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    Topic 1.5 - Binomial Expansions

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    Formula for binomial series: (a) 6 ) 1 ( x + (b) x 2 1+ (c) 3 ) 2 1 ( 6 x / in ascending power of x as far as the term in x 3. 1.5. If n is a fraction or negative integer, then (1 + x) n = 1 + nx +.! 3. We can use binomial expansion to find numerical approximations to square roots and other

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    Topic 1.5 - Binomial Expansions

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    Formula for binomial series: (a) 6 ) 1 ( x + (b) x 2 1+ (c) 3 ) 2 1 ( 6 x / in ascending power of x as far as the term in x 3. 1.5. If n is a fraction or negative integer, then (1 + x) n = 1 + nx +.! 3. We can use binomial expansion to find numerical approximations to square roots and other

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    Formula for binomial series: (a) 6 ) 1 ( x + (b) x 2 1+ (c) 3 ) 2 1 ( 6 x / in ascending power of x as far as the term in x 3. 1.5. If n is a fraction or negative integer, then (1 + x) n = 1 + nx +.! 3. We can use binomial expansion to find numerical approximations to square roots and other

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    190 views2 pages

    Topic 1.5 - Binomial Expansions

    Uploaded by

    api-25887606
    Formula for binomial series: (a) 6 ) 1 ( x + (b) x 2 1+ (c) 3 ) 2 1 ( 6 x / in ascending power of x as far as the term in x 3. 1.5. If n is a fraction or negative integer, then (1 + x) n = 1 + nx +.! 3. We can use binomial expansion to find numerical approximations to square roots and other

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    of 2

    TOPIC 1.

    5 : BINOMIAL EXPANSION OF (a + b)n, where n < 0 or n = fractions

    Formula for binomial series:

    n  n  n
    (a  b) n  a n   a n1b   a n 2b 2  ...   a n r b r  ...  b n ,
    1  2 r

    n n!
    where n is a positive integer and    n Cr =
    r r !(n  r )!

    6
    Example 1: Expand (a) (1  x) 6 (b) 1  2 x (c) in ascending power of x as far as
    (1  2 x) 3
    the term in x3.

    1.5.1 Binomial expansion for power n is negative integer or fraction

    If n is a fraction or negative integer, then

    n b 
    n
    b n   bx  n(n  1)  bx 
    2

    (a + bx) = a (1  x) = a (1  x) = a 1  n  
    n n
       ...
     a  a   a 2!  a  
    , provided |bx| < |a|.

    n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3 n(n  1)(n  2)...( n  r ) r


    (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x  x  ... + x +…
    2! 3! r!
    ,where n is a real number, and |x| < 1.

    Example 2: Find the binomial expansion of 4  3 x 2  1


    up to and including the term in x4.

    1.5.2 Approximations
    We can use binomial expansion to find numerical approximations to square roots and other
    calculations, provided x is much smaller than 1.

    Example 3:
    1
    Expand (8  3 x) 3 in ascending power of x as far as the term in x3, stating the values of x for
    3
    which the expansion is valid. Hence obtain an approximate value for 8.72 .

    1.5.3 Further binomial expansions

    Example 4
    Assuming that x is so small that terms in x3 and higher may be neglected, find a quadratic approximation to
    1  x ,stating the values of x for which your answer is valid.
    1  2x

    Example 5
    Given the function f(x), 4 x  3 x  2 .
    2

    ( x  1)( x 2  2)
    (i) Express f(x) in partial functions.
    (ii) Hence show that when x is sufficiently small that terms in x4 and higher powers of x to be neglected,
    1 7
    f ( x )  1  x  x 2  x 3 .
    2 4
    Ex 5: Binomial Expansions

    1
    1. Expand (1  2 x) in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x3, stating the values of x for
    4

    1
    which the expansion is valid. Hence obtain approximate value for: (a) 4 1.4 , (b) 1.08 4 .

    1
    2. Expand 1  3 x  2 in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x3, simplifying

    the coefficients. [Nov 2004 – 4 marks]

    1
    3. Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x2, simplifying
    2  x  3

    the coefficients. [June 2002 – 4 marks]

    4. Expand the given function in ascending powers of x up to the term in x3.


    (a) 1  2 x (b) 1  x (c) 1  2 x (d) 1 (e) 1
    1  2x 2  x  2
    1  4x 1 x  x 2
    1 x  x2

    5. Assuming that x is so small that terms in x3 and higher may be neglected, find a quadratic approximation to
    the given function, stating the values of x for which your answer is valid.
    (a) 1  x (b) 3 8  x (c) 1
    1 x 1  3x (1  x)(3  x)

    6. Given the function f(x),


    6  7x .
    (2  x)(1  x 2 )
    (i) Express f(x) in partial functions.
    (ii) Hence show that when x is sufficiently small for x4 and higher powers of x to be neglected, f(x) ≈
    1 15
    3  5x  x 2  x 3 . (Nov 2002 P3)
    2 4

    7.

    (Nov 2005 P3)

    8.

    (Jun 2006 P3)

    9.

    (Jun 2004 P3)


    10.

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