors are:
2 2
b b
a x x
a a
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
Case III:
0 D >
Then roots of the corresponding quadratic equation are
,
2 2
b D b D
a a

+
= =
The factors are
( )( )
2 2
b D b D
a x x a x x
a a

( (
+
=
( (

5. COMMON ROOTS BETWEEN TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
(1) Both roots common
Consider two quadratic equations
2 2
0 and 0 ax bx c a x b x c ' ' ' + + = + + = in such a case two equatins should be
identical. For that, the ratio of coefficients of
2 0
, and x x x must be same, i.e.
a b c
a b c
= =
' ' '
(2) One root common
Consider two quadratic equatins
2
0 ax bx c + + =
and
2
0 a x b x c ' ' ' + + =
. Let be the common root of two
equations. So should satisfy both the equations.
2
0 a b c + + =
and ... (1)
2
0 a x b x c ' ' ' + + =
... (2)
Solving the two equations by cross multiplication method
2
1
bc b c ac a c ab a b

= =
' ' ' ' ' '
bc b c a c ac
a c ac ab a b

' ' ' '

= =
' ' ' '
( ) ( ) ( )
2
a c ac bc b c ab a b ' ' ' ' ' ' =
This is the required condition for two equations to have a common root.
Quadrat ic Equations
8
Illustration:
For what value of , k equation:
2 2
2 5 0 & 3 4 0 x kx x x + = = may have one root common.
Let be the common root.
2
2 5 0 k + =
2
3 4 0 =
2
1
4 15 8 5 6 k k

= =
+
4 15 3
and
3 6
k
k

+
= =
+
2
4 15 3
24 90 4 15 9
3 6
k
k k k
k
+
= + + + =
+
2
4 39 81 0 k k + + =
27
3 or
4
k k

= =
6. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
In the previous sections we studied quadratic equation and how to find its solution. There are other equations
which are not quadratic equations but can be reduced to quadratic equations after making a substitution in the
equations. These equations are known as equations reducible to quadratic equations. In this section we will
explore the various categories in which we can divide these equations and also methods to reduce them to
quadratic form and hence solve them.
Type - 1
Equation of the type:
| | | |
2
( ) ( ) 0 a f x b f x c + + =
The following steps are useful to reduce this equation into a quadratic equation.
(1) Replace ( ) f x t = and reduce the equation into quadratic equation:
2
0 at bt c + + =
(2) Find roots of the quadratic equation
2
0 at bt c + + =
using methods discussed in previous section. Let roots be
and .
(3) Solve ( ) and ( ) f x f x = = to get all roots of the given equation.
Illustrations:
1.. Solve
2/ 3 1/ 3
2 15 x x =
.
Step 1 Put
1/ 3
x t =
to get
2
2 15 t t =
Step 2
2
2 15 0 ( 5)( 3) 0 5 or 3 t t t t t t = + = = =
Step 3
1/ 3 1/ 3
5 and 3 x x = =
Taking cube on both sides, we get: 125 and 27 x x = =
Type - 2
Equation of the type:
| | ( )
( )
b
a f x c
f x
+ =
Where ( ) f x is an expression in x and a, b, c are real coefficients. The following steps are useful to reduce the
above equation into quadratic equation and hence find the solution.
(1) Replace ( ) f x by t to get
b
at c
t
+ =
Quadrat ic Equations
9
2
0 at ct b + =
(2) Solve the quadratic equation obtained in step (1) to find roots say and .
(3) Solve ( ) and ( ) f x f x = = to obtain roots of the given equation.
Illustration:
1. Solve
3 1 1 5
1 3 1 2
x x
x x
+ + | | | |
+ =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
.
Step 1 Put
3 1 1 5
to get
1 2
x
t t
x t
+
= = =
+
2
2 5 2 0 t t + =
Step 2 Solve
2
2 5 2 0 t t + =
( 2)(2 1) 0 t t =
2 or 1/ 2 t t = =
Step 3
3 1 3 1 1
2 or
1 1 2
x x
x x
+ +
= =
+ +
3 1 2 2 or 6 2 1 x x x x + = + + = +
1 or 1/ 5 x x = =
Theefore roots of the given equation are 1 & 1/ 5. x x = =
Type - 3
Equation of the tpe:
2
2
1 1
0 a x b x c
x x
| | | |
+ + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
or
2
2
1 1
0 a x b x c
x x
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
The following steps are useful to reduce the above equation into quadratic equation and hence find its solutions.
1. Write first equation in the form:
2
1 1
2 0 a x b x c
x x
(
| | | |
+ + + + =
(
| |
\ . \ . (

and second in the form:
2
1 1
2 0 a x b x c
x x
(
| | | |
+ + + =
(
| |
\ . \ . (

.
2. Replace
1
x t
x
+ =
in first equation and
1
x t
x
=
in second equation, to get
2
( 2) 0 a t bt c + + = and
2
( 2) 0 a t bt c + + + = .
3. Solve the quadratic equations
1 1
and x x
x x

| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
for the first equation or
1 1
and x x
x x

| |
= =
|
\ .
for the second equation to obtain solution of the given equation.
Illustrations:
1. Solve
2
2
1 1
4 8 3 0 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
Let
1
x t
x
+ =
... (1)
Take square of (1) to get:
2 2
2
1
2 x t
x
+ + =
Quadrat ic Equations
10
2 2
2
1
2 x t
x
+ =
... (2)
Using (1) and (2) in the given equation, we get
2
4( 2) 8 3 0 t t + =
2
4 8 5 0 t t =
2
4 10 2 5 0 t t t + =
(2 5)(2 1) 0 t t + =
5/ 2 and 1/ 2 t t = =
Putting the values of t in (1), we get:
1 1
5/ 2 and 1/ 2 x x
x x
+ = + =
2 2
2( 1) 5 and 2( 1) 0 x x x x + = + + =
2
2( 1) 5 and 0 x x D + = < (so no solution)
2 and 1/ 2 x x = = are two solutions of the given equation.
Type - 4
Equation of the type: ( )( )( )( ) 0 x a x b x c x d k + + + + + = where , , , , a b c d k R e such that
. a b c d + = +
The following steps are useful to reduce the above equation into quadratic equation and hence find its solutions.
1. Multiply first two brackets and last two brackets to get
( )
2 2
( ) )( ( ) 0 x a b x ab x c d x cd k + + + + + + + =
2. As ( ) ( ) a b c d + = + we can replace
2
( ) x a b x t + + = to get ( )( ) 0 t ab t cd k + + + =
3. Solve the above quadratic equation in t to get roots , .
4. Solve
2
( ) x a b x + + = and
2
( ) x a b x + + = to get solution of the required equation.
Illustrations:
(1) Solve ( 1)( 2)(3 2)(3 1) 21 x x x x + =
The given equation is : ( 1)( 2)(3 2)(3 1) 21 x x x x + =
Take 3 as common factor from last two factors to get
9( 1)( 2)( 2/ 3)( 1/ 3) 21 x x x x + = ... (1)
The sum of constant terms of first factor and third factor is same as the sum of the constant terms of second
factor and fourth factor.
In equation (1), multiply first factor with third and second factor with fourth to get.
2 2
(3 5 2)(3 5 2) 21 x x x x + =
Let
2
3 5 x x t =
( 2)( 2) 21 t t + =
2
25 0 5 t t = =
On combining (2) and (3) we get:
2 2
3 5 5 0 or 3 5 5 0 x x x x = + =
5 25 4 5 3
or no real roots.
6
x
+
=
Quadrat ic Equations
11
5 85
The solution is :
6

Type - 5(a)
Equation of the type: ; , , , ax b cx d a b c d R + = + e
The following steps are useful to reduce the above equation into quadratic equation and hence find the
solution of it.
1. Take square on both sides to get:
2
( ) ax b cx b + = +
2. Solve quadratic equation to get roots , .
3. and are roots of the given equation if they satisfy
0 ax b + >
and
0. cx d + >
Type - 5(b)
Equation of tye type:
2
ax bx c dx e + + = +
The following steps are useful to reduce the above equation into quadratic equation and hence find the
solution of it.
1. Take square on both sides to get
2 2
( ) ax bx c dx e + + = + .
2. Solve the above quadratic equation in x to get roots & .
3. and are roots of the given equation if they satisfy
2
0 ax bx c + + >
and
0. dx e + >
Type - 5(c)
Equation of the type:
ax b cx d e + + + =
.
The following steps are useful to reduce the above equation into quadratic equation and hence find the
solution of it.
1. The given equation can be written as
ax b e cx d + = +
2. Take square on both side to get:
2
( ) 2 ax b e cx d e cx d + = + + +
2
( ) 2 a c x b d e e cx d + = +
3. Take square again to get:
2
2 2
( ) 4 ( ) a c x b d e e cx d ( + = +

Solve this quadratic equation in x to get roots & .
4. and are roots of the given equation if they satisfy 0 and 0 ax b cx d + > + > .
Note:
2
x x =
Illustrations:
1. Solve
2
2 2 1 2 3 0 x x x + + =
The equation can be written as
2
2 2 1 2 3 x x x +
Take square to get
2 2
2 2 1 4 9 12 x x x x + = +
2 2
2 10 8 0 5 4 0 x x x x + = + =
( 1)( 4) 0 1 or 4 x x x x = =
For 1, x =
Solving:
2 1 2 1 2 4 3 LHS = + +
1 2 3 0 + =
Hence
1 x =
is not a solution.
For 4, x =
Solgin:
2
2 4 2 4 1 LHS = +

32 8 1 8 3 = + +

25 5 0 RHS = = =
The only roots is
4. x =
Quadrat ic Equations
12
SUMMARY
1. Quadratic Equation
The standard form of a quadratic equation is:
2
0 ax bx c + + =
where , , a b c are real numbers and
0 a =
2. Roots of a quadratic equation
roots of a quadratic equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
( 0, , , ) a a b c R = e
are given by
2 2
4 4
;
2 2
b b ac b b ac
a a

+
= =
* sum of the roots =
b
a
+ =
* Product of roots =
c
a
=
* factorised form of
2
( )( ) ax bx c a x x + + =
* If S be the sum and P be the product of roots, then quadratic equation is:
2
0 x sx p + =
3. Nature of roots of a quadratic equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
means whether the roots are real or complex.
By analysing the expression
2
4 D b ac =
(D called as discriminant), one can get an idea about the nature of the roots as follows:
(i) (a) If
2
0 ( 4 0) D b ac < <
then the roots of the quadratic equation are non-real or complex roots
(b) If
2
0 ( 4 0) D b ac = =
then the roots are real and equal.
Equal roots
2
b
a
= =
(c) If
2
0 ( 4 0) D b ac > >
then the roots are real and unequal.
(ii) If
D
i.e.,
2
( 4 ) b ac is a perfect square and , a b and c are rational, then the roots are rational.
(iii) If
D
i.e.,
2
( 4 ) b ac is not a perfect square and , a b and c are rational, then the roots are of the form
m n +
and
m n
.
(iv) If
0 D <
i.e.,
2
( 4 0) b ac < , and the coefficients , a b and c are real then the roots are complex conjugate of
each other i.e., the roots are of the form
p iq + and p iq ( , p q R e and
1 i =
).
(v) If a quadratic equation in x has more than two roots, then it is an identity in x (i.e. true for all real values of x )
and
0 a b c = = =
.
4. Condition for common root(s)
Quadrat ic Equations
13
consider two quadratic equations:
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
0 0 a x b x c and a x b x c + + = + + =
(a) For two common roots:
In such a case, two equations should be identical. For that, the ratio of coefficients of
2
, x x and
0
x
must be
same,
i.e.,
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= =
(b) For one common root:
Let be the common root of two equations. So should satisfy the two equations.
2
1 1 1
0 a b c + + = and
2
2 2 2
0 a b c + + =
Solving the two equations by using cross multiplication method
2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
b c b c a c a c a b a b

= =

2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
a c a c
a b a b

2 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b c b c
a b a b

2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
( )( ) ( ) b c b c a b a b a c a c = . This is the condition for one root of two quadratic equations to be
common.
Note: To find the common root between the two equations, make the coefficient of
2

common and then

subtract the two equations.
5. Some more result on roots of quadratic equation.
(i) Both roots of ( ) 0 f x = are negative, if sum of the roots < 0, product of the roots > 0 and
0 D >
.
i.e.,
2
0, 0, 4 0
b c
b ac
a a
< > >
(ii) Both roots of ( ) 0 f x = are positive, if sum of the roots > 0, product of the roots > 0 and
0 D >
i.e.,
2
0, 0, 4 0
b c
b ac
a a
> > >
(iii) Roots of ( ) 0 f x = are opposite in sign, if product of the roots < 0,
i.e.,
0
c
a
<
.
EXERCISE
1. If and are the roots of equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
, find the value of the following expressions:
(i)
2 2
+ (ii)
3 3
+ (iii)
4 4
+
(iv)
2
( ) (v)
4 4

2. If and are the roots of equation
2
0 ax bx c + + =
, form an equation whose roots are:
(i)
1

+
1 1
,

+ +
(ii)
1 1 1
,

+
+
3. Form an equation whose roots are squares of the sum and the difference of the roots of the equation.
2 2 2
2 2( ) 0 x m n x m n + + + + =
Quadrat ic Equations
14
4. Comment upon the nature of the following equation:
(i)
2 2
( ) 0 x a b x c + + =
(ii)
2
( ) 2( ) ( ) 0 a b c x a b x a b c + + + + + =
(iii)
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 b c x c a x a b + + =
5. What can you say about the roots of the following equations?
(i)
2 2
2(3 5) 2(9 25) 0 x a x a + + + + =
(ii) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 x a x b x b x c x c x a + + =
6. Find the values of k, so that the equations
2
2 5 0 x kx + =
and
2
3 4 0 x x =
many have one root in common.
7. If
2
0 ax bx c + + =
and
2
0 bx cx a + + =
have a root in common, find the relation between , . a b and c
8. If the equations
2
0 x ax b + =
and
2
0 x cx d + =
have one root in common and second equation has equal
roots, prove that 2( ) ac b d = + .
9. If , are the roots of
2
0 x px q + + = and , are the roots of
2
0 x rx s + + =
, evaluate the value of
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) in terms of , , , p q r s . Hence deduce the condition that the equations have a common
root.
10. If the ratio of roots of the equation
2
0 x px q + + = be equal to the ratio of roots of the equation
2
0 x bx c + + =
,
then prove that
2 2
p c b q = .
11. Find the roots of the equation
2
2log log 3log 0
x ax
a x
a a a + + =
if 0, 1 a a > = .
12. Find the condition for the equation
1 1 1 1
x x b m m b
+ = +
+ +
has real roots that are equal in magnitude but opposite
in sign.
13. For what value of a does the equation log
2
( 2 ) log(8 6 3) x ax x a + = have only one solution?
14. Find the real roots of the equation
3 4 1 8 6 1 1 x x x x + + + =
15. Solve the equation:
2 4 6 x x x + =
16. Solve the equation
2 2
2
6 8 2 2 3
log log ( 2 ) 0
x x x x
x x
+ + + +
=
17. Solve the following equation for x :
2 2
2 3 3 7
log (6 23 21) log (4 12 9) 4
x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + + + =
18. Solve
x a x b a b
x b x a b a

+ = +

19. Find the roots of the equation
3 2
4 4 1 0 x x x + + + =
20. Solve the equation
4 3 2
1 0 x x x x + + + =
21. Solve the equation
4 2
6 0 x x =
22. Solve:
4 3 2
10 26 10 1 0 x x x x + + =
23. Solve the equation
4 3.2 2 0
x x
+ =
24. Solve the equation:
2
3
log ( 4 3)
3 3
x x
x
+
=
Quadrat ic Equations
15
25. Solve the equation
( ) ( ) a x a x b x x b
a b
a x x b

=
+
26. Solve the equation
4 5 4 5 3 2 0 a b x b a x a b x + + + + =
27. Prove that the roots of the equation
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 x a x c x b x d + =
are real for any

if
a b c d < < <
.
28. Show that the roots of the equation
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 x a x b x a x c x b x c + + = are always real.
29. Prove that at least one of the equations
2
0 x px q + + =
2
1 1
0 x p x q + + =
has real roots if
1 1
2( ) p p q q = +
30. Prove that at least one of the roots of equation
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 a x b x c b x a x c c x a x b + + = are always real.
31. Find the values of p and q for which the roots of the equation
2
0 x px q + + = are equal to p and q .
32. Solve
2
1 3 1
4
2
x x
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
, when
0 x =
33. Solve
4 3 2
2 2 1 0 x x x x + =
34. Solve ( 1)( 3)( 5)( 7) 9 x x x x =
35. Find k if one root of
2
14 8 0 kx x + =
may be six times other. .
36. If , are the roots of the equation
2
1 0 x x + =
then equation whose roots are 2, 2 + + .
37. If
2 3 +
is one root of
2
0 x px q + + = then find ' ' p , ' ' q
38. Solve
2 6 4 5 x x + + =
39. If the equations
2 2 2
( 4 3) ( 1) 1 0 a a x a x a + + + = has infinite roots then find
' ' a
.
40. Equations
2 2
0 2 0 px qx r and qx prx q + + = + = have real roots then show that ' ', ' ', ' ' p q r are in G.P. .
41. If
' ' a
and
' ' b
are the roots of
2
11 4 2 0 x x =
then compute the product
2 2
(1 ...... ) (1 ..... ) a a b b + + + + + +
42. If the quadratic
2
0( 0) , , ax bx c a a b c + + = = are integers, has natural numbers as it roots, then S.T. a divides
' ' & ' ' b c .
(a) ac can be expressed as the sum of two squares of natural numbers
(b)
' ' a
divides ' ' & ' ' b c
(c)
' ' b
divides ' ' & ' ' c a
(d)
' ' c
divides ' ' & ' ' a b
(e) None of these
43. The value of ' ' a R e for which the equation
2 2
(1 ) 2( )(1 ) 1 0 a x x a ax + + + + = has no real roots.
Quadrat ic Equations
16
44. Let , are the roots of the quadratic equation
2
0 x ax b + + =
and , be the roots of the equation
2
2 0 x ax b + =
.
Given that 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 5/12 + + + = and 24 = . Find the value of the coefficient
' ' a
.
45. Solve
2 2
3 4 3 4 1 4 4 x x x x + =
Solution To Exercise
1. (i)
b
a
+ =
and
c
a
=
2
2 2 2
2
( ) 2
b c
a a

| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
2
2
2 b ac
a

=
(ii)
3 3 3
( ) 3 ( ) + = + +
3
3
3
3
3
b c b b abc
a a a a
+ | | | || |
= =
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
(iii)
4 4 2 2 2 2
( ) 2 + = +
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 4
2 ( 2 ) 2
2
b ac c b ac c a
a a a
| | | |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
(iv)
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
( ) ( ) 4
b c b ac
a a a


= + = =
(v)
4 4 2 2
( )( )( ) = + +
2 2
2 2
2 4 b ac b b ac
a a a
| |
| | | |
| =
| |
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
2 2
4
( 2 ) 4
b
b ac b ac
a
=
2. (i)
1 1
Sum(s)

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
( )
b a c
ac

+ +
= + + =
Product (p) =
1 1 1
2

| | | |
+ + = + +
| |
\ . \ .
2
( ) c a
ca
+
=
The equation is =
2
0
x
x sx p

+ =
2
2
( ) ( )
0
b a c c a
x x
ac ac
+ + | |
+ =
|
\ .
Quadrat ic Equations
17
2 2
( ) ( ) 0 ac x b c a x c a + + + + =
(ii) Sum(s) =
1 1 1 1 ( )

| | | | | | +
+ + = +
| | |
+ +
\ . \ . \ .
2
( ) ac b
bc
+
=
Product (p) =
1 1 1 1 a
c
| | | | | |
+ = =
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
The equation is:
2
0 x sx p + =
2
2
( )
0
ac b a
x x
bc c
| | +
+ =
|
\ .
2 2
( ) 0 bcx ac b x ab + + + = is the required equation.
3. Let , are the roots of given equation.
( ) m n + = + and
2 2
( )
2
m n

+
=
We have to get the equation whose roots are
2
( ) + and
2
( )
Sum (s) =
2 2
( ) ( ) + +
2 2 2
2( ) 2 ( ) 2 4mn ( = + = + =

product (p) =
2 2
( ) .( ) +
2 2
( ) . ( ) 4 ( = + +

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2( ) ( ) p m n m n m n m n ( = + + + =

The equation is:
2
0 x Sx p + =

The required equation is

2 2 2 2
4 ( ) 0 x mnx m n =
4. (i) Discriminant (D)
2 2 2 2
( ) 4(1)( ) ( ) 4 D a b c a b c = + = + +
0 D >

The roots are real.

(ii)
2
4( ) 4( )( ) D a b a b c a b c = + + + +
{ }
2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) a b a b c
(
= + +

{ }
2 2 2 2 2
4 ( ) ( ) 4 (2 ) a b a b c c c = + + + = =

0 D >
and also a perfect square hence the roots are rational.
(iii)
2
( ) 4( )( ) D c a b c a b =
2 2 2
(2 ) 4 4 2 c a b ab bc ac = + + +
2 2 2
(2 ) 4 4 2 c a b ab bc ac = + + +
2
( 2 ) c a b = +

0 D >
and also a perfect square.
Quadrat ic Equations
18

The roots are rational.

5. (i)
2 2 2
4(3 5) 8(9 25) 4(3 5) D a a a = + + =
0 D s , so the roots are non real if
5/ 3 a =
and real and equal if
5
3
a =
.
(ii) Simplifying the given equation :
2
3 2( ) ( ) 0 x a b c x ab bc ca + + + + + =
2
4( ) 12( ) D a b c ab bc ca = + + + +
2 2 2
4( ) a b c ab bc ca = + +
2 2 2
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) a b b c c a ( = + +


2 2 2
2 2 2
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
a b c ab bc ca
a b b c c a
( + +
(
(
( = + +

(

0 D >
, so the roots are real.
Note: If
0 D =
, then
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a b b c c a ( + + =

a b c = =
If
a b c = =
, then the roots are equal.
6. Let be the common root of two equations.

2
2 5 0 k + =
2
3 4 0 =
Solving the two equations
2
1
4 15 8 5 6 k k

= =
+
2
( 3) (4 15)(6 ) k k = + +
2
4 39 81 0 k k + + =
27
3
4
k or k = =
7. Using the condition for common root, we have
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) a bc ba c ac b =
4 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2
2 a b c a bc a bc b a ac b c + = +
3 3 3
( 3 ) 0 a a b c abc + + =
3 3 3
0 3 0 a or a b c abc = + + =
This is the relation between , a b and c . From second relation, we also have the relation
0 a b c + + =
8. The equation
2
0 x cx d + =
has equal root.
2
0 4 0 D D c d = = =
... (i)
and the equal roots are
2
( ) 4 0
2(1) 2 2
c c d c c
x

= = =
2
c
x = is the equal root of this equation.
Quadrat ic Equations
19

This is the common root of the both the equations.

2
c
x = will satisfy the first equation.
2
0
4 2
c c
a b
| |
+ =
|
\ .
2
4 2 c b ac + =
4 4 2 d b ac + = ( )
2
4 ( ) c d from i =
2( ) d b ac + =
2( ) ac b d = +
9. Roots of
2
0 x px q + + = are ,
Roots of
2
0 x rx s + + =
are ,
p and q + = =
r and s + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ( = + + + +

2 2
( ) ( ) r s r s = + + + +
2 2
( 0 0) p q and p q + + = + + =
( ) ( ) p q r s p q r s = + + + +
| | | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) r p s q r p s q = + +
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) r p s v s v r p = + + +
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) r p q s q s q r p p = + +
2
( )[ ] ( ) q p rq pq ps pq s v = + +
2
( )( ) ( ) r p rq ps s v = +
If the equation have a common root then either
r or s or r or p s = = = =
i.e. ( )( )( )( ) 0 r s p r s =
2
( ) ( )( ) 0 s q r p rq ps + =
2
( ) ( )( ) s q r p ps qr =
10.
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )


+ +
= =

2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


+ +
=
+ +
2 2
( ) ( )
4 4


+ +
=
2 2
4 4
p b
q c
=
Quadrat ic Equations
20
2 2
p c b q =
11. The given equation can be written as
2
log log 3log
2 0
log log log
a a a
x ax a x
+ + =
( 0 1, log 0) a and a a > = =
2 1 3
0
2 y b y b y
+ + =
+ +
(where log log b a and y x = = )
2( )(2 ) (2 ) 3 ( ) 0 b y b y y b y y b y + + + + + + =
2 2
4 11 6 0 b by y + + =
which is quadratic in y.

2 2
11 121 96
12
b b b
y

=
4
,
3 2
b b
y

=
( log log ) y x and b a = =
4 log
log log log
3 2
a
x a or x = =
4 1
3 2
x a or x a

= =
12. From the given equation x m = is a root.
The other root must be m
1 1 1 1
m m b m m b
+ = +
+ +
1 1 2
b m b m m
=
+
2 2
2 b m b m
m b m
+ +
=

2 2 2
2 2 2 m b m =
2 2
2m b =
13.
2
log( 2 ) log(8 6 3) x ax x a + =
2
2 8 6 3 x ax x a + =
2
(2 8) 3(2 1) 0 x a x a + + + =
2
(2 8) 4 3(2 1) D a a = +
For one solution to exist
0 D =
2
( 4) 3(2 1) 0 a a + =
2
14 13 0 a a + =
( 1)( 13) 0 a a =
1, 13 a =
14. Let
2
1 x t =
3 4 1 8 6 1 1 x x x x + + + =
Quadrat ic Equations
21
2 2
4 4 9 6 1 t t t t + + + =
2 2
( 2) ( 3) 1 t t + =
2 3 1 t t + =
Case (i)
2 t s
2 3 1 t t + =
5 2 1 t =
2 t =
1 4 x =
5 x =
... (i)
Case (ii)
2 3 t < <
2 3 1 t t + =
1 1 (2, 3) true t = e
2
4 9 t < <
5 10 x < <
... (ii)
Case (iii)
3 t >
2 3 1 t t + =
2 6 3 t t = =
2
9 t =
1 9 10 x x = = ... (iii)
Combining (i), (ii) and (iii); [5, 10] x e
15.
2 4 6 x x x + =
... (i)
On squaring both sides
( 2) (4 ) 2 ( 2)(4 ) 6 x x x x x + + =
2 2 ( 2)(4 ) 6 x x x + =
2 ( 2(4 ) 6 2 x x x =
2 ( 2)(4 ) 4 x x x =
Squaring again on both sides
2
4( 2)(4 ) (4 ) x x x =
| | (4 ) 4 8 4 0 x x x + =
(4 )(5 12) 0 x x =
12
4,
5
x x = =
Substitute
4 x =
, in (i)
L.H.S =
4 2 4 4 2 + =
R.H.S =
6 4 2 =

4 x =
is a solution.
Substitute
12
5
x =
in (i)
Quadrat ic Equations
22
L.H.S =
12 12
2 4
5 5
+
2 8 2 2 2
2 3
5 5 5 5 5
= + = + =
R.H.S =
12 18 2
6 3
5 5 5
= =

12
5
x =
is also a solution.
Note: Whenever we square a equation and find the roots, verify whether the roots satisfy initial equation or not.
16. 2 2
2
6 8 2 2 3
log log ( 2 ) 0
x x x x
x x
+ + + =
=
2
2 2 0
2 2 3
log ( 2 ) ( 6 8)
x x
x x x x
+ +
= + +
2
2
2 2 3
log ( 2 ) 1
x x
x x
+ +
=
2 2 1
2 (2 2 3) x x x x = + +
2
4 3 0 x x + + =
( 1)( 3) 0 x x + + =
1 3 x or x = =
1 3 x and x = = satisfy the condition
2
2 0 x x >
But at 3, x =
2
6 8 9 6( 3) 8 1 0 x x + + = + + = < which is not possible

3 x =
is not the solution.
1 x =
satisfies
2
6 8 0 x x + + >
and
2
2 2 3 0 x x + + >
Also at
1 x =
,
2
6 8 3 1 x x + + = =
and
2
2 2 3 1 x x + + =
Hence
1 x =
is the only solution.
17.
2 2
2 3 3 7
log (6 23 21) log (4 12 9) 4
x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + + + =
2
(2 3) (3 7)
log (2 3)(3 7) log (2 3) 4
x x
x x x
+ +
+ + + + =
(2 3) (2 3) (3 7)
log (2 3) log (3 7) 2log (2 3) 4
x x x
x x x
+ + +
+ + + + + =
(2 3) (3 7)
1 log (3 7) 2log (2 3) 4
x x
x x
+ +
+ + + + =
Let
(2 3)
log (3 7)
x
x a
+
+ =
then (3 7)
1
log (2 3)
x
x
a
+
+ =
2
3 a
a
+ =
2
3 2 0 a a + =
( 1)( 2) 0 a a =
1 2 a or a = =
Consider:
1 a =
(2 3)
log (3 7) 1
x
x
+
+ =
Quadrat ic Equations
23
3 7 2 3 x x + = +
4 x =
But
4 x =
does not satisfy
2 3 0 x + >
and
3 7 0 x + >
.
Hence
4 x =
is not a solution.
Case (ii)
2 a =
(2 3)
log (3 7) 2
x
x
+
+ =
2
(3 7) (2 3) x x + = +
2
4 9 2 0 x x + + =
(4 1)( 2) 0 x x + + =
1
2
4
x or x = =
2 x =
does not satisfy
2 3 0 x + >
Hence
2 x =
is not a solution.
1
4
x = satisfies
3 7 0 x + >
and
2 3 0 x + >
Also at
1
, 2 3 1
4
x x = + =

1
4
x = is the only solution.
18. Put
x a
t
x b

1 a b
t
t b a
+ = +
2
1 0
a b
t t
b a
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

2
4
2
a b a b
b a b a
t
| |
+ +
|
\ .
=
2
a b a b
b a b a
| |
+
|
\ .
=
a b
t or
b a
=

Case (i)
a
t
b
=
x a a
x b b

( ) 0 0 bx ab ax ab x a b x = = =
Case (iii)
;
b
t
a
=
Quadrat ic Equations
24
x a b
x b a

2 2
ax a bx b =
2 2
( ) x a b a b =
x a b = +
0, x a b = +
19. Given equation can be written as
2
( 1)( 3 1) 0 x x x + + + =
1 x =
2
3 1 0 or x x + + =
3 9 4
2
x

=

3 5 3 5
1, ,
2 2
x
+
=
20. The given equation can be written as
2 2
1 13 1 13
1 1 0
2 2
x x x x
( (
+
+ + + + =
( (

2
1 13
1 0
2
x x
+
+ + = ... (i)
2
1 13
1 0
2
x x

+ + = ... (ii)
The first equation has two roots
13 1 2 13 2 13 1 2 13 2
,
4 4
x
+
=
Second equation has no real roots.
21. Let
2
x t =

2
6 0 t t =
( 2)( 3) 0 t t + =
2 3 t or t = =
Case (i):
2
2, 2 t x = =
No real roots
Case (ii):
2
3, 3 t x = =
3 x =
22.
2
4 ( 2 ) M b a c a =
2
( 10) 4(1)(26 2) 100 96 4 0 = = = >

The equivalent equation is

2
( 10) 100 4(26 2)
1
2
x x
(
+
+ +
(
(

Quadrat ic Equations
25
2
( 10) 100 4(26 2)
1 0
2
x x
(

+ + =
(
(

2 2
10 2 10 2
1 1 0
2 2
x x x x
+ | || |
+ + + + =
| |
\ .\ .
2 2
4 1 0 6 1 0 x x or x x + = + =
4 16 4 6 36 4
2 2
x or x

= =
2 3 3 2 2 x or x = =
23.
2
(2 ) 3.2 2 0
x x
+ =
2
(2 ) 3.2 2 0
x x
+ =
Let
2
x
t =
2
3 2 0 t t + =
( 2)( 1) 0 t t =
2 1 t or t = =
1 0
2 2 2 1 2
x x
or = = =
1 0 x or x = =
24.
2
4 3 3 x x x + =
2
5 6 0 x x + =
( 2)( 3) 0 x x =
2 3 x or x = =
Either
2 x =
or
3 x =
is not satisfying the original equation.

The original equation has no roots.

25. Rewrite the equation in the form
3 3
2 2
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a x x b
a b
a x x b
+
=
+
wherefrom we have,
1 1
2 2
( ) ( ) a x a x x b x b a b + =
or ( )( ) 0 a x x b =
Thus, the required solutions will be
1 2
, x a x b = =
26. We have
4 5 4 5 3 2 a b x b a x a b x + + + = +
Squaring both members of the equality and performing all the necessary transformations, we get
4 5 . 4 5 2( 2 ) a b x b a x a b x + + = +
Squaring them once again, we find
2
(4 )(4 ) 5 (4 4 ) 25 a b b a x a b b a x + + + + + + =
2 2 2
4( 4 2 4 4 ) a b x ab ax bx = + + +
Quadrat ic Equations
26
Hence,
2
0 x ax bx ab + =
and, consequently,
1 2
, x a x b = = .
Substituting the found values into the original equation, we get
2 3 0 b a b a b a + =
2 3 0 a b a b a b + =
Hence, if
a b =
, then the equation has two roots; a and
b
(strictly speaking, if the operations with complex
numbers are regarded as unknown, then there will be only one root).
27. Rewrite the given equation as
2
(1 ) ( ) 0 x a c b d x ac bd + + + + + + =
Set up the discriminant of this equation ( ) D . We have
2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( 2 2 ) ( ) D b d ab ad bc dc bd ac a c = + + + + +
Set up the discriminant of this equation ( ) D . We have
2
( ) ( ) 4(1 )( ) D a c b d l ac bd = + + + + + .
On transformation we obtain
2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( 2 2 ) ( ) D b d ab ad bc dc bd ac a c = + + + + +
We have to prove that ( ) 0 D > for any

. Since ( ) D is a second-degree trinomial in

and
2
(0) ( ) 0 D a c = > ,
it is sufficient to prove that the roots of this trinomial are imaginary. And for the roots of our trinomial to be
imaginary, it is necessary and sufficient that the expression
2 2 2
4( 2 2 ) 4( ) ( ) ab ad bc dc bd ac a c b d + + +
be less than zero. We have
2 2 2
4( 2 2 ) 4( ) ( ) ab ad bc dc bd ac a c b d + + + =
4( 2 2 ) ab ad bc dc bd ac ab cb ad cd = + + + + +
( 2 2 ) ab ad bc dc bd ac ab cd ad cd + + + + + =
16( )( )( )( ) b a d c c b d a
The last expression is really less than zero by virtue of the given conditions
a b c d < < <
28. The original equation can be rewritten in the following way
2
3 2( ) 0 x a b c x ab ac bc + + + + + =
Let us the prove that
2
2( ) 12( ) 0 a b c ab ac bc + + + + >
We have,
2 2 2 2
4( ) 12( ) 4( ) a b c ab ac bc a b c ab ac bc + + + + = + +
2 2 2
2(2 2 2 2 2 2 ) a b c ab ac bc = + +
{ }
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) a ab b a ac c b bc c = + + + + +
{ }
2 2 2
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a b a c b c = + + >
29. Suppose the roots of both equations are imaginary.
Then,
2 2
1 1
4 0, 4 0 p q p q < <
Consequently,
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4 4 0, 2 0, ( ) 0 p p q q p p pp p p + < + < <
which is impossible.
Quadrat ic Equations
27
30. Let us rewrite the given equation as
2
( ) 2( ) 3 0 a b c x ab ac bc x abc + + + + + =
Prove that its discriminant is greater than or equal to zero.
We have,
2
4( ) 12 ( ) ab ac bc abc a b c + + + + =
{ }
2 2 2
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ab ac ab bc ac bc + + >
31. By properties of the quadratic equation we have the following system
, p q p pq q + = =
From the second equation we get,
( 1) 0 q p =
Hence, either 0 q = or 1 p = . From the first one we find
if 0 q = , then 0 p = ; if 1 p = , then 2 q = .
Thus, we have two quadratic equations satisfying the set requirements
2 2
0 2 0 x and x x = + =
32.
2
1 3 1
4
2
x x
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
1 3 1 1 3 1
4 4 0
2 2
x x x x
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
+ = =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
2
3 1
0
2
t t where t x
x
= =
3
0 0 3/ 2
2
t t t or t
| |
= = =
|
\ .
1 1 3
0
2
x or x
x x
= =
2 2
1 2 3 2 x or x x =
2
1 2 4 2 0 x or x x x = + =
1 ( 2)(2 1) 0 x or x x = + =
1 2 1/ 2 x or or =
{ } 1, 2, 1/ 2 Solution set =
33.
4 3 2
2 2 1 0 x x x x + =
2
2
2 1
2 1 0 x x
x x
+ =
2
2
1 1
2 1 0 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
2
1 1
2 2 1 0 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
2
1
2 3 y y where y x
x
= = +
( 3)( 1) 0 y y + =
Quadrat ic Equations
28
3 0 1 0 y or y = + =
1 1
3 0 1 0 x or x
x x
+ = + + =
2 2
3 1 0 1 0 x x or x x + = + + =
3 9 4 1 1 4
2 2
x or x

= =
3 5 1 3
2 2
i
x or

=
34. ( 1)( 3)( 5)( 7) 9 x x x x =
| | ( 7)( 1)] ( 3)( 5) 9 x x x x ( =

2 2
( 8 7)( 8 15) 9 x x x x + + =
2
( 7)( 15) 9 8 t t where t x x + + = =
2
22 105 9 0 t t + + =
2 2
22 96 0 16 6 96 0 t t t t t + + = + + + =
( 16) 6( 16) 0 ( 16)( 6) 0 t t t t t + + + = + + =
2 2
( 8 16)( 8 6) 0 x x x x + + =
2 2
8 16 0 8 6 0 x x or x x + = + =
2
8 64 24
( 4) 0
2
x or x

= =
4, 4 4 10 x or x = =
{ }
4, 4 10 Solution set =
35. Given equation is
2
14 8 0 kx x + =
Let the roots be , 6
Sum of the roots,
6 14 / 7 14 / 2 / k k k + = = =
Product of the roots,
2 2
(6 ) 8/ 3 4/ 3(2/ ) 4 / 3 k k k k k = = = =
36. Let
2
( ) 1 f x x x = +
Equation whose roots are 2, 2 + + is ( 2) 0 f x =
2
( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 1 0 f x x x = + =
2
3 1 0 x x + =
37. If one root of the equation is
2 3 +
then other root is
2 3
Sum of the roots = 2 3 2 3 4 4 p p + + = = =
Product of the roots = (2 3)(2 3) 4 3 1 q q + = = =
38. Squaring both sides
2 6 4 2 (2 6)( 4) 25 x x x x + + + + =
Quadrat ic Equations
29
2 (2 6)( 4) 25 4 6 3 27 3 x x x x + = + =
Again squaring both sides and simplifying.
We arrive at the equation
2
170 825 0 5, 165 x x x + = =
Direct substitution of these values in the original equation shows that
5 x =
is root and
165 x =
is not.
Why
165 x =
is not a root of an equation?
Reason: (Extraneous root appeared due to squaring the equation)
39. Any quadratic equation
2
0 ( 0) ax bx c a + + = = has infinite solutions then 0, 0, 0 a b c = = = .
( )
2
0. 0. 0 0 is satisfied for all real ' ' x x x + + =
( )
2 2 2
4 3 ( 1) 1 0 a a x a x a + + + = has infinite roots if
2 2
( 4 3) 0, ( 1) 0, 1 0 a a a a + = = = simultaneously. .
that is possible only for
1 a =
.
40.
2
0 px qx r + + = have real roots
2 2
4 2 0 D q pr q pr = > < ... (1)
2
2 0 qx pr x q + = have real roots
2 2
4 4 0 0 D qr q pr q = > >
2 2 2
pr q q pr q pr > s > ... (2)
From (1) and (2)
2
q pr < and
2 2
q pr q pr > =
41. Let
2 2
(1 ...... ) (1 ..... ) S a a b b = + + + + + +
1 1
.
1 1
a
S S
r a a b

| || |
= =
| |

\ .\ .
1 1
,
1 1 ( )
S S
a b ab a b ab
= =
+ + +
a, b are the roots of
2
11 4 2 0 4 /11, 2/ 11 x x a b ab = + = =
1 1 11
4 2 6
5
1 1
11 11 11
S S = = =

42. Consider example
2 2
8 7 0, 0 x x ax bx c + + = + + =
7 ac =
which cant be expressed as sum of square of two natural numbers
' ' a
is wrong.
Consider same example
2
8 7 0 x x + =
where , , a b c are integers and roots also natural numbers
'1'
and
' 7'.
1, 8, 7 ' ' a b c b = = = does not divide
' ' c
.
Hence c is wrong
' ' c
does not divide
' ' b
in the same example
Hence
' ' d
is wrong.
Let , be the roots of
2
0 ax bx c + + =
,
b c
a a

+ = =
Quadrat ic Equations
30
, are integers , + are integers
,
b c
a a

are integers ' ' a divide ' ' & ' ' b c

' ' b
is correct
43.
2 2
(1 ) 2( )(1 ) 1 a x x a ax + + + +
2 2 2 2
(1 ) 2( ) 1 a x x ax a a x + + + +
2 2 2 2
(1 ) (2 2 ) 2 1 2 a x x a ax a + + + +
2 2 2
(1 2 ) (2 2 ) (1 2 ) a a x a x a + + + +
2 2 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) (1 2 ) a x a x a + + +
2
4 D B AC =
2 2 2
4(1 ) 4(1 ) (1 2 ) D a a a = +
( )
2 2
(1 4 (1 ) (1 2 ) D a a a = +
2 2
4(1 ) (1 2 1 2 ) D a a a a = + + +
2 2
4 ( 1) 0 D a a = + >
For all value of
' ' a
roots are real.
44. , are roots of
2
0 , x ax b a b + + = + = =
1 1 a a
b b


+
= + =
, are roots of
2
( 2) 0 , 2 x ax b a b + = + = =
1 1
2 2
a a
b b


+
= + =

24 ( 2) 24 b b = =
2 2
2 24 0 6 4 24 0 b b b b b = + =
( 6) 4( 6) 0 ( 4)( 6) 0 b b b b b + = + =
4, 6 b =
1 1 1 1 5
2 12
a a
b b

+ + + = + =

If
5
4
4 6 12
a a
b

= + =


5 3 2 5 5
5
4 6 12 12 12 12 12
a a a a a
a

= = = =
45. The equation can be written as
2 2
3 4 4 4 3 4 1 0 x x x x + + =
2 2
3 4 1 4 3 4 1 3 0 x x x x + + + =
Put
2 2
3 4 1 x x t + =
2
4 3 0 t t + =
( 1)( 3) 0 t t =
1 3 t or t = =
2
3 4 1 1 3 x x or + =
2 2
3 4 0 3 4 8 0 x x or x x = =
( )
4 2
, 0, 1 6
3 3
x =
.