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AS 3519—2005

Australian Standard™

Timber—Machine proof grading

AS 3519—2005
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee TM-003, Timber grading. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 29 June 2005.
This Standard was published on 25 August 2005.

The following are represented on Committee TM-003:

A3P
AFFS Forestry Research
Australian Timber Importers Federation
CSIRO Manufacturing, and Infrastructure Technology
Curtin University of Technology
Forest and Forest Products Employment Skills Company
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Forests New South Wales

Housing Industry Association
Master Builders Australia
New Zealand Forest Research Institute
New Zealand Timber Industry Federation
New Zealand Timber Suppliers Group
Tasmanian Timber Promotion Board
Timber Promotion Council
Timber Queensland
University of Technology, Sydney

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04329.

 AS 3519—2005

Australian Standard™
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Timber—Machine proof grading

Originated as AS 3519—1993.
Second edition 2005.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 6827 X
 AS 3519—2005 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Australian members of Joint Standards
Australian/Standards New Zealand Committee TM-003, Timber Grading, to supersede
AS 3519—1993. After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia
and Standards New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian Standard
rather than an Australian/New Zealand Standard.
The objective of this Standard is to provide timber producers and graders with methods for
machine proof grading of sorted sub-populations of timber to enable pieces of timber to be
designated a stress grade for structural purposes.
This Standard is intended for use by sawmill and grading operators, quality assurance
auditors, government authorities, timber inspectors and all personnel concerned with the
proof-grading of timber.
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Changes to the previous edition are as follows:

(a) Now in limit states format (i.e., the ψ factor has been replaced with ψk).
(b) The application clause has been moved to the Preface.
(c) The requirements for pre-sorting of timber have been moved from the Appendix to
Section 2.
(d) References to personnel have been removed, as they are contractual in nature.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
 3 AS 3519—2005

CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................. 4

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................. 5
1.3 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................... 5
1.4 NOTATION ............................................................................................................... 7

SECTION 2 PROOF GRADING

2.1 PROOF-GRADING SYSTEM..................................................................................... 8
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2.2 VERIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 8

2.3 MACHINE PROOF-GRADER.................................................................................... 8
2.4 PROOF-GRADING PROCEDURE........................................................................... 10
2.5 PRE-SORTING OF TIMBER.................................................................................... 10
2.6 CALCULATION OF PROOF LOAD ....................................................................... 11
2.7 GRADING REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................. 11
2.8 MARKING ............................................................................................................... 12

APPENDICES
A PROOF-GRADING OPERATION FLOW CHART.................................................. 13
B ESTIMATE OF PROOF STRESS ............................................................................. 14
C CALCULATION OF NOMINAL BENDING STRESS AND DEFLECTION .......... 21
 AS 3519—2005 4

FOREWORD
The process of grading timber for obtaining stress grades incorporates three essential
operations—
(a) specification of a parent population of timber;
(b) sorting of this parent population into sub-populations that are then designated to
specific stress grades; and
(c) checking structural properties of each stress grade from the graded timber.
Proof grading is a method for obtaining stress-graded timber by the use of a machine proof-
grader. It is supported by an initial evaluation of properties (that is, an in-grade evaluation
using AS/NZS 4063) and continuous monitoring to check for variation of the properties of
the population of timber.
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The concept of proof grading is based on the principle that at some stage during the grading
process a specified proportion of the timber (this Standard specifies all of the timber) is
subjected to a proof stress, which it sustains without failure.
The proof stress is induced in a piece of timber by a machine that applies the stress
continuously along all or most of the length of timber. This proof stress is directly related to
the specific stress grade of the timber.
In this Standard it is assumed that a proof load is applied in a continuous manner along the
loaded edge of a piece of timber to induce a predetermined level of bending stress, that is, a
proof stress corresponding to the specific stress grade of that timber. Therefore, as a piece
of timber passes through a machine proof-grader, the timber is continuously loaded on edge
by a proof load, which induces an accompanying proof stress within the timber. If the
timber sustains this proof stress without damage or excessive deformation, then it is deemed
to belong to the specific stress grade. This Standard would require modification if the proof
load is applied in some other manner.
It is expected that, when testing a population of timber, some proportion of the pieces tested
will fail at the proof load. Tables are given for 5% and 1% expected failure rates. The
remaining pieces that have not failed are assigned to the stress-grade.
It is intended the proof-grading machine be operated by a person who is properly trained (to
the level necessary) in the technique of machine proof grading.
The term ‘stress grade’ refers to the structural properties of a population of graded timber.
All pieces of timber within the population are assigned a common suite of design properties
to be used for structural design purposes. The design properties are established from the
measured strength properties of the stress-graded sub-population. That is to say, the term
stress grade is more appropriately applied to a population of graded timber and not to a
single piece of timber.
Design information on joint strength and compression (bearing) perpendicular to the grain
are not covered by the allocation of timber to a stress grade.
Documentation should be kept of the process, its establishment (e.g., the initial evaluation)
and any monitoring and quality control measures undertaken (including test results,
calibration and ongoing records of production).
 5 AS 3519—2005

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Timber—Machine proof grading

SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out procedures for obtaining stress-graded timber by machine proof
grading.
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1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1604 Specification for preservative treatment
1604.1 Part 1: Sawn and round timber
1613 Timber—Colours for marking F-grades
1720 Timber structures
1720.1 Part 1: Design methods
2082 Timber—Hardwood—Visually stress-graded for structural purposes
2858 Timber—Softwood—Visually graded for structural purposes
AS/NZS
4063 Timber—Stress-graded—In-grade strength and stiffness evaluation

1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.3.1 Characteristic proof load factor
Factor applied to the characteristic stress in bending to derive a proof stress.
1.3.2 Characteristic stress in bending
Design property for assessing the bending strength of timber having a designated stress
grade.
NOTE: The characteristic stresses in bending for stress-graded timber, assigned an F-grade, are
given in AS 1720.1.
1.3.3 Double-pass grading
Proof-grading method in which each piece of timber is proof tested twice, each time with
the opposite edge placed in tension.
1.3.4 F-grade
Stress-grade of timber for which the specific suite of design properties given in AS 1720.1
are applicable.

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