a wireless sensor network monitoring system design based on solar energy is preferred.

It transmits data through wireless receiving and sending equipment without setting up electric wiring. The system structure is simple, which saves the manpower and material resources. The monitoring and management center can control the temperature and humidity of the greenhouse, measure the carbon dioxide content, collect the information about intensity of illumination, monitor and control the pictures. Compared with ordinary wireless technology, this system design consumes less energy, costs less money and has large internet capacity. The sensor nodes receive the solar energy and supply it to the wireless sensor network. This system adopts PIC16F877 with high level memory and network transmitting chip CC2420 with low energy consumption . It combines energy management with energy transfer, which makes the energy collected by solar energy batteries be used reasonably. And hence, the self-managing energy supply system will be established which makes the wireless nodes receive permanent power supply and so the wireless sensor network can be used without limitations.

The proposed system Greenhouse Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring System Design Based on Solar Energy is designed and developed to accomplish the various tasks in an adverse environment of an industry. This intelligent project is an owe to the technical advancement. This system can be applied effectively and efficiently in an expanded dimension to fit for the requirement of research and commercial applications. Microcontroller is the heart of the device which handles all the sub devices connected across it. Here PIC16F877 microcontroller is used. It has flash type reprogrammable memory. It has some peripheral devices to play this project perform. It also provides sufficient power to inbuilt peripheral devices. No need not give individually to all devices. The peripheral devices also activates as low power operation mode. These are the advantages that appear here.

Keywords: Greenhouse, Sensors, Solar panel, PIC

microcontroller, Visual Basic, Rs232.

Introduction:
Present industry is increasingly shifting towards automation. Two principle components of todays industrial automations are programmable controllers and robots. In order to aid the tedious work and to serve the mankind, today there is a general tendency to develop an intelligent operation. Figure: Multiple Greenhouse WSN Communication

Hardware:
The different modules of described below, this project are

Solar power management unit Sensor unit Microcontroller unit Network unit. The block diagram of this system is shown

Figure: Transmitter

below,

Figure: Receiver

Figure: Solar Panel in Rural areas The working of solar panel is as follows:

Solar Power Management Unit:

In order to solve the energy supply of sensor nodes, solar panels are used to supply energy, which is made up of three different processes. The first one is Energy Harvester, composed of solar battery boards, that convert solar energy into electric energy. The second one is Master Energy Storage, consists of super capacitor and it stores the G energy collected by solar batteries and supplies electricity for WSN nodes. The third is the Emergency Energy Memory, consisting of lithium batteries. It is the source of energy under emergencies.

Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.

Sensor Unit:
The sensor nodes can be varied as for temperature, humidity, vibration and pressure. A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature. The temperature response is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges, while thermistors typically lie within a limited temperature range [usually 90 C to 130 C]. Thermistors can be classified into two types, depending on the sign of k. If k is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, or posistor. If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. Resistors that are not thermistors are designed to have a k as close to zero as possible, so that their resistance remains nearly constant over a wide temperature range. A humidity sensor, also called a hygrometer, measures and regularly reports the relative humidity in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, is the ratio of actual moisture in the air to the highest amount of moisture air at that temperature can hold. The warmer the air is, the more moisture it can hold, so relative humidity changes with fluctuations in temperature. The sensor itself is composed of two metal plates with a non-conductive polymer film between them. The film collects moisture from the air, and the moisture causes minute changes in the voltage between the two plates. The changes in voltage are converted into digital readings showing the amount of moisture in the air.

Figure: Solar Power Management Unit A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells also known as photovoltaic cells. Solar panel use light energy from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells must be connected electrically to one another & to the rest of the system, the solar cells must be protected from mechanical damage & moisture.Solar panel has a benefit that it emits no pollution and lower the amount of oil and natural gas required to power.

Microcontroller Unit:

The microcontroller that has been used for this project is from PIC series. PIC microcontroller is the first RISC based microcontroller fabricated in CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor) that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing simultaneous access of program and data memory. Technology that is used in pic16F877 is flash technology, so that data is retained even when the power is switched off. Easy Programming and Erasing are other features of PIC 16F877. Some core features are, high performance RISC CPU, Only 35 single word instructions to learn, All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle, DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle It has three types of memories, Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory

monitoring and communication; sensors test the information in the world and transfer them into operable signals; network, as the system composed by all equipments, cooperates to complete complex tasks. Wireless sensor network refers to a network that is set up by sensor nodes through wireless communication in the environment. ZigBee is a wireless technology which provides nearly unlimited installation flexibility for transducers, increases network robustness and considerably reduces costs. ZigBee has some advantages when compared with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth such as, Low cost. It uses star topology and CSMA-CA channel access technique. Low power consumption which helps to prolong the battery life.

In this system, ZigBee specified CC2420 is as a transceiver chip in the wireless sensor network. CC2420 is known for its programmable output power(5dBm), mainly for its flexible user interface. Some specifications of CC2420 chip are, Sensitivity- -95 to -98dBm Operating temperature- -40oC to 125oC Operating voltage- 2.1 to 3.6V Data rate- 250Kbps Output power- 0dB to +5dB Operating frequency- 2.45GHz Some other hardwares used in this project are,

LCD:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.They are used in a wide range of applications including: computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube(CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they

Figure: Pin diagram of PIC16F877 There are five I/O ports such as Port A,Port B, Port C, Port D and Port E. Each PIC 16f877 instruction is a 14-bit word, divided into an OPCODE which specifies the instruction type and one or more operand which further specify the operation of the instruction.

Network Unit:
Wireless sensor network is made up of embedded equipment, sensors and network. Embedded equipment is the carrier of distributed

cannot suffer image burn-in.LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.

name suggest, a big of the programming with VB is accomplished visually which means during design time.This is great advantage over the programming language because we are able to change and experiment with our design until we are satisfied with size and images that is included our program. Many of the language are quite powerful. Imagine of a programming task can be accomplished using Visual Basic.

MP Lab:
MPLAB IDE is an integrated development environment that provides development engineers with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware for various Microchip devices. MPLAB IDE is a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment for the Microchip Technology Incorporated PICmicrocontroller (MCU) and dsPIC digital signal controller (DSC) families. In the MPLAB IDE, you can:

RS232:
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data interconnection between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuitterminating Equipment).It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices can exceed this speed (38,400 and 57,600 bit/s being common, and 115,200 and 230,400 bit/s making occasional appearances) while still using RS-232 compatible signal levels.

Software:
Visual Basic: Many of the things those which can be done with visual basic really arent very basic at all. The visual basic language is quite powerful if you can imagine a programming task, it can probably be accomplished using visual basic.Visual basic is the quickest and easiest way to create powerful application for Microsoft operating systems. The visual basic programming system allows creating and robust and useful application that fully makes use of Graphical User Interface (GUI). The visual basics programming is a descendent of the Basic Programming Language. As its

Create source code using the builtin editor. Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An assembler, linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are available from Microchip and other third party vendors. Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator, such as MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE. Third party emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available. Make timing measurements. View variables in Watch windows. Program firmware into devices with programmers such as PICSTART Plus or PRO MATE II. Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line Help.

MPLab Simulator:
MPLAB SIM is a discrete-event simulator for the PIC microcontroller (MCU) families.It is integrated into MPLAB IDE integrated development environment. The MPLAB SIM debugging tool is designed to model operation of Microchip

Technology's PIC microcontrollers to assist users in debugging software for these devices.

Transactions on Volume 55, Issue 7, July 2008 Page(s):2759 - 2766 [2] Alippi, C.; Galperti, C.; An Adaptive System for Optimal Solar Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on Volume 55, Issue 6, July 2008 Page(s):1742 - 1750 [3] Bhuvaneswari, P.T.V.; Balakumar, R.; Vaidehi, V.; Balamuralidhar, P.; Solar Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks, 2009. CICSYN '09. First International Conference on 23-25 July 2009 Page(s):57 - 61 [4] Niyato, D.; Hossain, E.; Fallahi, A.; Analysis of Different Sleep and Wakeup Strategies in Solar Powered Wireless Sensor Networks Communications, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Volume 7, June 2006 Page(s):3333 - 3338

Realization of the system:

In the greenhouse environment, every single greenhouse can be a measuring control unit in WSN. Different sensor nodes can be used to set up wireless network to measure the soil humidity, soil components, pH value, precipitation, temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, intensity of illumination, CO2 density and so on. In this way, the optimal condition for crop growth can be achieved to provide scientific evidence for accurate regulation of greenhouse. Finally, the sensor in the greenhouse will become standardized, digitalized and networking so as to increase the crop output and enhance the economic benefits.

Analysis:
In the test where there are a lot of buildings, the receiving and sending circuits are all placed on the ground and the best communication distance is 4070 m; when placed on open space, the farthest communication distance is 100m. It is found in experiment that when there are people moving or there are other signals, the communication distance will become very unstable. Its because the antenna is a radiating part, and any change of the surrounding subjects and sizes will affect the antennas performance, including the gain distribution of radiation, the impedance and harmony of the antenna and so on.

Conclusion:
This technology is very helpful in monitoring the crops growth and also increases the crop output which enhances the economic benefits. Compared with ordinary wireless technology, this System design consumes less energy,costs less money and has large internet capacity. This system is of highly practical value in realizing information and automation of large-scale greenhouse monitoring and in improving the working efficiency.

References:
1] Dondi, D.; Bertacchini, A.; Brunelli, D.; Larcher, L.; Benini, L.; Modeling and Optimization of a Solar Energy Harvester System for Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Networks Industrial Electronics, IEEE