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Basic Aerodynamics Definition of Forces & Moments
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Aerodynamic Forces
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External Projectile Shape Determines:
Drag Force, Normal Force, Magnus/ Side Force Coefficients; Normal Force and Magnus/Side Force Center of Pressure Locations
Normal Force Center of Pressure
As a Function of Mach Number and Angle of Attack
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 2
Aerodynamic Moments
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Mass Distribution Within the Projectile, Combined With the Force Coefficients / CP Location(s) Determines:
Pitching Moment, Magnus/Side Moment, Pitch Damping Moment Coefficients
Normal Force Center of Pressure
Center of Mass
As a Function of Mach Number and Angle of Attack
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Odd Aerodynamic Moments
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Manufacturing Tolerances & Processes, With First Order Aerodynamic Forces and Moments Determine:
Projectile Center of Mass Offset (Causing Torque Forces & Moments) Trim Forces and Moments
Offset Center of Mass WRT Projectile Exterior
PA Tilt Misaligned Fin & Fuze
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
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Aerodynamic Force Definition
Normal Force
(acts @ Normal Force Center of Pressure)
Angle of Attack Plane V m
Center of Mass (Gravity)
Axial Force
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
Magnus Force
(acts @ Magnus Force Center of Pressure)
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
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Aerodynamic Moment Definition Angle of Attack Plane
Magnus Moment
V m
Spin Decel Moment
Pitching & Pitch Damping Moments
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
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Aerodynamic Force & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
V m
Axial Force
Axial Force = - 1/2 A Cx V2
Cx = Drag Coefficient = Cx0 + Cx2 (Sin m)2
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
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Aerodynamic Force & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane
Normal Force
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
V m
CN = Normal Force Coefficient = CN Sinm + CN3 (Sinm)3
Normal Force = 1/2 A CN V2
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
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Aerodynamic Force & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane V m
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
Magnus Force
Magnus Force = 1/2 A (pd/2V) CYp V2
CYp = Magnus Force Coefficient = CYp Sinm + CYp3 (Sinm)3
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 9
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Aerodynamic Moment & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
V m
Pitching Moment
Pitching Moment = 1/2 A d Cm V2
Cm = Pitching Moment Coefficient = Cm Sinm + Cm3 (Sinm)3+Cm5(Sinm)5
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 10
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Pitching Moment (Static Stability)
Pitching Moment, M
Center of Gravity Normal Force Center of Pressure
= 1/2 A d
Cm V 2
Where: Cm Sin() = CN Sin()(CG-CPN)
Velocity Vector Pitching Moment Normal Force
Finner (Large - #s)
Center of Pressure Velocity Vector Center of Gravity Pitching Moment
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Spinner (+ #s)
11
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Aerodynamic Moment & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
V m
&
Pitch Damping Moment
Cmq = Pitch Damping Moment Coefficient = Cmq0 + Cmq2 (Sinm)2+Cmq4(Sinm)4
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 12
Pitch Damping Moment = 1/2 A d Cmq (qd/2V)V2
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Aerodynamic Moment & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane V m
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
Magnus Moment
Cnp = Magnus Moment Coefficient = Cnp Sinm+ Cnp3 (Sinm)3+Cnp5(Sinm)5 Acts Perpendicular to the plane of the Angle of Attack
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 13
Magnus Moment = 1/2 A d Cnp (pd/2V)V2
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Aerodynamic Moment & Coefficient Definition Angle of Attack Plane
Notional diagram to show vector orientation, not location
V m
Spin Decel Moment
Spin Deceleration Moment = 1/2 A d Clp (pd/2V)V2
Clp = Spin Deceleration Coefficient = Clp0 + Clp2 (Sinm)2
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
14
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Aerodynamic Spinner Input Reference
Ogive Radius Meplat Dia.
Band Length Boattail Dia.
Boom Dia. Band Dia. Boom Length Boattail Length Ogive Length
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
15
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Spinner Input
Meplat Dia
Ogive Input Band Input Boom Input Boattail Input
Enter Appropriate Meplat Dia., Ogive Radius, etc. Check Aero Config. Vs. Geometry on Aero Model Tab
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 16
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Spinner Physical & Aero Model Comparison
Meplat Dia.
Ogive Radius Are Meplat Dia. & Ogive Radius Appropriate ? Is Boattail (if used) correct length & aft diameter ? Band Length & Diameter Correct? Check Boom & Boattail Info If Used Adjust if reqd in Geometry Input Tab Then Push Calc New Aeros Button on Geometry Input Tab
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 17
Feb 05
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Aerodynamic Finner Input Reference
Boat Tail Dia.
Boom Dia.
Boom Length
Boat Tail Length Band Reference Dia.
Spike Length
Spike Dia.
Meplat Dia. Flare Dia.
Grooves Flare Length
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Ogive Length
18
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Finner Body Input
Body Inputs Identical to Spinner
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 19
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Finner Fin Input
Finner 2000 Allows Up To 3 Fin Sets (No Fins on: Ogive, Spike, or Boattail)
1st Fin Set 2nd Fin Set 3rd Fin Set
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
20
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Finner Fin Input
Fin Geometry Definition
(Taken Perpendicular to Fin Leading Edge)
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
21
Finner Fin Input
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Fin Geometry Definition (Cont)
Distance From Fin Leading Edge to Nose
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
22
Finner Groove Input
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Finner 2000 Allows Up To 3 Different Groove Sets
1st Groove Set 2nd Groove Set 3rd Groove Set
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
23
Finner Groove Definitions
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Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
24
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Finner Flare Input
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
25
Finner Flare Input Definitions
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Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
26
Spinner Tabular Output
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Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
27
Spinner Plot Output
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0.45
Cx0 Zero Yaw Drag
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mach
Arrow Tech Assoc-PRODAS2000 30heaj.pr2 30MM PGU13 HEI AEROJET 08/26/1999
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
28
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Root Chord Tip
Finner Physical & Aero Model Comparison
Groove
Ogive Radius
Boom Length
(2 Elements on 2 Components)
Boattail Length
(5 Elements on 2 Components)
Wetted
Ogive Length
(4 Elements on 3 Components)
Physical Geometry Above, Aero Description Below Allows User to Visually Verify Correct Aero Description Improves Accuracy & Confidence in Predicted Aeros
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Feb 05
29
Finner Tabular Output
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Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
30
Finner Plot Output
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0.6
Cx0 Zero Yaw Drag
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Mach
Arrow Tech Assoc-PRODAS2000 #120m934.pr2 120mm M934 Mortar, Aug 97 Mass & Aeros 08/26/1999
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
31
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Higher Order Aerodynamic Coefficients
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
32
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Aerodynamic Trims
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
33
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Aerodynamic Trim
Angle of Attack
Velocity
Caused by mis-aligned projectile components Trim angle rotates with projectile body No dynamics stability problem for spinners (dispersion?) Trouble for finners W/O spin, trims force projectile to fly at an angle of attack When roll rate = yaw rate, angle of attack = Trim Angle x Amplification Factor! Can lead to Angle of Attack Induced Side Force, Side Moment & Roll Moment = Roll-Yaw Lock-In
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 34
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
13.19 cal from nose
23.47 cal from nose
2.59 CPNBody CNBody = 3.36
CPNFin CNFin = 11.58
CG
(difficult to measure) Fin Trim Moment About CG = Separation x Normal Force Coeff x Angle = (23.47-13.19) x 11.58 x 0.1 = 11.9 cal-deg. Which is reacted by body 11.9 cal-deg = (Forebody CP-CG Separation) x CNBody x Angle = (13.19-2.59) x 3.36 x body = 35.62 body body = 0.33 deg. (Body Angle of Attack)
Assume: 0.1 Deg Fin Mis-alignment:
Total = (0.33x3.36)+(0.1x11.58)/(CNTotal) = 0.15 deg.
Finner Assembly Trim
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 35
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Finner Automatically Predicts Trim Force & Moment Coefficients
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
36
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Angle of Attack Induced Forces & Moments
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
37
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Angle of Attack Induced Side Force, Side Moment, & Roll Moment
Angle of Attack
Velocity
Angle of Attack Plane
Fin shadowed from air flow
Flow Symmetry, No Induced Side Force, Side Moment, or Roll Moment
45 Deg.
Vs.
Airflow
Asymmetric Flow Across Fins Due to: Angle of Attack (> ~ 10 Deg.) Roll Orientation Induces Forces & Moments on Projectile
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 38
Feb 05
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Angle of Attack Induced Side Force, Side Moment, & Roll Moment
Angle of Attack
Velocity
Induced Pitching Moment Induced Side Moment Induced Roll Moment
Fin shadowed from air flow
Induced Side Force
CY
Feb 05
Cm
Cn
Cl
39
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 0 10
Induced Side Force Coefficient vs. Angle of Attack & Roll Orientation
Induced Side Force Coefficient
12.2 Deg 16.2 Deg 20.2 Deg
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Roll Orientation, Deg
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
40
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
0.2 0.15
Induced Side Moment Coefficient vs. Angle of Attack & Roll Orientation
Induced Side Moment Coefficient
0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20.2 Deg 16.2 Deg 12.2 Deg
Roll Orientation, Deg.
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
41
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
0.015
Induced Roll Moment Coefficient vs. Angle of Attack & Roll Angle
0.01
Induced Roll Moment Coefficient
0.005
-0.005 16.8 Deg 12.5 Deg 4.2 Deg
-0.01
-0.015 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Roll Angle, Deg.
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
42
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Catastrophic Yaw
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 43
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Angle of Attack Induced Side Force, Side Moment, & Roll Moment
Angle of Attack
Side moment acts perpendicular to page, increasing total angle of attack
Velocity
Induced Side Force, Side Moment, & Roll Moment are Destabilizing Results In Catastrophic (Lunar) Yaw For Fin Stabilized Projectiles Loss of Velocity, Range & Penetration Capability
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
44
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Side force & moment (at low angle of attack) can be caused by:
Offset Fins
Wrap Around Fins
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
45
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PC-PRODAS Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
Finner Predicts Side Moment Due to Wrap Around Fins
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
46
Wrap Around Fin Indicator
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Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
47
Induced Moment Coefficient
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Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
48
Projectile Parameter Comparisons
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Effect of Projectile Design Parameters on Aerodynamic Coefficients and Projectile Stability
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 49
Subsonic Mach #s
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Length With SQ Base
> 6 Cal 3.5 to 5
Drag
High High
Gyro Stab (Pitch)
Poor OK
Dyn Stab (Magnus)
Poor OK (Precession)
With Boattail (.6 cal)
> 5. Cal
Medium
(40 % Reduction)
Marginal Poor
Look Out Bad
With Boattail (1.0 Cal)
> 5. Cal
Low
(50% Reduction)
Nose Length
Short (2 Cal) Long (3 Cal) Ogive Cone Small Increase Small Decrease Small changes Better Worse Small changes Better Worse Small changes
CG Location
Forward Rearward
Feb 05
NA NA
Better Worse
Worse Better
50
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Transonic Mach #s
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Projectile Base Config. With square base Medium Boattail Long Boattail Nose Length Short (2 cal) Long (3 cal) Ogive Cone CG Location Forward Rearward
Drag Higher Close to low Low
Gyro Stab OK Poor Very Poor
Dyn Stab OK Awful Forget it
High Low Low High
Best Worst Small changes
Best Worst Small changes (Precession)
NA NA
Better Worse
Worse Better
Rotating Band Can cause large Magnus effects * Unpredictable
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 51
Supersonic Mach #s
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Projectile Base Config. With square base Medium Boattail Long Boattail Nose Length Short (2 cal) Long (3 cal) Tangent Ogive Secant Ogive Conical Ogive CG Location Forward Rearward
Drag OK -5% -10%
Gyro Stab OK OK OK
Dyn Stab Precession May Help ???
High -30% A Bit Higher A Bit Lower -7% @ M>3.0
Better ----A Bit Worse A Bit Better A Bit Better
Precession May help Precession ---------------
NA NA
----Worse
Better ------
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
52
Estimating Aero Coefficients
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Need to Know:
Drag, Lift, Stabilizing Moment, Damping Characteristics, Spin Characteristics
The range of aero coefficients is fairly well covered in the table The effect of ogive shape in the aerodynamics are shown in the following figures
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
53
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Alternate Aero Coefficient Sources
AMCP 706-242
PAMPHLET
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK
DESIGN FOR CONTROL OF PROJECTILE FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
HEADQUARTERS, U.S. ARMY MATERIAL COMMAND SEPTEMBER 1966
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
54
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Effect of Ogive Shape On Aeros
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
55
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Boattail Effect on Aeros
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
56
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Effect of Nose Radius on CX0
0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05
Change in CX per Change of Nose Radius Relative to RT/R = 0.4
Mach 0.8 Mach 1.05 Mach 1.5 Mach 2.0 Mach 3.0
CX0
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
-0.01 0 -0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Cone
Secant
Tangent
RT/R
Feb 05 Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry 57
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Effect of Meplat Diameter on CX0
0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
Change in CX Per Change of Meplat Diameter Relative to Dm = 0.12
Mach 3.0 Mach 2.0 Mach 1.5 Mach 1.05 Mach 0.8
CX0
0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Meplat Diameter, Calibers
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
Feb 05
58
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Scale Effects
Effect of Projectile Scale on Aerodynamic Coefficients
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
59
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Scale Effect on CX0
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
60
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Scale Effect on CN
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
61
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Scale Effect on CPN
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
62
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Scale Effect on Cm
Feb 05
Aero Coeff Definition & PRODAS Entry
63
