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Lecture On Theoretical Mechanics - 4

Lecture Note Series prepared for 1st year physics (hons. and engineering) students. Comments and criticisms are welcome.

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Abhijit Kar Gupta
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416 views3 pages

Lecture On Theoretical Mechanics - 4

Lecture Note Series prepared for 1st year physics (hons. and engineering) students. Comments and criticisms are welcome.

Uploaded by

Abhijit Kar Gupta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PBC Lecture Notes Series in Physics: Classical Mechanics -I Prepared by Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta, e-mail: kg.abhi@gmail.

com

Lecture 4

Particle Dynamics: Conservative Force, work done, Power, Impulse


Work done by a force:

Work done to move a particle from point 1 to point 2

Similarly, the work done to move the particle from point 2 back to point 1 is

So the total work done on the closed path from 1 to 2 and back to 1, =

Closed Curve:

Conservative Force: If the work done by the force over a closed path is zero,

(1)

the force is called conservative force.


[Note: the integral is called cyclic integral.]

Now we apply Stokes law for a closed curve:

(2) ( ) , = is the vector surface area, meaning be the surface area enclosed by the where closed curve and the direction is upward if the curve is traversed anticlockwise and it

PBC Lecture Notes Series in Physics: Classical Mechanics -I Prepared by Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta, e-mail: [email protected] is downward if clockwise according to convention. Therefore, for a conservative force, we can write . ( ) Now since the surface element

Lecture 4

(3)

is arbitrary, we must have =0 (4)

The above equation (4) is a necessary and sufficient condition that has to be satisfied if the fore is conservative. It is true for any vector. Equation (4) implies that we can write the force in the following way: , where is a scalar potential and the negative sign is by choice. We call potential energy.

as the

For work done to move a particle from a point 1 to point 2 by a conservative force: (A) [Note, ] We can also calculate the work done in terms of Newtons 2nd law of motion, Consider,

) (

( )

[Considering constant force, ] ( ) ( ) (B)

Now, from (A) and (B),

PBC Lecture Notes Series in Physics: Classical Mechanics -I Prepared by Dr. Abhijit Kar Gupta, e-mail: [email protected] So, we can say Total energy, Note the following: (1) The potential

Lecture 4

= constant. [Conservation of energy]

is a function of position coordinates only. ( ) ( ) (2) A system can not be conservative if friction or other kinds of dissipative forces are present. In that case, is always positive, there is always some work done to overcome friction! (3) For dissipative or non-conservative forces, we can NOT write
Power:

Power is rate of doing work. Consider, Thus, (


( ) Rate of change of Kinetic energy.

Impulse: If a force is applied, momentum of the particle changes according to Newtons 2nd law of motion,

If the force is applied during a certain time, we can write,

Change in momentum, which is called the

impulse of the force . H.W. Problem: #1 A particle of mass moves in the XY-plane such that its position vector is given by, , where = const. (i) Find the force on the particle (ii) Is the force conservative? -----------------------------

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