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Answer To Odd Problems

1. The document provides solutions to odd-numbered problems from chapters 1-3 of a differential equations textbook. It gives the solutions in piecewise format with the chapter and exercise number labeled. 2. Solutions include determining the order of differential equations, identifying solutions that satisfy given equations, solving initial value problems, finding general and particular solutions involving exponential, trigonometric, and logarithmic functions, and analyzing the behavior of solutions as x approaches infinity. 3. Methods used include finding the fundamental set of solutions, determining Wronskian values, solving initial value problems involving exponential and logistic growth models, and analyzing the behavior of solutions involving exponential, trigonometric and logarithmic functions.

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Singh Karan
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
99 views18 pages

Answer To Odd Problems

1. The document provides solutions to odd-numbered problems from chapters 1-3 of a differential equations textbook. It gives the solutions in piecewise format with the chapter and exercise number labeled. 2. Solutions include determining the order of differential equations, identifying solutions that satisfy given equations, solving initial value problems, finding general and particular solutions involving exponential, trigonometric, and logarithmic functions, and analyzing the behavior of solutions as x approaches infinity. 3. Methods used include finding the fundamental set of solutions, determining Wronskian values, solving initial value problems involving exponential and logistic growth models, and analyzing the behavior of solutions involving exponential, trigonometric and logarithmic functions.

Uploaded by

Singh Karan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

CHAPTER 1
Exercises 1.1
1. (a) ordinary, rst order
(c) partial, second order
(e) ordinary, third order
(g) ordinary, second order
3. Both y and z are solutions.
5. Both y and z are solutions.
7. Both u
1
and u
2
are solutions.
9. u
1
is a solution; u
2
is not a solution.
11. y = 16x
2
+ C
1
x + C
2
13. y = Ce
3x
.
15. r = 2, 2; y
1
(x) = e
2x
and y
2
(x) = e
2x
are solutions.
17. r = 3; y(x) = e
3x
is a solution.
19. No real values of r; r = 1 2i are complex values.
21. r = 3, 3; y
1
(x) = x
3
and y
2
(x) = x
3
are solutions.
Exercises 1.3
1. (b) y = 2e
5x
.
3. (b) y =
e
e 2e
x
.
5. (b) y = sin 3x +
1
3
cos 3x.
7. (b) y =
17
4
x + 9

x.
(c) y

is not dened at x = 0; there is no solution to y

(0) = 2.
11. xy

3y + 3 = 0.
13. y

2y = 4e
2x
.
15. y
2
+ xy

y = 0.
17. y

4y

+ 4y = 0.
1
19. x
2
y

+xy

y = 0.
21. y

+ 9y = 0.
23. y

= 0.
CHAPTER 2
Exercises 2.1
1. y =
1
2
+ Ce
2x
.
3. y = 1 + Ce
x
2
.
5. y = e
x
+Ce
x
.
7. y = x
2
sin x + Cx
2
.
9. y =
2
9
(x + 1)
5/2
+C(x + 1)
2
.
11. y = sin x cos x +C cos x =
1
2
sin 2x + C cos x.
13. y = e
x
+
C
x
.
15. y = x(ln x)
2
+ Cx.
17. y = 1 + Ce
e
x
.
19. y = x 1 + 2e
x
.
21. y =
ln (1 +e
x
)
e
x
+ (e ln 2)e
x
.
23. y =
5 cos 2x
2 sin x
.
25. y =
2
Cx 3x
3
.
27. y =
_
Ce
2x
e
x
_
2
.
29. y =
1
3

Cx
3
2x
3
ln x
.
Exercises 2.2
1. y =
_
x
2
4
+ C
_
2
.
3. tan
1
y = x
3
+ C or y = tan
_
x
3
+C
_
.
5. cot y = ln
_
1 x
1 + x
+C.
2
7. e
y
= e
x
xe
x
+C.
9. y =
x +C
1 Cx
.
11. y
2
= C(ln x)
2
1.
13. ln | y| = ln | x|
1
x
1.
15. y = xe
x
2
1
.
17. y + ln |y| =
1
3
x
3
x 5.
19. y
2
=
C
1 +x
2
1.
21. y =
ln | sec x + tan x|
x
+
C
x
.
23. y = 1 + Ce
x
2
.
25. y = C(3x
2
+ 1)
1/3
3.
27. y =
1
Cx + 1 + ln x
.
29. y =

x
2
+ Cx.
31. x ln x +
x + y
e
y/x
= Cx.
33. csc(y/x) cot(y/x) = Cx.
Exercises 2.3.1
1. x
2
+ 3y
2
= C.
3.
x
2
2
+y
2
4y = C.
5.
x
2
2
+y
2
= C; ellipses, center at the origin, major axis horizontal.
7. y = C(x a)
Exercises 2.3.2
1. (a) A(t) = 50
_
9
10
_
t/2
50e
0.05268t
. (b) A(4) = 50
_
9
10
_
2
= 40.5 grams.
(c) T 13.16 hours.
3. (a) P(t) 0.25e
0.0421t
(b) 1.6573 square centimeters (c) 16.464 hours
5. (a) P(t) 4.5e
0.01438t
. (b) 48.19 years (c) 6.17 billion.
3
Exercises 2.3.3
1. (a) 40.1

. (b) 1.62 minutes.


3. 8:52 pm.
Exercises 2.3.4
1. (a) v =
_
v
0
+
g
r
_
e
rt

g
r
(b) lim
t
v =
g
r
.
(c) y = y
0
+
1
r
_
v
0
+
g
r
_
_
1 e
rt
_

g
r
t
3. k 17.8
Exercises 2.3.5
1. (a) A(t) = 10, 000
_
1 e
t/200
_
(b) t = 200 ln 5 322 minutes
3. (a) A(t) =
9
2
_
1 e
t/150
_
(b) t = 150 ln 3 165 minutes
5. (a) A(t) =
3
20
t(100 t) (b) max = A(50) = 375
Exercises 2.3.6
1. (a) 3259 people. (b) 6.89 days.
4
CHAPTER 3
Exercises 3.2
1. Yes
3. Yes
5. Yes
7. (a) r = 1, r = 4.
(b) Fundamental set: y
1
(x) = x
1
, y
2
(x) = x
4
; general solution: y = C
1
x
1
+ C
2
x
4
.
(c) y =
9
5
x
1
+
1
5
x
4
.
(d) The trivial solution: y 0.
9. y

2y

3y = 0.
11. y

= 0.
13. x
2
y

2xy

+ 2 y = 0.
15. W[y
1
, y
2
](x) = e

x
a
p(t) dt
= 0 for all x.
17. {y
1
(x) = x, y
2
(x) = x
2
}.
19. {y
1
(x) = e
x
2
, y
2
(x) = e
x
2
}.
21. = 0.
23. W[y
1
+ y
2
, y
1
y
2
] = 2W[y
1
, y
2
].
25. Set u(x) =
y
2
(x)
y
1
(x)
. Then
u

(x) =
y
1
y

2
y
2
y

1
y
2
1
=
W[y
1
, y
2
]
y
2
1
0.
Therefore, u constant, which implies that y
2
= y
1
.
Exercises 3.3
1. y = C
1
e
2x
+ C
2
e
4x
.
3. y = C
1
e
5x
+ C
2
xe
5x
.
5. y = e
2x
[C
1
cos 3x + C
2
sin 3x].
7. y = C
1
+ C
2
e
2x
.
9. y = C
1
e
2

3x
+C
2
e
2

3 x
.
11. y = e
x
[C
1
cos x +C
2
sin x].
5
13. y = C
1
e
6x
+C
2
e
5x
.
15. y = e
x/2
[C
1
cos x/2 +C
2
sin x/2].
17. y = C
1
e
4x
+C
2
xe
4x
.
19. y = 2e
2x
e
3x
.
21. y = 3e
x
2xe
x
.
23. y = e
x
cos x.
25. y

+ 3y

10y = 0.
27. y

+ 4y = 0.
29. y

5
2
y

+ y = 0.
31. y

+ 2y

+ 10y = 0.
33. y

+ 16y = 0.
35. y = (1 +)e
x/2
+ (1 )e
x/2
; = 1.
37. If the roots of r
2
+ ar + b = 0 are real (real and unequal, or real and equal), then
they are negative; r negative implies e
rx
0 and xe
rx
0 as x . If the
roots are complex conjugates, then they have negative real part and negative implies
e
x
cos x 0 and e
x
sin x 0 as x .
39. Suppose that a > 0 and b = 0. Then the general solution of the dierential equation is
y = C
1
+C
2
e
ax
and lim
x
y = C
1
.
The solution that satises the initial conditions is: y =
_
+

a
_


a
e
ax
; k = +

a
.
41. r
1
, r
2
=
a

a
2
4b
2
=
a
2

a
2
4b
2
= .
General solution:
y = C
1
e
(+) x
+C
2
e
() x
= C
1
e
x
e
x
+C
2
e
x
e
x
= e
x
_
(C
1
+C
2
)
e
x
+ e
x
2
+ (C
1
C
2
)
e
x
e
x
2
_
= e
x
(K
1
cosh x + K
2
sinh gbx) .
43. y = C
1
x
2
+ C
2
x
4
.
45. y = C
1
x
2
+ C
2
x
2
ln x.
6
Exercises 3.4
1. z(x) = x
2
ln x +
1
2
; y = C
1
x
2
+C
2
x
1
+x
2
ln x +
1
2
.
3. z(x) = x
2
ln x +
1
2
x
2
(ln x)
2
; y = C
1
x +C
2
x
2
x
2
ln x +
1
2
x
2
(ln x)
2
.
5. z(x) = (1 +x
2
); y = C
1
x +C
2
e
x
(1 +x
2
).
7. y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
2x

2
3
xe
x
.
9. y = C
1
cos 2x + C
2
sin 2x
1
4
cos 2x ln(cos 2x) +
1
2
x sin 2x.
11. y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
xe
x
e
x
cos x.
13. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
xe
2x
e
2x
ln x.
15. y = C
1
cos 3x +C
2
sin 3x + sin 3x ln(sec 3x + tan 3x) 1.
17. y = C
1
x +C
2
x
1
+ x ln x.
19. y = C
1
x +C
2
x ln x +x
2
.
Exercises 3.5
1. y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
3x
e
2x
.
3. y = C
1
e
3x
+C
2
xe
3x
+
1
4
e
3x
.
5. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2

1
2
cos 2x
1
2
sin 2x.
7. y = C
1
e
x/2
+C
2
e
x
+ x
2
6x + 14
9
10
cos x
3
10
sin x.
9. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
e
3x
+
1
2
x +
1
4
.
11. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
e
4x
+
3
2
xe
2x
.
13. y = C
1
cos 3x +C
2
sin 3x +
2
3
+
1
162
_
9x
2
6x + 1
_
e
3x
.
15. y = e
x
(C
1
cos 2x + C
2
sin 2x)
1
10
e
x
cos 2x
1
20
e
x
sin 2x.
17. y = e
x

1
2
e
2x
x
1
2
.
19. y =
13
15
e
x
+
1
12
e
2x
+
1
20
cos 2x
3
20
sin 2x.
21. z = A+ (Bx
2
+ Cx)e
x
+Dcos 3x +Esin 3x.
23. z = Ax
2
+Bx +C + Dxcos x + Exsin x.
25. z = (Ax
3
+Bx
2
)e
2x
+ Cx
2
+ Dx + E + (Fx +G) cos 2x + (Hx +I) sin 2x.
27. z = Ae
x
+Bxe
x
cos x +Cxe
x
sin x + D.
29. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
xe
2x
+
8
25
cos x +
6
25
sin x + 3xe
2x
ln x.
7
31. y = C
1
cos 3x +C
2
sin 3x +
3
8
cos x sin 3x ln(sec 3x + tan 3x) + 1.
33.
y
1
y
2
is a solution of the reduced equation y

+ ay

+ by = 0 with a, b > 0. As
shown in Exercises 3.4, Problem 37, y
1
y
2
0 as x . If a = 0, b > 0, then all
solutions of the reduced equation are bounded (Problem 38, Exercises 3.4).
Exercises 3.6
1.
The equation of motion is y(t) = sin
_
8t +
1
2

_
. The amplitude is 1 and the frequency
is 8/2 = 4/.
3. The velocity at the equilibrium point is: 2A/T.
5. (a) Asin(t +
0
) = Acos(t +
0


2
); take
1
=
0

1
2
.
(b) Asin(t +
0
) = Acos
0
sin t +Asin
0
cos t = B sin t + Ccos t.
7. Assume that r
1
> r
2
. If C
1
= 0 or C
2
= 0, then y = C
1
e
r1t
+ C
2
e
r2t
can
never be zero. If both C
1
and C
2
are nonzero, then C
1
e
r1t
+ C
2
e
r2t
= 0 implies
e
(r1r2)t
=
C
2
C
1
. Since e
(r1r2)t
is an increasing function (r
1
> r
2
), it can take the
value
C
2
C
1
at most once. By the same reasoning, x

(t) = C
1
r
1
e
r1t
+ C
2
r
2
e
r2t
can be
zero at most once. Therefore the motion can change direction at most once.
9. If = , we try z = Acos t+B sint as a particular solution of y

+
2
y =
F
0
m
cos t.
Substituting z into the equation, we get
2
z +
2
z =
F0
m
cos t, giving
z =
F
0
/m

2

2
cos t.
11. If = , we try z = At cos t + Bt sin t as a particular solution of
y

+
2
y =
F
0
m
cos t.
Substituting z into the equation, we have
(2B A
2
t) cos t (2A +B
2
t) sin t +
2
(At cos t +Bt sin t) =
F
0
m
cos t,
which gives A = 0, B =
F
0
2m
, as required.
Chapter 4
Exercises 4.1
1.
1
s
2
.
8
3.
1
s
2
+ 1
.
5.
1
2(s 1)

1
2(s + 1)
.
7.
s a
(s a)
2
+b
2
.
Exercises 4.2
1.
3
s

2
s
2
+
2
s
3
.
3.
3
s
+
4
s 3

2s
s
2
+ 4
.
5.
10
s
3

4
(s + 3)
2
+ 4
.
7.
2s
(s
2
+ 1)
2
+
2(s
2
4)
(s
2
+ 4)
2
.
9. sinh x =
e
x
e
x
2
.
11.
1
2
_
1
s 3
+
1
s 2

1
s 1
+
1
s 4
_
.
15. Y (s) =
1
s 2
.
17. Y (s) =
2
(s 2)(s + 4)

9
(s
2
+ 9)(s + 4)

3
s + 4
.
19. Y (s) =
2
(s + 3)
2
.
21. Y (s) =
3
s(s 5)(s + 3)
+
4
(s 5)(s + 3)
2
+
s 5
(s 5)(s + 3)
.
23. Set g(x) =
_
x
0
f(t) dt. Then g

(x) = f(x) and g(0) = 0.


F(s) = L[f(x)] = L[g

(x)] = sL[g(x)] g(0) = sL[g(x)].


Therefore, L[g(x)] =
1
s
F(s).
Exercises 4.3
1. 6e
7x
.
3.
1
5
sin 5x.
5. e
4x
cos x.
9
7. e
2x
cos 2x + e
2x
sin 2x.
9. 2xe
2x
e
x
cos x e
x
sin x.
11.
1
2
e
x

1
2
cos x +
1
2
sin x.
13.
1
4

1
4
cos 2x.
15.
1
2
e
x
+
3
2
e
2x
.
17. e
2x
4e
x
+ 2x + 3.
19.
2
3
e
2x
+
1
3
e
x
.
21.
3
2
e
x

1
2
cos x +
1
2
sin x.
23. e
x
sin x.
25.
3
4
e
x
+
1
4
e
x
+
1
2
xe
x
.
27.
1
4
e
x
+xe
x
+ x 2.
29. e
2x
+e
x
.
31. =
1
4
.
33. =
26
5
.
35.
7
4
e
2(x1)
3e
x1
+
1
2
x +
3
4
.
Exercises 4.4
1. L[f(x)] =
1
s
2

e
s
s

e
2s
s

e
2s
s
2
.
3. L[f(x)] =
2e
5s
s
.
5. L[f(x)] =
1
s
+ e
2s
_
1
s
2

1
s
_
+ e
4s
_
1
s + 1

2
s

1
s
2
_
.
7.
2
s
2
2e
2s
1
s
2e
2s
1
s
2
2e
4s
1
s
1 e
4s
.
9.
2
s
3
e
3s
2
s
3
3e
3s
1
s
2
.
11.
1
s(s
2
+ 1)
_
e
s
e
2s
_
.
13.
1
s
2
_
1 2e
s
+ 2e
3s
e
4s
_
.
15. sin x sin xu(x ).
10
17. cos x cos xu(x ) + sin xu(x ).
19. u(x 2) e
(x2)
u(x 2).
Exercises 4.5
1. y =
1
2
+
5
2
e
2x
+u(x 1)
_

1
2
+
1
2
e
2(x1)

.
3. y = 1 cos x + sin x u(x 1)[cos (x 1) 1].
5. y = 1 e
x
xe
x
+ u(x 2)
_
x 4 + xe
(x2)
_
.
7. y =
1
3

1
6
e
3x
+
1
2
e
x
+ u(x 1)
_
1
3
+
1
6
e
3(x1)

1
2
e
x1

.
9. y =
1
4
e
x
+
11
4
e
x
+
3
2
xe
x
+u(x 1)
_
xe
(x1)
1

.
Exercises 5.2
1. x = 4, y = 1.
3. x = 4 2a, y = a, a any real number.
5. x = 3, y = 1.
7. No solution.
9. x = 2a 3, y = a, a any real number.
11. x =
3
7
a + 1, y =
5
7
a 1, z = a, a any real number.
13. No solution.
15. x = 2, y = 1, z = 1.
Exercises 5.3
1. matrix of coecients: 3; augmented matrix: 3; x = 5, y = 3, z = 1.
3. matrix of coecients: 2; augmented matrix: 2; x = 4 2a, y = a, z = 2, a an real number.
5. matrix of coecients: 3; augmented matrix: 3; x
1
= 1, x
2
= 1 2a, x
3
= 3 +a, x
4
= a, a
any real number.
7. matrix of coecients: 3; augmented matrix: 3; x
1
= 8+2a3b, x
2
= a, x
3
= 312b, x
4
=
b, x
5
= 3, a, b any real numbers.
9. x = 2, y = 5.
11. x = 3 a, y = 2 + 2a, z = a, a any real number.
13. x =
10
7
, y =
2
7
, z =
3
2
.
11
15. x
1
= 11 2a +b, x
2
= a, x
3
= 3 b, x
4
= b, a, b any real numbers.
17. x
1
= 2, x
2
= 5, x
3
= 1, x
4
= 5.
19. x
1
= 3 2a, x
2
= a, x
3
= 2, x
4
= 1.
21. No solution.
23. (i) k = 3, 2 (ii) k = 3 (iii) k = 2.
25. (a) No (b) No (c) Yes
Exercises 5.4
1. Yes
3. No
5. No. The leading 1 in the last column is not the only nonzero in its column.
7. Yes
9. x = 10, y = 9, z = 7
11. x = 3 a, y = 2 + 2a, z = a, a any real number.
13. x
1
= 11 2a +b, x
2
= a, x
3
= 3 b, x
4
= b, a, b any real numbers.
15. x
1
= 7 2a b, x
2
= 1 + 3a 4b, x
3
= a, x
4
= b, a, b any real numbers.
17. x = y = 0.
19. x = y = z = 0.
21. x
1
= 2a b, x
2
= a + 4b, x
3
= a, x
4
= b, a, b any real numbers.
23. x
1
= x
2
= x
3
= x
4
= 0.
25. Consider the system
x +y = 0
2x + 2y = 0
3x + 3y = 0
This system has the solutions x = a, y = a, a any real number.
27. b = 3a, a any real number.
29. a = 4.
12
Exercises 5.5
1. (a)
_
_
_
0 4
3 5
1 1
_
_
_.
(c)
_
8 4
1 4
_
.
(e)
_
_
_
2 8
2 8
5 3
_
_
_.
3. (a)
_
_
_
4 3
28 6
20 24
_
_
_.
(c) Not dened.
(e)
_
_
_
1 3
3 12
41 21
_
_
_.
5. (a) c
32
= 2 (b) c
13
= 34 (c) d
21
= 5 (d) d
22
= 1.
7. (a) d
22
= 6 (b) d
12
= 4 (c) d
23
= 18.
11. (a) AB =
_
4 7 10
0 5 14
_
, BA not dened.
(b) AC =
_
14 5
2 3
_
, CA =
_
1 14
5 12
_
.
(c) AD = DA =
_
4 4
2 2
_
.
13. A(BD) =
_
1 0
0 1
__
6 0 8
9 9 26
_
=
_
6 0 8
9 9 26
_
(AB)D =
_
0 2
3 5
__
2 3 2
3 0 4
_
=
_
6 0 8
9 9 26
_
.
15. (a) 3 3 (c) Does not exist (e) 2 3.
Exercises 5.6
1. A
1
=
_
1/2 0
3/2 1
_
.
13
3. A
1
=
_
2 1
3/2 1/2
_
.
5. A
1
=
_
_
_
11 2 2
4 0 1
6 1 1
_
_
_.
7. No inverse.
9. No inverse.
11. det A = 1.
13. x = 5, y = 0.
15. x =
9
2
, y = 5.
17. x =
7
9
, y =
1
3
, z =
5
9
.
19. 31.
21. 45.
23. 30.
25. 21.
27. 18.
29. 26.
31. x = 0, 1, 3.
33. y =
25
37
.
35. Cramers rule does not apply.
37. x = 0.
39. = 4, 7.
Exercises 5.7
3. Dependent; ( 4, 8, 9 ) = 2( 1, 2, 3 ) + 3( 2, 4, 1 ).
5. Dependent; ( 2, 6, 3 ) = ( 1, 1, 3 ) + 2( 0, 2, 3 ) 3( 1, 1, 2 ).
7. Dependent; ( 7, 4, 1 ) = 3( 1, 2, 1 ) + 2( 2, 1, 1 ).
9. Dependent; ( 4, 2, 0 2) = 2( 2, 1, 0 1).
11. b =
1
3
.
14
13. b = 0, 7.
17. No; a linearly dependent set can have linearly independent subsets. For example, {( 1, 2, 3 ), ( 2, 4, 1 )}
is a linearly independent subset of {( 1, 2, 3 ), ( 2, 4, 1 )}, ( 4, 8, 9 ).
19. W(x) = a; linearly independent.
21. W(x) = 2x
6
; linearly independent.
23. W(x) = e
2x
(x 2); linearly independent.
25. (a) False (b) True (c) True.
Exercises 5.8
1. 2,
_
1
0
_
; 3,
_
1
1
_
.
3. 1,
_
1
1
_
; 4,
_
2
3
_
.
5. 1, 1,
_
1
1
_
.
7. 2, 2,
_
1
1
_
.
9. 2 +i,
_
1
0
_
+ i
_
0
1
_
; 2 i,
_
1
0
_
i
_
0
1
_
.
11. 8,
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_; 1,
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_; 2,
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_.
13. 1, 1, 1,
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_,
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_.
15. 1 +i,
_
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
_+i
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_; 1 i,
_
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
_i
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_; 0,
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_.
17. 1, 1, 1,
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_.
19. 2 + 3i,
_
_
_
5
3
2
_
_
_+i
_
_
_
3
3
0
_
_
_; 2 3i,
_
_
_
5
3
2
_
_
_i
_
_
_
3
3
0
_
_
_; 2,
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_.
15
21. 2,
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
; 2,
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
; 6,
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
; 4,
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
.
Chapter 6
Exercises 6.1
1. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
2x
+C
3
e
3x
.
3. y = C
1
e
2x
+ C
2
e
2x
+ e
x
[C
3
cos 2x +C
4
sin 2x].
5. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sin x + e
2x
[C
3
cos 3x + C
4
sin 3x].
7. y = C
1
+ C
2
x + C
3
e
x
+C
4
e
x
+C
5
cos x +C
6
sin x.
9. y = 2x.
11. y =
1
5
e
x

1
5
cos 3x
1
15
sin 3x.
13. y
(4)
8y

+ 31y

78y

+ 90y = 0.
15. y
(5)
2y
(4)
2y

2y

3y

= 0.
17. y
(5)
2y
(4)
+ y

2y

= 0.
19. y
(4)
y

= 0.
21. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sin x +
1
4
e
x
+ 4.
23. y = C
1
cos x + C
2
sin x +C
3
x cos x + C
4
x sin x + 6 +
1
9
cos 2x.
25. y =
1
72
e
x
_
e
3x
(2x 1) + 3 cos

3x +

3 sin

3 x

.
Exercises 6.2
1.
_
x

1
x

2
_
=
_
0 1
3 t
__
x
1
x
2
_
+
_
0
sin 2t
_
.
3.
_
_
_
x

1
x

2
x

3
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
_+
_
_
_
0
0
e
t
_
_
_.
5.
x

1
= 2x
1
x
2
+e
2t
x

2
= 3x
1
+ 2e
t
.
7.
x

1
= 2x
1
+ 3x
2
x
3
+ e
t
x

2
= 2x
1
+x
3
+ 2e
t
x

3
= 2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ e
2t
.
16
9.
_
x

1
x

2
_
=
_
2 1
1 3
__
x
1
x
2
_
+
_
sin t
2 cos t
_
.
1. 1
_
_
_
x

1
x

2
x

3
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
2 1 3
1 3 0
2 1 4
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
_+
_
_
_
3e
2t
2 cos t
t
_
_
_.
Exercises 6.3
1. Independent
3. Independent
5. Dependent
7. Dependent
9. Dependent
1. 1 (c) x(t) = c
1
u+ c
2
v, where c
1
, c
2
are arbitrary constants.
(d) x(t) = 2
_
e
2t
e
2t
_
+
_
3e
3t
2e
3t
_
.
1. 3 (b) x(t) =
_
_
_
0
2
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
4te
t
e
t
0
_
_
_.
Exercises 6.4.1
1. x(t) = c
1
e
2t
_
1
1
_
+c
2
e
3t
_
4
1
_
.
3. x(t) = c
1
_
cos 2t
_
1
1
_
sin 2t
_
1
0
__
+ c
2
_
cos 2t
_
1
0
_
+ sin 2t
_
1
1
__
;
x(t) = cos 2t
_
1
3
_
+ sin 2t
_
7
4
_
.
5. x(t) = c
1
e
2t
_
1
0
_
+c
2
e
2t
_
0
1
_
.
7. x(t) = c
1
_
_
_
1
0
2
_
_
_+ c
2
e
t
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_+c
3
e
3t
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_.
9. x(t) = c
1
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_+c
2
e
2t
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_+ c
3
e
2t
_
_
_
3
0
1
_
_
_.
17
11. x(t) = c
1
e
2t
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_+c
2
e
2t
_

_cos t
_
_
_
5
2
5
_
_
_+ sin t
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_
_

_+c
3
e
2t
_

_cos t
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_+ sin t
_
_
_
5
2
5
_
_
_
_

_.
Exercises 6.4.2
1. v
1
= e
t
_
1
2
_
, v
2
= e
t
_
0
1
_
+te
t
_
1
2
_
.
3. v
1
= e
3t
_
1
1
_
, v
2
= e
3t
_
1
0
_
+ te
3t
_
1
1
_
.
5. v
1
= e
t
_
1
2
_
, v
2
= e
t
_
0
1
_
+ te
t
_
1
2
_
.
7. v
1
= e
4t
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_, v
2
= e
2t
_
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_+ te
2t
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_.
9. v
1
= e
2t
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_, v
2
= e
2t
_
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
_+ te
2t
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_.
11. v
1
= e
t
_
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
_, v
2
= e
t
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_+te
2t
_
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
_.
18

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