IS

801

1975

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF COLD-FORMED LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

, S,
1

( First Revision)
Fifth Reprint JULY 1991

( Incorporacang Amendment No. I )

UDC

624.014.2: 693.8 14

69001.3

>, /
BUREAU

tTh

~ INDIAN

19?2 STANDARDS

OF
9

MANAK BHAVAN,

~JAHADUR ~HAH ZAFAR MARG NEW tWLHI IWK~O2

Gr8 A

January 1976

IS

801

1975

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF COLD-FORMED LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

(First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 31 January 1975, after the draft finalized by the Structural Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Structural and Metals Division Council and Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 Cold-formed steel structural members are cold-formed in rolls or press

brakes from flat steel, generally not thicker than 125 mm. For repetitive mass production they are formed most economically by cold-rolling, while smaller quantities of special shapes are most economically produced on press brakes. The latter process, with its great versatility of shape variation, makes this type of construction as adaptable to special requirements as reinforced concrete is in its field of use. Members are connected by spot, fillet, plug or slot welds, by screw, bolts, cold rivets or any other special devices. 0.3 This type of construction is appropriate and economical under one or more of the following conditions: a) Where moderate loads and spans make the thicker, hot-rolled shapes uneconomical, for example, joists, purlins, girts, rooftrusses, complete framing for one- and two-storey residential, commercial and industrial structures; b) Where it. is desired that load-carrying members also provide useful surfaces, for example, floor panels and roof decks, mostly installed without any shoring and wall panels; and c) Where sub-assemblies of such members can be prefabricated in the plant, reducing site erection to a minimum of simple operations, for example, sub-assembly of panel framing up to 3 ~ 4 metres and more for structures listed in (a), standardized package shed-type utility buildings, etc. 3

IS

801

1975

0.4 This standard was first published in 1958 and was mainly based on 1956 edition of Specification for the design of cold formed steel structural members published by American Tron and Steel Institute, New York. While revising the Indian Standards, the Sectional Committee decided that it should be brought in line with the 1968 edition of the AISI publication, as this has been the accepted practice in this country and most suitable for this type of construction. 0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS: 2~l96O*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. 1. SCOPE 1.1 This code applies to the design of structural members cold-formed to shape from carbon or low-alloy, sheet or strip steels used for load carrying purposes in buildings. It may also be used for structures other than buildings provided appropriate allowances are made for dynamic effects. 2. MATERIAL 2.1 Structural steel sheet or strip steel shall conform to IS .1079-1973t 2.2 Steels other than the one covered in 2.1 may be used provided such steel conforms to the chemical and mechanical requirements of TS : 1079-1973t and its weldability is guaranteed. 3. DEFINITIONS 3.0 For the purpose of this code, the folIowi~g definitions shall apply. 3.1 Stiffened Compression Elements A flat compression elernen.t, for example, a plane compression flange of a flexural member or a plane web or flange of a compression member, of which both edges parallel to the direction of stress are stiffened by a web, flange stiffening lip, intermediate stiffener, or the like conforming to the requirements of 5.2.2. 3.2 Unstiffened Compression Elements A flat element which is stiffened at only one edge parallel to the direction of stress. 3.3 Multiple Stiffened Elements An element that is stiffened between webs, or between a web and a stiffened edge, by means of intermediate stiffeners which are parallel to the direction of stress and which conform to the requirements of 5.2.2.2. A sub-element is the portion between adjacent stiffeners or between web and intermediate stiffener or between edge and intermediate stiffener.
.

*Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised). ~Specification for hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip (third revision).

IS

801

1975

3.4 Flat-Width Ratio The flat-width ratio, wft, of a single flat element, is the ratio of the flat-width, w, exclusive of edge fillets, to the thickness t. ~n the case of sections, such as I, T channel and ~ shaped sections, the width w is the width of the flat projection of flange from web, exclusive of fillets and of any stiffening lip that may be at the outer edge of the flange. In the case of multiple-web sections, such as hat, U or box shape sections, the width w is the flat-width of flange between adjacent webs, exclusive of fillets. 3.5 Effective Design Width Where the flat-width, w, of an element is reduced for design purposes, the reduced design width b is termed the effective width or the effective design width, and is determined in accordance with 5.2.1 and 5.2.5.

3.6 Thickness The thickness t of any element or section shall be the base steel thickness, exclusive of coatings.

3.7 Torsional Flexural Buckling A mode of buckling in which compression members can bend and twist simultaneously. 3.8 Point Symmetric Section A section symmetrical about a point

(centroid) such as a ~ sectionhaving equal flanges. 3.9 Yield Point, F~ 3.10 Stress

It shall mean yield point or yield strength.

Force per unit area; expressed in kilogram force per square centimetre, abbreviated throughout as kgf/cm5. 4. LOADS 4.1 For general guidance as to the various loads to be taken into account in the design of structures, reference should be made to IS : 8OO~l962* and

IS

875-1964t.

5. DESIGN PROCEDURE 5.1 All computations for safe load, stress, deflection and the like shall be in accol~dance with conventional methods of structural design except as otherwise specified herein. 5.2 Properties of Sections Properties of sections (cross-sectional area, moment of inertia, section modulus, radius of gyration, etc) shall be determined in accordance with conventional methods of structural design. Properties shall be based on the full cross section of the members (or net section where the use of a net section is applicable) except where the use of a reduced cross section, or effective design width, is required by the provisions of 5.2.1 and 5.2.5.

f Code

Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building construction (revised). of practice for structurai safety of buildings: Loading standards (revised).

IS : 801

1975

5.2.1 Properties of Stiffened Compression Elements In computing properties of sections of flexural members and in computing values of Q, (see 6.6.1.1) for compression members, the flat-width w of any stiffened compression element having a flat width ratio larger than (w/t)u~ as hereinafter defined shall be considered as being reduced for design purposes to an effective design width b or be determined in accordance with the provisions of 5.2.1.1 or 5;2.1.2 whichever is applicable, and subject to the limitations of 5.2.5 where applicable. That portion of the total width which is considered removed to arrive at the effective design width shall be located symmetrically about the centre line of the element. 5.2.1.1 Elements without intermediate st~ffeners The effective design widths of compression elements which are not subject to the provisions of 5.2.1.2 shall be determined from the following formulae*: For load determination: Flanges are fully effective (b = w) up to (wlt)uim= 1 435/Vf For flanges with wit larger than (wlt)iim b 212OF1 465 V7L (wit) v7J

Exception: Flanges of closed square and rectangular tubes are fully effective (b=w) up to (wlt)iim larger than (wlt)itm b 2120 F 420
~

for flanges with wit

(/)vJ

When members or assemblies are subject to stresses produced by wind and earthquake forces, the effective design width b shall be determined for O~75 times the stress caused by wind or earthquake loads alone, or 075 times the stress caused by wind or earthquake plus gravity loads, when use is made of the increased allowable stress permitted in 6.1.2.1 or 6.1.2.2. For deflection determination: Flanges are fully effective up to (w/t)itm = 1 8501i/7 For flanges with wit larger than (w/t)itm b 2710 [1~ (wit) 600

*It is to be noted that where the flat-width exceeds (wit) urn the properties of the section shall frequently be determined by successive approximations or other appropriate methods, since the s~esa and the effective design width are interdependent.

IS Exception:

801

1975

Flanges of closed square and rectangular tubes are fully effective up to (wit)iim= 1 990iVf for flanges with wit larger than (wit)i,m b 2 710 545
_

~vhere wit b f

= =

5.2.1.2 Multiple stiffened elements and wide stiffened elements with edge stiffeners Where the flat-width ratio of a sub-element of a multiple stiffened compression element or of a stiffened compression element which does not have intermediate stiffeners and which has only one longitudinal edge connected to a web does not exceed 60, the effective design width, b, of such sub-element or element shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of 5.2.1.1. Where such flat-width ratio exceeds 60, the effective design width, be, of the sub-element or clement shall be determined from the following formula*: b (w \ 7 = F 0l0~7 60} where wit = flat-width ratio of sub-element or element, b = effective design width determined in accordance with the provisions of 5.2.1.1 in cm, and be = effective design width of sub-element or element to be used in design computations in cm. For computing the effective structural properties of a member having compression sub-elements or element subject to the above reduction in effective width, the area of stiffeners (edge stiffener or intermediate stiffenerst) shall be considered reduced to an effective area as follows: For wit between 60 and 90: Aei = C A 5t where = (32 beIw) [1~ ~i
-~

flat-width ratio, effective design width in cm, and actual stress in the compression element computed on the basis of the effective design width in kgfjcm2.

-k~j

For wit greater than 90:

________________________
~

Aet

(beiw) A8t

for limitations on the allowable flat-width ratio of a eompretsion element stiffened at one edge by other than a simple lip. tSee 5.2.2.2 for limitations on number of intermediate stiffeners which may be considered effective and their minimum moment of inertia.

5.2.3(a)

IS

801

1975 5t refer only to the area of the stiffener

In the above expressions, Ae, and A

section, exclusive of any portion of adjacent elements.

The centroid of the stiffener is to be considered located at the centroid of the full area of the stiffener, and the moment of inertia of the stiffener about its own centroidal axis shall be that of the full section of the stiffener. 5.2.2 Stijffeners for Compression Elements 5.2.2.1 Edge st~/feners In order that a flat compression element may be considered a stiffened compression element, it shall be stiffened along each longitudinal edge parallel to the direction of stress by a web, lip, or other stiffening means, having the following minimum moment of inertia:

where

Mm Mm

183

~4

V(w/t)2~28l 200/Fr but not less than 92

minimum allowable moment of inertia of stiffener (of any shape) about its own centroidal axis parallel to the stiffened element in cm4, and wit = flat-width ratio of stiffened element. Where the stiffener consists of a simple lip bent at right angles to the stiffened element, the required overall depth dMtn of such lip may be determined as follows:
=

d 5tt~ 28 t ...2/(wit)2.~~~~28l 200iF~ but not less than 48 A simple lip shall not be used as an edge stiffener for any element having a flat-width ratio greater than 60. 5.2.2.2 Intermediate st~J~ners In order that a flat compression element may be considered a multiple stiffened element, it shall be stiffened between webs, or between a web and a stiffened edge, by means of intermediate stiffeners parallel to the direction of stress, and the moment of inertia of each buch intermediate stiffener shall be not less than twice the minimum allowable moment of inertia specified for edge stiffeners in 5.2.2.1 where w is the width of the sub-element. The following limitations shall also apply:
a) If the spacing of stiffeners between two webs is such that the flatwidth ratio of the sub-element between stiffeners is larger than (wit)mtm in 5.2.1, only two intermediate stiffeners (those nearest each web) shall be considered effective. b) If the spacing of stiffeners between a web and an edge stiffener is

such that the flat-width ratio of the sub-element between stiffeners is larger than (wit)mmm in 5.2.1, only one intermediate stiffener shall be considered effective.
c) If intermediate stiffeners are spaced so closely that the flat-width ratio between stiffeners does not exceed (w/t)mmm in 5.2.3, all the

stiffeners may be considered effective. Only for the purposes of computing the flat-width ratio of the entire multiple-stiffened 8

IS

801

1975

element, such element shall be considered as replaced by an element without intermediate stiffeners whose width w8 is the whole width between webs or from web to edge stiffener, and whose equivalent thickness t5 is determined as follows:
~=

where moment of inertia of the full area of the multiple-stiffened element, including the intermediate stiffeners, about its own centroidal axis. 5.2.3 Maximuni Allowable Overall Flat-Width Ratios Maximum allowable overall flat-width ratios wit disregarding intermediate stiffeners and taking as the actual thickness of the element, shall be as follows: a) Stiffened compression element having one longitudinal edge connected to a web or flange element, the other stiffened by: Simple lip 60 Any other kind of stiffener 90 b) Stiffened compression element with both longitudinal edges connected to other stiffened elements 500 c) Unstiffened compression element 60
=

Nova Unstiffened compression elements that have flat-width ratios exceeding approximately 30 and stiffened compression elements that have fiat-width ratios exceeding approximately 250 are likely to develop noticeable deformation at the full allowable working stresses, without affecting the ability ofthe member to carry design loads. Stiffened elements having fiat-width ratios larger than 500 may he used with safety to support loads, but substantial deformation of such elements under load may occur and may render inapplicable the design formulae given in this code.

d) Unusually wide flanges Where a flange of a flexural member is unusually wide and it is desired to limit the maximum amount of curling or movement of the flange towards the neutral axis, the following formula applies to compression and tension flanges, either stiffened or unstiffened: 4/l00c~ 126500td ~ Vd = f where Wt = the width of flange projecting beyond the web, or half of the distance between webs for box- or U-type beams; t = flange thickness; d = depth of beam; = the amount of curling*; and *Thc amount ofcurling that can be tolerated~wiU vary with different kinds of sections and shall be established by the designer. Amount of curling irs the order to 5 percent of the

depth of the section is usually not considered excessive.

IS

801

1975
=

the average stress in the full, <unreduced by the effective flange-width in kgficm2 (where members are designed design width procedure, the average stress equals the maximum stress multiplied by the ratio of the effective design width to the actual width). 5.2.4 Maximum Allowable Web Depth The ratio hit of the webs of flexural members shall not exceed the following limitations: a) For members with unstiffened webs: (hit)Max = 150 b) For members which are provided with adequate means of transmitting concentrated loads or reactions or both into the web: ~k/t)Max= 200 where h = clear distance between flanges measured along the plane of web, and t = web thickness. Where a web consists of two or more sheets, the hit ratio shall be computed for individual sheets. 5.2.5 Unusually Short Spans Supporting Coneentrated Loads Where the span of the beam is less than 30 w 1 (w~ as defined below) and it carres one concentrated load or several loads spaced farther apart than 2 w1, the effective design width of any flange, whether in tension or compression, shall be limited to as given in Table I.

fav

TABLE 1

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE RATIO OF EFFECTIVE DESIGN WIDTH TO ACTUAL WIDTH

Liw,
(1) 30 25 20 18 16 L
=

RATso

Llws
(1) 14 12 10 8 6

RA~rso

(2) 100 096 091 0~89 086

(2) 082 078 0~73 067 0~55

Wi =

full span for simple spans; or the distance between inflection points for continuous beams; or twice the length of cantilever beams in cm. width of flange projection beyond the web for I-beam and similar sections or half the distance between webs of box- or U-type sections in cm.

5.2.5.1 For flanges of I-beams and similar sections stiffened by lips at the outer edges, w1 shall be taken as the sum of the flange projection beyond the web plus the depth of the lip. 10

IS : 801

1975

, ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESS

6.0 General The maximum allowable stresses to be used in design shall be as given in 6.1 to 6.8. 6.1 Bauic Design Stress Stress on the net section of tension members, and tension and compression on the extreme fibres of flexural membersshall not exceed the value F specified below, except as otherwise specifically provided herein: 060 F7

where F~ is the specified minimum yield point. When the increase in steel strength resulting from cold work of forming is utilized in accordance with 6.1.1, the basic design stress shall be determined as follows: F = O6OFya where Fya is the average yield point of the full section. Values of the basic allowable design stress F as defined above for some of the grades covered in IS : 1079~l973* are given in Table 2.
TABLE 2 BASIC ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESS F

M:rmsuse Ys~u STRENGTH

kgf/mm 21
~ 24

F
kgf/cm 1250 1450 ~~ 1800 2160

30 36

6.1.1 Utilization of Cold Work of Forming Allowable stresses shall be based upon the specified minimum properties ofthe unformed steel. Utilization, for design purposes, of any increase in steel strength that results from a cold-forming operation is permissible provided that the methods and limitations prescribed in 6.1.1.1 are observed and satisfied. 6.1.1.1 Methods and limitations Utilization of cold work of forming shall be on the following basis: a) The yield point of axially loaded compression members when Q=l, and the flanges of flexural members whose proportions are such that when treated as compression members the quantity Q (see 6.6.1.1) is unity, shall be determined on the basis of eitl~er (1) full section tensile tests [see 9.3.1(a)], or (2) stub column tests [see9.3.1(b)], or (3) computed as follows: FyazC F~5(lC)F~1 *Specifieation for hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip (third revision).

11

IS a 801

1975

Where average tensile yield point of the full section of compression members, or full flange sections of flexural members; C = ratio of the total corner area to the total cross-sectional area of the full section of compression members, or full flange sections of flexural members; = tensile yield point of corners, B0 F~/(R/t)m. The formula does not apply where FuiFy is less than 1 2, Rit exceeds 7, andlor maximum included angle exceeds 1200; = weighted average tensile yield point of the flat portions established in accordance with 9.3.2 or virgin yield point if tests are not made; 2l79; B0 = 0192 (Fu/Fy) 0068; m = 369 (F~iF~) 0819 (FuiFy) R = inside bend radius; = tensile yield point of virgin steel* specified in 2.1 or established in accordance with 9.3.3; and = ultimate tensile strength of virgin steel specified in 2.1 or established in accordance with 9.3.3. b) The yield point of axially loaded compression members with Q jess than unity, and the flanges of flexural members whose proportions are such that when treated as compression members the quantity Q (see 6.6.1.1) is less than unity, may be taken as (1) the tensile yield point of thevirginsteel* specified in IS : 1079-1973t, or (2) the tensile yield point of the virgin steel established in accordance with 9.3.3, or (3) the weighted average tensile yield point of flats established in accordance with 9.3.2. c) The yield point of axially loaded tension members shall be determined by either method (I) or method (3) prescribed in (a) above. d) Application of the provisions of 6.1.1.1(a) shall be confined to the following: 1) Basic Design Stress (6.1), 2) Compression on Unstiffened Elements (6.2), 3) Laterally Unbraced Beams (6.3), 4) Axially Loaded Compression Members (6.6), 5) Combined Axial and Bending Stresses (6.7), 6) Cylindrical Tubular Members in Compression or Bending (6.8), and 7) Wall Studs (8.1).
=

*Virgin steel refers to the condition (that is coiled or straight) of the steel prior to the

cold-forming operation.
tSpecifieation for hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip (third revision).

12

IS a 801

1975

Application of all provisions of the code may be based upon the properties of the flat steel before forming or on 6.1.1.1(b) or (c) as applicable. e) The effect on mechanical properties of any welding that is to be applied to the member shall be determined on the basis of tests of full section specimens containing within the gauge length such welding as the manufacturer intends to use. Any neoessary allowance for such effect shall be made in the structural use of the member. 6.1.2 Wtnd, Earthquake, and Combined Forces 6.1.2.1 Wind or earthquake only Members and assemblies subject only to stresses produced by wind or earthquake forces may be proportioned for stresses 33k percent greater than those specified for dead and live load stresses. A corresponding increase may be applied to the allowable stresses in connections and details. 6.1.2.2 Combined forces Members and assemblies subject to stress produced by a combination of wind or earthquake and other loads may be proportioned for unit stress 33j percent greater than those specified for dead and live load stresses, provided the section thus required is not less than that required for the combination of dead load and live load. For primary and secondary members of roof assemblies and roof deck, the allowable stresses may be increased by 33* percent for combined stresses due to dead load, gravity live load (if any) and ponding, provided the section thus required is not less than that required for the combination of dead load and live load. Corresponding increases may be applied to the allowable unit stresses in connections and details.

6.2 Compression on Unstiffened Elements 2 on flat unstiffened elements: kgf/ cm For wit not greater than 5301 V~: a) F 0
=

Compression F0 in

0~60 14

b) For w/t ratio greater than 530iV~ but not greater than 1 2l0/V~*: F0 = F~ [0.767 (3.15/104) (wIt)V~]

c) For w/t ratio greater than 1 2l0iVi~ but not greater than 25*:
F0 *When the yield 53OIV~ and 25:
=

562 000/(wft)
9.](o.6F, 900

point of steel is less than 2 320 kgflcm then for rn/S ratios between

F 0 = 0~6 F7

[w

..=~ 25 [1 2l.2lvP~J

13

IS: 801

1975

d) For w/t ratio from 25 to 60*: For angle struts: F0 = 562 O00/(w/t)2 For all other sections: F 0 = 1 390 20 wit In the above formulae, wit is the flat-width ratio as defined in 3. 6.3 Laterally Unbraced Beams To prevent lateral buckling, the maximum conpressuon stress Fb on extreme fibres of laterally unsupported straight flexural membersi shall not exceed the allowable stress as specified in 6.1 or 6.2 nor the following maximum stresses: a) When bending is about the centroidal axis perpendicular to the web for either I-shaped sections symmetrical about an axis in the plane of 2SXCweb greater than 036channel-shaped sections: ar2 ECb the is or symmetrical SV2ECb 18 when L but less than d1~ 0 2 Fb=~Fy 54SV2EC~ (L2 SXC~ dI~ I 2 F~

when
112 ~ 18,T2ECb

d 1~ is equal to or greater than

=

06lr2ECb dI~
L~SXC

b) For point-symmetrical Z-shaped sections bent about the centroidal axis perpendicular to the web: 2ECb 09lr2ECb when is greater than 0d8~r but less than dI~ 0
____

Fb=+Fy27~C (LZSxe 2ECb when L~SXC is equal to or greater than 09 ~ d 1~e Fb=03
~2

d4~~

*Unstiffened compression elements having ratios of wit exceeding approximately 30 may show noticeable distortion of the free edges under allowable compressive stress without detriment to the ability of the member to support load. For ratios of wit exceeding approximately 60 distortion of the flanges is likely to be so pronounced as so render the section structurally undesirable unless load and stress are limited to such a degree as to render such use uneconomical. trhe provisions of this Section apply to I-, Z-, or channel-shaped flexural members (not including multiple-web deck, U- and closed-box type members and curved or arch members). Tne provisions of this Section do not applyto laterally unbraced compression flanges of otherwise laterally stable sections.

14

IS ~vhcre
L
= =

801

1975

Sxe

the unbraced length ol the member; the moment of inertia of the compression portion of a section about the gravity axis of the entire section parallel to the web; Compression section modulus of entire section about major axis, x divided by distance to extreme 6ompression fibre; bending coefficient which can conservatively be taken as unity, or calculated from: Cb = 175 + [05(~i) + 03 (~i)2butnotmor~than2.3. Where M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the members, and where M1fM1, the ratio of end moments is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative when they are of opposite sign (single curvature bending). When the bending moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger than that at both ends of this length, the ratio MS1MS shall be taken as unity. For members subject to combined axial and bending stress (see 6.7), Cb, shall be I. 2; and modulus of elasticity = 2 074 000 kgf/cm depth of section.

E d

6.4 Allowable Stresses in Web of Beams 6.4.1 Shear Stresses in Webs The maximum average shear stress F 7, in 2, on the gross area of a flat web shall not exceed: kgf/cm For hit not greater than 4 5901 VFy: a) FvI275V~rwith a maximum of 040 F~ hit b) For hit greater than 4

590iVF~:

5850000 (hIt)2

wbere
t
= =

A F 7

web thickness, clear distance between flanges measured along the plane of web, and 2. yield point in kgficm
15

IS

z 801- 1975

Where the web consists of two or more sheets these shall be considered as separate members carrying their share of the shear. 2, 6.4.2 Bending beam Webs The compressive stress Fb~, exceed F in the flat web of aStress indue to bending in its plane, shall not in kgflcm nor shall it exceed: 36 560 000 kgffcm Fbw = (hft)2

6.4.3 Combined Bending and Shear Stresses in Webs For webs subject to both bending and shear stresses, the member shall be so proportioned that such stresses do not exceed the allowable values specified in 6.4.1 and 6.4.2 and tha~ the quantity V(fbwiFbw)2 + (f~iF~)2 does not exceed unity: where = actual compression stress at junction of flange and web; 36 560 ~ kgf/cm; Fbw = (hit)2

F,

actual average shear stress, that is, shear force per web divided by webs area; and allowable shear stress as specified in 6.4.1 except that the limit of 04 F, shall not apply.

6.5 Web Crippling of Beams To avoid crippling of unreinforced beam webs having a flat-width ratio hit equal to or less than 150, concentrated loads and reactions shall not exceed the values of PMaX given below. Webs of beams for which the ratio hit is greater than 150 shall be provided with adequate means of transmitting concentrated loads and reactions directly into the web. a) Beams having single unreinforced webs: (1) For end reactions or for concentrated loads on outer ends of cantilevers: For inside corner radius equal to or less than the thickness of sheet: PMaX 70t [98 + 420(N/t) 0~022 (Nit) (hit) 0011 (hIt)] x [1.330.33 (F,12 320)] (F,i2 320) For other corner radii up to 4 t, the value PM&I given by the above formula shall be multiplied by (115015 Rit). (2) For reactions of interior supports or for concentrated loads located anywhere on the span: For inside corner radius equal to or less than the thickness of sheet: PMaX = 70 t2 [305 230 (NIt) 0009 (A7t) (hit) 05 (hit)] x [I 22 0-22 (F,/2 320)] (F,/2 320)

16

IS : 801 1975
-

For other corner radii up to 4 t, the value PMax given by the above formula is to be multiplied by (1 06 006 RIt).

(3) For corner radii larger than 4 t, tests shall be made in accordance with 9. b) For I-beams made of two channels connected back to back or for similar sections which provide a high degree of restraint agai~nst rotation of the web, such as I-sections made by welding two angles to a channel: (1) For end reactions or for concentrated loads on the outer ends of cantilevers: PMax = t2 F, (444 0558 VN/t) (2) For reactions of interior supports or for concentrated loads loca ted anywhere on the span: PMax = t2 F, (666 ll46VK7~ In all of the above, PMax represents the load or reaction for one solid web sheet connecting top and bottom flanges. For webs consisting of two or more such sheets, PM&X shall be computed for each individual sheet and the results added to obtain the allowable load or reaction for the composite web. For loads located close to ends of beams, provisions of 6.5(a) (2) and (b) (2) apply, provided that for cantilevers the distance from the free end to the nearest edge of bearing, and for a load close to an ~nd support the clear distance from edge of end bearing to nearest edge of load bearing is larger than 15 h. Otherwise provisions of 6.5(a) (1) and (b) (2) apply. In the above formulae, PMax allowable concentrated load or reactions; t = web thickness; N = actual length of bearing, except that in the above formulae the value of N shall not be taken greater than h; h = clear distance between flanges measured along the plane of web; F, = yield point; and R = inside bend radius. 6.6 Adally Loaded Compression Members 6.6.1 Stress 6.6.1.1 Shapes not subject to torsional-flexural buckling (a) For dQubly-symmetric shapes, closed cross-sectional shapes or cylindrical sections, and any other shapes which can be shown not to be subject to torsional-flexural. buckling, and for members braced against twisting, the average axial stress P/A, in compression members shall not exceed the following values of 17

IS

801 1975
-

F51 except as otherwise permitted by 6.6.1.1(b)t K Lfr less than 7= C0 vQ 12

(QF7)2 i;-;---) 2E IKL\.2

23ir 0522 Qf,

(QFIKLir)2
C 0

K Lir equal to or greater than al 23 (K 2E L/r)2 1012 ~ 000 680 F (K Lir) where = V2ir~E/F,; P = total load; A = full unreduced cross-sectional area of the member; F 51 = allowable average compression stress under concentric loading; 5; K = effective length factor*; 2 074 000 kgficm E = modulus of elasticity = L = unbraced length of member; r = radius of gyration of full, unreduced cross section; F, = yield point ofsteel; and Q = a factor determined as follows: (1) For members composed entirely of stiffened elements, Q is the ratio between the effective design area, as determined from the effective design widths of such elements, and the full or gross area of the cross section. The effective design area used in determining is to be based upon the basic design stress F as defined in 6.1. (2) For members composed entirely of unstiffened elements, Qis the ratio between the allowable compression stress F 0 for the weakest element of the cross section (the element having the largest flat-width ratio) and

1n frames where lateral stabitity is provided by diagonal bracing, shear walls, attachan adjacent structure having adequate lateral stability, or by floor slabs or roof decks secured horizontally by walls or bracing systems parallel to the plane of the frame, and in ttusses the effective length factor K for the compression members shall be taken as unity, unless analysis shows that a smaller value may be used. The effective length XL of compression members in a frame which depends upon its own bending stiffness for lateral stability, shall he determined by a rational method and shall not be less than the actual unbraeed length.

ment to

18

IS

801

1975

the basic design stress, F, where F5 is defined in 6.2 and F is as defined in 6.1. (3) For members composed of both stiffened and unstiffened elements the factor Q is the product of a stress factor Q. computed as outlined in (2) above and an area factor Qa computed as outlined in (1) above, except that the stress upon which Q~ is to be based shall be that value of the stress F8 which is used in computing Q~, and the effective area to be used in computing Qa shall include the full area of all unstiffened elements. b) When the factor Q is equal to unity, the steel is 229 mm or more in thickness and K Lir is less than C0: F81 3 [1 (K Lir)2] F (KLir)3 8 (KLir) (C~) 8 (C 0)
_

6.6.1.2 Sing~y-symmetric and nonsymmetric shapes of open cross section or intermittentlyfastened singly-symmetrical components of built-up shapes having Q=l 0 which may be subject to torsional fiexural buckling For singly-symmetric or nonsymmetric shapes of open cross section or intermittently fastened singlysymmetrical components of built-up shapes having Q=l 0 which may be subject to torsional-flexural buckling and which are not braced against twisting, the average axial stress P1.4 shall not exceed F 81 specified in 6.6.1.1 or F83 given below: Fy: 5 For cr~rro>O F 85 = 0522 F~ 767 erro For ~7Tro<OS F~: F82 0522 evro where F82 t~TFO allowable average compression stress under concentric loading, and elastic torsional-flexur~l buckling stress under concentric loading which shall be determined as follows: a) Sing(y-symmetricshapes For members whose cross sections have 0ex and ~tof symmetry to: one axis and is equal (x-axis), avro is less~ than both o~) V(oex ~t)2 4PorerC~t

19

IS s 801-. 1975
where 0ex
= =

,rtE (K L1r~)2
1r~ E
~

Cwl

(KL)J

1 (xoiro)2, cross-sectional Irca,

Vry~ + r~2 x 2 = polar radius of gyration of cross section about the shear centre, 0 rx, r~, = radii of gyration of cross section about centroidal principal axes, E = modulus of elasticity = 2 074 000 kgf/cm2, C = shear modulus = 795 000 kgf/cm2, K = effective length factor, 11 = unbrac.d length of compression member, = distance from shear centre to centroid along the principal x-axis, J = St Venant torsion constant of the cross section, cm4. For thin walled sections composed of n segments of uniform thickness, J = (113) (1 5 + 1 3 + + 1 5. l~t~S), 1t1 5,t2 1t1 = steel thickness of the member for segment z, 4 = length of middle line of segment i, and = warping constant of torsion of the cross section. b) Nonsymmetric shapes Shapes whose cross sections do not have any symmetry, either about an axis or about a point, ~n~o shall be determined by rational analysis. Alternatively, compression members composed of such shapes may be tested in accordance with 9.
=
. . .

6.6.1.3 Singly-symmetric or nonsymmetric shapes or intermiUent~y fastened singly-symmetrical components of built-up shapes having Q< 10 whkh are subject to torsional-ftexural buckling Compression members composed of singlysymmetric, or nonsymmetric shapes or intermittently fastened singlysymmetrical components of built-up shapes having Q< I 0 which are subject to torsional-flexural buckling and which are not braced against twisting can be conservatively proportioned by replacing F 7 by QF, in 6.6.1.2 or their strength may be determined by tests in accordance with 9. Q is defined in 6.6.1.1. 6.6.2 Bracing and Secondary Members On the cross section of axially load&1 bracing and secondary members*, when L/r ratio exceeds 120, the SA secondary member is one upon which the integrity of the structure as a whole does

not depend.

For this case, K is taken as unity.

20

IS

801

1975

allowable compression str ess under concentric loading F85 shall be determined as follows: F85
=

F8 13

400 r In the above formida, the maximum stress F8 shall be determined by 6.6.1.1 or 6.6.1.2 whichever is applicable. 6.6.3 Maximum Slenderness Ratio The slenderness ratio K Lir of compression members shall not exceed 200, except that during construction only, K LIr shall not exceed 300.

6.7 Combined Axial and Bending Stresses 6.7.1 Doubly-Symmetric Shapes or Shapes Not Subject to Torsional or TorsionalFlexural Buckling When subject to both axial compression and bending, doubly-symmetric shapes or shapes which are not subject to torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be proportioned to meet the following requirements:

CmXf~,x

Cmyfby

~l0

F80 when

Fblx

Fbi,

<015, the following formula may be used in lieu of the above two F81 formulae:

~ F81 Fbx Fb, rhe subscripts x and y in the above formulae indicate the axis of bending about which a particular stress or design property applies. 6.7.2 Singly-Symmetric Shapes or Intermittently Fastened Singly-Symmetric Components of Built-Up Shapes Having Q = PC Which May Be Subject to TorsionalFlexural Buckling Singly-symmetric shapes subject toboth axial compression

and bending applied in the plane of symmetry shall be proportioned to meet

the followin a) F

our requirements as applicable: fbiCm Fb~EI ~e]

f~
F80 Fbi 21

iS

801

1975

when

IL ~
F81

015, the following formula may be used in lieu of the above two formulae:

[0 F81 Fbi b) If the point of application of the eccentric load is located on the side of the centroid opposite from that of the shear centre, that is, if e is positive, then the average compression stress f~ shall also not exceed0TF >05 Fbelow: Fa given For 1: 2 F, F 8 0522 F, 767 For trrr~OS F,: 0~r F8 = 0~522 where ~Tr shall be determined according to the formula:
=

aTF

CTF 0b5 ~bT (I .

c) Except for T- or unsymxnetric I-sections, if the point of application of the eccentric load is between the shear centre and the centroid, that is, if e is negative, and if F 81 is larger than F82, then the average compression stressfa shall also not exceed F8 given below: F8
=

F82 ~ (F8E

F82)

d) For T- and unsymmetric I-sections with negative eccentricities: 1) If the point of application of the eccentric load is between the shear centre and the centroid, and if F81 is larger than F82, then the average cbmpression stress fa shall also not exceed F8 given below: F8 =F82 2)
-~(F80 F82)

If the point of application of the eccentric load is located on the side of the shear centre opposite from that of the centroid, then the average compression stress f8 shall also not exceed F8 given below: F7 o~rr>OS F,, F8 = 0522 F, 767 o~rr cr~rr~OS F,, F8 = 0522 OTr 22

IS
where o~rr shall be determined according to the formula:
0fl~~ 0rF
0bc

801 1975
-

ag,

In 6.7.2, x andy are centroidal axes and the x-axis is the axis of symmetry whose positive direction is pointed away from the shear centre. In 6.7: Cm = a coefficient whose value shall be taken as follows: a) For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sideway) Cm 085. b) For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation and not subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending Cm

aex

10

06

04

~-,

but not less than 04

where is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of that portion of the members, unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration.

A4~.
Al

Crr

2 is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature and negative when it is bent in single cutvature. c) For compression members in frames braced against joint translation ir. the plane of loading and subject to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cm may be determined by rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the following values may be used: (1) for members whoseendsare restrained, Cm = 085, and (2) for members whose ends are unrestrained, Cm = 10. a coefficient whose value shall be taken as follows: a) For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sideway) CTr = 085. b) For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation and not subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending Al1 CTr = 06 o~ where is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments 23

IS: 801 - 1975 at the end of that portion of the members, unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. Al1 Al2 is positive when thc member is bent in reverse curvature and negative when it is bent in single curvature. distance from the centroidal axis to the fibre with maximum compression strcss, negative when the fibre is on the shear centre side of the centroid depth of section eccentricity of axial load with respect to the centroidal axis, negative when on the shear centre side of the centroid maximum average compression stress average allowable compression stress dejermined by both req~uirements 6.7.2(a) and 6.7.2(d) (2) if the point of application of the eccentric load is at the shear centre, that is, the calculated values off~ and F8 for e = average allowablethe point of application of the eccentric load 7.2(a) if compression stress determined by requireis at the ments 6.shear centre, that is, the calculated value off 8 for e = allowable compression stress under concentric loading determined by 6.6.1.1 for L = 0 allowable compression stress under concentric loading according to 6.6.1.1 for buckling in the plane of symmetry allowable compression stress under concentric loading from 6.6.1.2 maximum bending stress in compression that is permitted by this code where bending stress only exists (see 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3) maximum bending stress in compression permitted by this code where bending stress only exists and the possibility of lateral buckling is excluded (see 6.1 and 6.2) 12 sr~ E 2 (may be increased one-third in accordance with 23 (K Lb/rb) 6.1.2) axial stress = axial load divided by full cross-sectional area of member P/A maximum bending stress bending moment divided by appropriate section modulus of member MIS, noting that for members having stiffened compression elements the section modulus shall be based upon the effective design widths of such elements 24

o d o F8 F80

= =

= =

F.E

F50 F.1 F85 Fb

F.
=

IS
=

801

1975

moment of inertia of the compression portion of a section

about its axis of symmetry

17

= =

moment of inertia of the section about they-axis [5x5 dA 5xy2 dA]

K
Lb

= =

Al 0 Mr
= =

= =

wherc x is the axis of symmetry andy is orthogonal to x effective length factor in the plane of bending actual unbraced length in the plane of bending 2 -j-. r 2 (at/aer)] = elastic critical moment causing compression on 0 shear centre side of the centroid A~rC.( [j ~/j the Aa,~ [j i/j~ -f- r 2 (atlaexIJ] = elastic critical moment causing tcnsiofl on the sisear centre side of the centroid 0 radius of gyration about axis of bending radius of gyration about the centroidal axis parallel to the web of that portion of the I-section which is in compression when there is no axial load compression section modulus of entire section about axis normal to axis of symmetry, 1,/distance to extreme compression fibre

x 0
=

x coordinate of the shcar ccntre, negative

Al0 C

maximum compression bending stress caused by Ma 0bc may be approximated by For I-sections wilh unequal flanges ff2 Ed ~ L2S,O
=

abT

= maximum compression bending stress caused by MT 1, Fpr I-sections with unequal flanges abT may be approximated by ~2 Ed Il, L2 S,~ cc arr i-- = maximum compression bending stress in the section caused by am c

ag, 2 a0 am
=
= =

E 2 (K Lg,1rg,) average elastic torsional-flexural buckling stress, that is, axial load at which torsional-flexural buckling occurs divided by the full cross-sectional area of member 25

aTr ff2

IS : 801

1975

A, E, r0, r,, a01, at, amo are as defined in 6.6.1.2. 6.7.3 Singly-Symmetric Shapes or Intermittently Fastened Singly-Symmetric Components of Built- Up Shapes Having Q< tO Which May Be Subject to TorsionalFlexural Buckling If Q<l 0 singly-symmetric shapes or intermittently fastened singly-symmetric components of built-up shapes subject to both axial compression and bending applied in the plane of symmetry can be conservatively proportioned by replacing F, by QF, in 6.7.2, or their strength may be determined by tests in accordance with 9. Q, is defined in 6.6.1.1. 6.7.4 Singly-Symmetric Shapes Which Are Nonsymmetrically Loaded Singlysymmetric shapes subject to both axial compression and bending applied out of the plane of symmetry shall be designed according to 9.2.

6.8 Cylindrical Tubular Members in Compression or Bending For cylindrical tubular members with a ratio Dit of me~rt diameter to wall thickness not greater than 232 OOOiF,, the compression stress shall not exceed the basic design stress F. For cylindrical tubular members with a ratio Dit of mean diameter to wall thickness larger than 232 000/F, but not greater than 914 000/F7 the compression stress shall not exceed

Fr

46 540 + 0399 F,

For compression members the allowable stress P/A under axial load shall also not exceed F8i as prescribed by 6.6.1.1 for Q = 1. 7. CONNECTIONS 7.1 General Connections shall be designed to transmit the maximum stress in the connected member with proper regard for eccentricity. In the case of members subject to reversal of stress, except if caused by wind or earthquake loads, the connection shall be proportioned for the sum of the stresses.

7.2 Welds 7.2.1 Fusion Welds Fusion welds shall be proportioned so that stresses therein do not exceed the following values: Spe4fied Minimum Yield Permissible Stress in Point of Lowest Strength Shear on Throat of Fillet Steel Beingm Joined or kgf/cm2 Plug Welds kgficm <2500 955 >2 500 but <3500 1100 >3500 1250

26

IS : 801 1975
-

The allowable stress in tension or compression on butt welds shall be the same as prescribed for the lower grade of the base metals being joined, provided the welds are of full penetration type and the yield strength of the filler metal is equal to or greater than the yield strength of the base metal. Stresses due to eccentricity of loading, if any, shall be combined with the primary stresses, and the combined stresses shall not exceed the values given above. Stresses in a fillet weld shall be considered as shear on the throat for any direction of the applied stress. Neither plug nor slot welds shall be assigned any value in resistance to any stresses other than shear. 7.2.2 Resistance Welds In sheets joined by spot welding the allowable shear per spot shall be as follows:

Thickness of Thinnest Outside Sheet mm 025 050 080 [00 125 160

Allowable Shear Strength per Spot kg 23 57 102 159 239 330

Thickness of Thinnest Outside Sheet mm 200 250 280 315 5.00

Allowable Shear Strength per Spot kg 489 625 750 909 1 818

NOTe The above values are based upon AWS C- 1.1-66 Recommended practices for resistance welding, issued by the American Welding Society, and apply to pulsation welding as well as spot welding. They are applicable for all structural grades of low carbon steel, and are based on a factor of safety of approximately 25 applied to selected values from AWS C-l.l-66 Tables 1.1 and 1.3. Values for intermediate thicknesses may be obtained by straight line interpolation. The above values may also be applied to medium carbon and low alloy steels. Spot welds in such steels give somewhat higher shear strengths than those upon which the above values are based, however, they may require special welding conditions. In all cases welding shall be performed in accordance with IS:819.1957*.

7.3 Connecting Two Channels to Form an I-Section The niaximum permissible longitudinal spacing of welds or other connectors, SMax joining two channels to form an I-section shall be: a) For Compression Members: L rc SMax 2 r1

where L

unbraced length of compression members;

~Oode of practice for resistance spot welding for light assemblies in mild steel.

27

IS

801 1975
-

radius of gyration of one channel about its centroidal axis parallel to web; and = radius of gyratiosi of I-section about the axis perpendicular to the direction in which buckling would occur for the given conditions of end support and intermediate bracing, if any. b) For Flexural Members: 5Max = Lit; In no case shall the spacing exceed the value 5Max = 2g T 8 mq where L = span of beam; g = vertical distance between the two rows of connections
=

near or at top and bottom flanges;

=

strength of connection in tension; distance of shear centre of channel from mid-plane of

the web, for simple channels without stiffening lips at the

and q = intensity of load on beam (see 7.3.1). For C-shaped channels with stiffening lips at the outer edges, m where
=
=

outer edges, 2 m 2 w Wr 1 + d/3

wrdt

d -V 2

projection of flanges from inside face of web (for channels with flanges of unequal width, w1 shall be

= =

= -

taken as the width of the wider flange); depth of channel or beam; overall depth of lip; and moment of inertia of one channel about its centroidal
axis normal to the web.

7.3.1 The intensity of load q is obtained by dividing the magnitude of concentrated loads or seactions by the length of bearing. For beams designed for a uniformly distributed load, the intensity q shall be taken equal to three times the intensity of the uniformly distributed design load. If the length of bearing of a concentrated load or reaction is smaller than the weld spacing, s, the required strength of the welds or connections closest to the load or reaction P, is = Pmi2 g 28

IS 801 1975 7.3.2 of required directly at the connection. 5MaX depends upon the intensityThe the load limited spacing of connections Therefore, if uniform spacing of connections is used over the whole length of the beam, it shall be determined at the point of maximum local load intensity. In cases where this procedure would result in uneconomically close spacing either of the following methods may be adopted: a) The connection spacing may be varied along the beam according to the variation of the load intensity; or b) Reinforcing cover plates may be welded to the flanges at points where concentrated loads occur. The strength in shear of the connections joining these plates to the flanges shall then be used for T 5 and g shall represent the depth of the beam. 7.4 Spacing of Connections in Compression Elements The spacing s in line of stress of welds, rivets, or bolts connecting a compression cover plate or sheet to a non-integral stiffener or other element shall not exceed: a) that which is required to transmit the shear between the connected parts on the basis of the design strength per connection specified in 7.2; nor b) 1 680 tiVi where t is thickness of cover plate or sheet, and f is design stress in cover plate or sheet; nor c) three times the flat width w of the narrowest unstiffened compression element in that portion of the cover plate or sheet which is tributary to the connections, but need not be less than 1 590 t/ the value of F0 permitted in the unstiffened element is greater than 054 F, or 1 910 tiv~ if the value of F0 permitted in the unstiffened element is 054 F, or less, unless closer spacing is required under (a) or (b) above. In the case of intermittent fillet welds parallel to the direction of stress the spacing shall be taken a~ the clear distance between welds plus 13 mm. In all other cases the spacing shall be taken as centre to centre distance between connections. Exception: The requirements of this clause do not apply to cover sheets which act only as sheathing material and are not considered as load carrying elements.
~ if

7.5 Bolted Connections The following requirements govern bolted connections of cold formed steel structural members.

7.5.1 Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance in Line of Stress The clear distance between bolts which are arranged in rows parallel to the direction of force, also the distance from the centre of any bolt to that end or other boundary of the connecting member towards which the pressure of the bolt

29

15 :801.1975
is directed shall not be less than l5 d nor ]ess than P1(0.6 F, t) where d = diameter of bolt, P force transmitted by bolt, t = thickness of thinnest connected sheet, and F, = yield point. 7.5.2 T~nsion Stress on Net Section The tension stress on the net section of a bolted connection shall not exceed 06 F, nor shall it exceed: (10 09r+3rdis) 0~6F, where r = the force transmitted by the bolt or bolts at the section considered, divided by the tension force in the member at that section. If r is less than 02, it may be taken equal to zero; s = spacing of bolts perpendicular to line of stress. In the case of a single bolt, s is equal to the width of sheet; and d and F, are defined in 7.5.1. 7.5.3 Bearing Stress in Bolted Connections The bearing stress on the area (d x t) shall not exceed 2~l F,*. 7.5.4 Shear Stress on Bolts Shear stress on the gross cross-sectional area of bolt, under dead and live load, shall not exceed the following values: Precision and semi-precision bolts 970 kgf/cm2 Black bolts 820 kgf/cm2 Steel conforming to property class 4.6 1 060 kgf/cm2 of IS: 1367-19671

mistirsium tensilestrength ofthe material divided by l35 shall be used instead ofF, m applying the provisions of 7.5.1, 7.5.2 and 7.5.3. tTecbnical supply conditions for threaded fasteners (Jfrst ,w~u~ms).

8. BRACING REQUIREMENTS 8.0 Structural members and assemblies of cold-formed steel construction shall ke adequately braced in accordance with good engineering practice. The following provisions cover certain special cases and conditions. 8.1 WaIl Studs The safe load-carrying capacity of a stud may be computed on the basis that wall material or sheathing (attached to the stud) furnishes adequate lateral support to the stud in the plane of the wall, provided the wall material and its attachments to the stud comply with the following requirements: a) Wall or sheathing shall be attached to both faces or flanges of the studs being braced; b) The maximum spacing of attachments of wall material to the stud being braced shall not exceed a~x as determined from the formul~: ~If the ratio of tensile strength to yield point is less than l~35, a str~ equal to the specified

30

IS : 801
aMIx
=

1975

8 E 4 K~ A F,

The slenderness ratio of the stud between attachments a/r2 shall L not exceed Therefore, the spacing of attachments shall not

2r,~

exceed that specilied above nor shall it exceed: L r5 aMaX 2 r1 c) The minimum modulus of elastic support K~ to be exerted laterally
by the wall material and its attachment in order to brace the stud,

shall not be less than F, a 1~ BE A d) The lateral force in kg which each single attachment of the wall material shall be capable of exerting on the stud in the plane of the wall (in order to prevent lateral buckling of the stud) shall not be less than
PMtn

KW

K~ P~ L/240

In the above formulae: a actual spacing of attachments of wall material to stud measured along the length of stud (a = I for continuous attachment); A area of cross section of stud; 2; F, yield point of steel in stud; E modulus of elasticity = 2 074 000 kgf/cm 4 moment of inertia of cross section of stud about its axis parallel to wall; 4 moment of inertia of cross section of stud about its axis perpendicular to wall; modulus of elastic support of wall material (on each side of stud) and its attachments. This is, K~ = Pie where P is the force which produces an elongation of e in a strip of wall material of width a and of length equal to the distance between adjacent studs. In paragraphs (b) and (d), K 1., is the modulus actually provided as determined from tests. In paragraph (c), K,. is the minimum required for a given spacing of attachments; L = length of stud; P5 design load on stud; radius of gyration of stud about its axis parallel to wall

T3

radius ofgyration of stud about its axis perpendicular to wall

=

vi~i.

31

IS

801

1975

8.2 Channel and Z-Sections Used as Beams The following provisions for the bracing against twist, of channel and Z-sections used as beams apply only when: (a) neither flange is connected to deck or sheathing material in such a manner as to effectively restrain lateral deflection of the connected flange, and (b) such members are loaded in the plane of the web*. 8.2.1 Spacing of Braces Braces shall be attached both to the top and bottom flanges of the sections at the ends and at intervals not greater than one-quarter of the span length in such a manner as to prevent tipping at the ends and lateral deflection of either flange in either direction at intermediate braces. If one-third or more of the total load on the beams is concentrated over a length of one-twelfth or less of the span of the beam, an additional brace shall be placed at or near the centre of this loaded length. 8.2.2 Design of Braces Each intermediate brace, at top and bottom flange, shall be designed to resist a lateral force P1 determined as follows: a) For a uniformly loaded beam P1 = [5 K times the load within a distance 05 a each side of the brace. b) For concentrated loads P1 = [0 K times the concentrated load P 10( x within a distance 03 a each side of the brace, plus ) for each such concentrated load P located farther than 03 a but not farther than [0 a from the brace. In the above formulae: For channels: K = mid where m = distance from shear centre to mid-plane of the web, as specified in 7.3; and d = depth of channel. For Z-sections: K = I~,iI~ where = product of inertia of full section about centroidal axis parallel and perpendicular to web, and = moment of inertia of full section about centroidal axis perpendicular to web. For channels and Z-sections: x = distance from concentrated load P to brace, and a = length of bracing interval.
~ 1 PK

*l,Alhen only one tiange is connected to a deck or sheathing material to effectively restrain lateral deflection of the connected flange, bracing may or may not be needed to prevent twisting of the member, depending upon the dimensions of the member and span and upon whether the unconnected flange is in compression or tension.

32

IS

801

1975

End braces shall be designed for one-half of the above forces. Braces shall be designed to avoid local crippling at the points of attachment to the member. 8.2.3 Allowable Stresses For channels and Z-beams intermediately braced according to the requirements of 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 the maximum compression stress shall be that specified in 6.3, except that the length of the bracing interval, a, shall be used instead of the length L in the formulae of 6.3.

8.3 Laterally lJnbraced Box Beams For closed box type sections used as beams subject to bending about the major axis, the ratio of the laterally unsupported length to the distance between the webs of the section shall not exceed 175 700iF~.
9.

TEST FOR SPECIAL CASES

General 9.1.1 Where the composition or configuration of elements, assemblies, or details of cold-formed steel structural members are such that calculation of their safe load-carrying capacity or deflection cannot be made in accordance with 5 to 8 of this code, their structural performance shall be established from tests and evaluated as specified in 9.2. 9.1.2 Tests for determination of mechanical properties of full sections to be used in 6.1.1.1 shall be made as specified in 9.3.1. 9.1.3 Tests for determining mechanical properties of flat elements of formed sections and representative mechanical properties of virgin steel to be used in 6.1.1.1 shall be made in accordance with the provisions of 9.3.2 and 9.3.3. 9.1.4 The provisions of 9 do not apply to light gauge steel diaphragms. 9.1.5 Tests shall be made by an independent testing laboratory or by a manufacturers testing laboratory. 9.1.6 Tensile testing procedures shall be according to TS : l608~l972*.
9.1

9.2 Evaluation of Tests for Determining Structural Performance Where tests are necessary for the purposes defined in 9.1.1 they shall be evaluated in accordance with the following proceduret: a) Where practicable, evaluation of test results shall be made on the basis of the mean values resulting from tests of not fewer than three identical specimens, provided the deviation of any individual test result from the mean value obtained from all tests does not exceed 10percent. If such deviation from the mean exceeds 10 percent

*Mcthod for tensile testing of steel products other than sheet, strip, wire and tube. IThe test evaluation procedures and load factors specified in 9.2 are not applicable to confirmatory tests of members and assemblies whose properties can be calculated according to 5 to 8 for the latter, the code provides generally a safety factor of 5/3.

33

IS

801

1975

at least three more tests of the same kind shall be made. The average of the three lowest values of all tests made shall then be regarded as the result of the series of tests. b) Determinations of allowable load-carrying capacity shall be made on the basis that the member, assembly, or connection shall be capable of sustaining a total load, including the weight of the test specimen, equal to twice the live load plus one-and-a-half the dead load without failure. Where the governing design load is due in wWile or part to wind, earthquake loads, or combined forces, the foregoing load factors shall be reduced by dividing by 1 jin accordance with 6.1.2. Furthermore, harmful local distortions which interfere with the proper functioning of the member or assembly or its connections shall not develop during the test at a total load, including the weight of the test specimen, equal to the dead load plus I * times the live load. c) In evaluating test results, due consideration shall be given to any differences that may exist between the yield point of steel from which the tested sections are formed and the minimum yield point specified for the steel which the manufacturer intends to use. Consideration shall also be given to any variation or difference which may exist between the design thickness and the thickness of the spepimens used in the tests. 9.3 Tests for Determining Mechanical Properties of Formed Section of Flat Material 9.3.1 Full Section Tests These provisions are intended to apply only to the determination of the mechanical properties of full formed sections for the purposes defined in 9.1.2. They are not to be construed as permitting the use of test procedures instead of the usual design calculations. Tests to determine mechanical properties shall be conducted in accordance with the following: a) For tensile yield point determinations refer to 9.1.6. b) Compressive yield point determinations shall be made by means of compression tests* ofshort specimens of the section and shall be taken as the smaller value of either the maximum compressive strength of the section divided by the cross-sectional area or the stress defined by one of the following methods: 1) For sharp yielding steel the yield point shall be determined by the autographic diagram method or by the total strain under load method, 2) For gradual yielding steel the yield point shall be determined by the strain under load method or by the 02 percent ofThet method.

*See Appendix A for recommendations regarding details of compression testing.

34

IS : 801

1975

When the total strain under load method is used, there shall be evidence that the yield point so determined agrees substantially with the yield point which would be determined by the 02 percent ofl~et method. The methods described above shall agree in general with IS: 1608~1972*. c) Where the principal effect of the loading to which the member will be subjected in service will be to produce bending stresses, the yield point shall be determined for the flanges only. In determining such yield point tests shall be made on specimens cut from the section. Each such specimen shall consist of one complete flange plus a portion of the web of such flat-width ratio that the value of Q for the specimen is unity. d) For acceptance and control purposes, two full section tests shall be made from each lot of not more than 50 tonnes nor less than 30 tonnes of each section, or one test from each lot of less than 30 tonnes of each section. For this purpose a lot may be defined as that tonnage of one section that is formed in a single production run of material from one heat or blow. e) At the option of the manufacturer, either tension or compression tests may be used for routine acceptance and control purposes, provided the manufacturer demonstrates that such tests reliably indicate the yield point of the section when subjected to tl~e kind of stress under which the member is to be used. 9.8.2: Tests of Flat Elements of Formed Sections The yield point of flats F,1 shall be established by means of a weighted average of the yield points of standard tensile coupons taken longitudinally from the flat portions of a representative cold-formed member. The weighted average shall be the sum of the products of the average yield point for each flat portion times the ratio of the cross-sectional area of that flat portion to the total area of flats in the cross section. The exact number of such coupons will depend on the shape of the member, that is, on the number of flats in the cross section. At least one tensile coupon shall be taken from the middle of each flat. If the actual virgin yield point exceeds the specified minimum yield point, the yield point of the flats F,1 shall be adjusted by multiplying the test values by the ratio of the specified minimum yield point to the actual virgin yield point. 9.3.3 Acceptance and Control Tests for Mechanical Properties of Virgin Steel This provision applies to steel produced to other than IS : l079-l973~ when used in sections for which the increased yield point and ultimate strength of the steel after cold forming are computed from the virgin steel properties according to 6.1.1.1. For acceptance and control

~Method for tensile testing of steel products (first revision). fSpecification for hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip (third retision).

35

IS

801 1975
-

purposes, at least four tensile specimens shall be taken from each lot as defined in 9.3.1(d) for the establishment of the representative values of the virgin tensile yield point and ultimate strength. Specimens shall be taken longitudinally from the quarter points of the width near the outer end of the coil.

APPENDIX (Clause 9.3)

COMPRESSION TESTING

A-i. It is recommended that stud column tests be made on flat-cAd specimens whose length is not less than three times the largest dimension of t~e section except that it shall be not more than 20 times the least radius of gyration. If tests of ultimate compressive strength are to be used to check yield point for quality control purposes, the length of the section should not be less than 15 times the least radius of gyration. It is important, in making compression tests, that care be exercised in centering the specimen in the testing machine so that the load is applied concentrically with respect to the centroidal axis of the section. A-2. For further information regarding compression testing, reference may be made to the followingpublications: ASTM E9 Standard method of compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials. Technical memoranda No. 2 and 3 of the Column Research Council. Notes on Compression Testing of Materials and Stub-Column Test Procedures reprinted in the Column Research Council Guide to Design Criteria for Metal Compression Members. 2nd Ed. 1966.

36

IS a 8fl -1975
(C.limdIre. peg. 2) Panel for Use of Light Gauge Cold Formed Sections in Structural Engineering, SMBDC 7: P-26 c~r Suns C. B#.s.4iJuaa,.u4uIw~ Research Design & Standards Organization, Luckssow
M.ssLvrr

Suns B. N. Daa
RE,azsxwrArsvz Rasaasus4TArxva

Tube Products of India, Madras

Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co. Jamslsedpur Integral Coach Factory, Perumbur

37

4,.

IS

801

1975 page
1)

(Continued from

Members Representing SHE? G. S. IYER The Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay Ssssu S. M. GULATEE (Alternate) DR 0. P. JA.IN Institution of Engineers (India), Calcutta JoINT Dtaacroa STANDARDS (B&S) Ministry of Railways DEPUTY DIREcTOR STANDARDS (B&S)-L[ (Alternate) SHRI S. D. KALE Bombay Municipal Corporation, Bombay SHRI M. K. R. SHARMA (Alternate) SHRI Oss CHOSLA Electrical Manufacturing Co Ltd, Calcutta SHR5 S. N. SINOM (Alternate) PROF K. D. MAHAJAN Engineer.in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi PROF B. V. RAMASWAMY (Alternate) SHRI G. C. MATHUR National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi SHRI K. S. SRINIVAsAN (Alternate) SHRI P. K. MALLICK Jessop & Co Ltd, Calcutta SHE? A. P. KAVAL (Alternate) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Da S. K. MALLICK Mantons (Bangalore) Pvt Ltd, Bangalore SHRI N. V. MANAY SHRI A. K. MITRA Hindustan Steel Ltd, Durgapur SHE! P. K. MUKHERJEE Braithwaite & Co (India) Ltd, Calcutta Ssuts P. T. PATEL (Alternate) SssRI P. R. NATARAJAN Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), DR
J.

PURUSHOTHAM

Roorkee Central Water& PowerCommission (Water Wiag), New Delhi

DEPUTY DIRECTOR (GATES

&

DsasoN) (Alternate)
REPRESENTATIvE

Richardson & Cruddas Ltd, Bombay

SstRr P. V. NASa (Alternate)

REPRESENTATIVE

Burn & Co Ltd, Howrah Pao~ P. K. SaM Jadavpur University, Calcutta SHRI T. N. SUBBA RAO Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi DR D. JOHNsON VIcTOR (Alternate) SUPERINTENDINO EN 0 1 N E E a Government or Tamil Nadu, Madras
(PLANNING & DEStON CIRCLE) Ex EC UTIvE EN 05 NE ER (BulLosNa CENTqjE DIvIsION) (Alternate) ~% MAJ R. P. E. VAZIFOAR

SliEr K. VEERARAGHYACHARI Slim S. N. VOHRA

5mm S. N. BMU (Alternate) SHRI L. D. WADHWA SHRI B. B. NAG (Alternate) SsiRI C. R. RAMA RAO, Director (Struc & Met)

Bombay Port Trust, Bombay Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Tiruchirapally Inspection Wing, Directorate General of Supplies
& Disposals (Ministry of Industries & Civil
Supplies)

Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi

Director General, ISI (Ex-nfficio Member)

Serretary SHRI S. S. SETIII Assistant Director (Strue & Met), IS!

(Continued on

page 37)

~JsR*r~ ~ ~Mr~r~41ot~ eENTh LAR~FN ~*TO.. BF~O LIMITE~

1( t

IS : 801 - 1975

4STRUCTON GROUP

f4E~w~dard
~ ~Pft~e PP~FOR USE OF eC4~LDFORM~44GJ4T*i E STEEL MICS~RUCIIJRSAb BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
/

(First Revision)
Representing Ministry of Railways

,1~\)StructuraI Engineering Sectional Committee, SMBDC 1

Chairman DsaacTOR STANDARDS (Csvsa)

SHRs

Members L. N. AGRA\VAL Industrial Fasteners Association of India, Calcutta Sisas M. M. MURARKA (Alternate) SHE! A. K. BANERJEE Metallurgical and Engineering Consultants (India) Ltd, Ranchi SHRI S. SANKARAN (Alternate) SHRI P. C. BHASIN Department of Transport (Road Wing), Ministry of Shipping & Transport SHE! A. S. BssssNoI (Alternage~ DR P. N. CHATTEEJEE Government of West Bengal DR P. K. DAS Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CSIR), Durgapur Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur l)a P. DAYARATNAM S,isu D. S. DESAI M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta Irrigation & Power Department, Government, of DIREcToR (MERI) Maharash tra, Bombay REsEARCH OFFIcER (Alternate) DIRECTOR (TCD) Central Water & Power Commission (Power SHRI P. V. N. IVENOER (Alternate) if ExactrrsvE ENGINEER (CENTRAL.. Central Public Works Department, New Delhi STORES DivIssoN No. II) Snas M. M. GHOSH Stewarts & Lloyds of India Pvt Ltd, Bombay Sitsu S. C. Gssosu (Alternate) SHE! A. C. GoNsALYEs Bridge & Roof Co (India) Ltd, Howrah Slut! S. S. BosE (Alternate) SHRI SAILAPATI GUPTA Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal, Calcutta (Continued en page

2)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

0 Copyright

1982

This publlcatiQn is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XLV of 1957) and reproduction in Whole or inpart by any means except with written permission of the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

BUREAU

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS

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