Chapter 5:

p g Systems
Operating y

IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0

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 Chapter 5 Objectives
ƒ 5.1 Explain the purpose of an operating system
ƒ 5.2 Describe and compare
p operating
p g systems
y to include
purpose, limitations, and compatibilities
ƒ 5.3 Determine operating system based on customer
needs
ƒ 5.4 Install an operating system
ƒ 5.5 Navigate a GUI (Windows)
ƒ 5.6 Identifyy and apply
pp y common p
preventive maintenance
techniques for operating systems
ƒ 5.7 Troubleshoot operating
p g systems
y

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 Chapter 5 Worksheets and Labs
ƒ 5.2.2 Worksheet: NOS Certifications and Jobs
ƒ 5.3.2 Worksheet: Upgrade Components
ƒ 5.4.2 Lab: Install Windows XP
ƒ 5.4.5 Lab: Windows XP User Accounts and Updates
ƒ 5.4.9 Worksheet: FAT32 and NTFS
ƒ 5.5.1
5 5 1 Lab: Run Commands
ƒ 5.5.4 Lab: Install Third-Party Software
ƒ 5.6.2
562L Lab:
b RRestore
t P
Point
i t
ƒ 5.6.3 Lab: Windows Backup and Recovery

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 The Purpose of an Operating System
The operating system (OS) controls almost all functions
on a computer.
ƒ Learn about the components, functions, and
terminology related to
the Windows 2000 and
Windows XP operating
systems.

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 Roles of an Operating System
ƒ All computers rely on an operating system (OS) to
provide the interface for interaction between users,
applications and hardware
applications, hardware.
ƒ The operating system boots the computer and
manages the file system
system.
ƒ Almost all modern operating systems can support more
than one user,
user task,
task or CPU.
CPU
ƒ The operating system has four main roles:
Control hardware access
Manage files and folders
P id user iinterface
Provide t f
Manage applications
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 Characteristics of Operating Systems
ƒ Control hardware access
OS automatically discovers and configures PnP hardware
ƒ File and folder management
ƒ User interface
Command line interface (CLI)
Graphical user interface (GUI)
ƒ Application management
Open
p Graphics
p Library
y ((OpenGL)
p )
DirectX

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 The Types of Operating Systems
ƒ Command Line Interface ƒ Graphical User Interface
(CLI): The user types (GUI): The user interacts
commands at a prompt
prompt. with menus and icons
icons.

Most operating systems include both a GUI and a CLI.

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 Compare Operating Systems
Terms often used when comparing operating systems:
ƒ Multi-user – Two or more users can work with programs
and share peripheral devices, such as printers, at the same
time.
ƒM
Multi-tasking
lti t ki – The
Th computert is
i capable
bl off operating
ti
multiple applications at the same time.
ƒ Multi
Multi-processing
processing – The computer can have two or more
central processing units (CPUs) that programs share.
ƒ Multi-threading – A program can be broken into smaller
parts that can be loaded as needed by the operating system.
Multi-threading allows individual programs to be multi-
t k d
tasked.
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 Real Mode
ƒ Executes only one program at a time
ƒ Addresses only 1 MB of system memory at a time
ƒ Directly accesses memory and hardware
ƒ Subject
j to crashes
ƒ Available to all modern processors
ƒ Only used by DOS and DOS applications

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 Protected Mode
ƒ Has access to all memory
ƒ Can manage multiple programs simultaneously
ƒ Allows the system to use virtual memory
ƒ Provides 32-bit access to memory, drivers, and I/O transfers
ƒ Each program is assigned a space in memory
ƒ Computer is protected from program errors

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 Virtual Real Mode
ƒ Allows a real-mode application to run within a protected-mode
operating system
ƒ Creates virtual machines for each program that runs in real mode
ƒ Each virtual machine receives 1 MB of memory and access to
hardware
ƒ In the event of a program error, only the virtual machine is
affected

OS provides virtual machine to host the code and protect the PC

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 Compare Operating Systems
Desktop Operating Network Operating
System System
• Supports a single user • Supports multiple users

• Runs single-user • Runs multi-user

applications applications

• Shares files and folders • Is robust and redundant

• Shares p
peripherals
p • Provides increased securityy

• Used on a small network • Used on a network

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 Compare Operating Systems
ƒ Desktop operating systems:
Microsoft Windows: Windows XP
Macintosh: Mac OS X
Linux: Fedora, Ubuntu, and others
UNIX

ƒ A desktop OS has the following

characteristics:
Supports a single user
Runs single-user applications
Shares files and folders on a small
network with limited security
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 Network Operating Systems (NOS)
ƒ Common NOS include:
Novell Netware
Microsoft Windows Server
Linux
UNIX

ƒ A network OS has the following

g
characteristics:
Supports multiple users
Runs multi-user applications
Is robust and redundant
Provides increased security compared to
desktop operating systems
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 Determine Proper Operating System
To select the proper operating system:
ƒ Create an accurate profile of your customer by
analyzing the daily, weekly, and monthly computer
activities
ƒS
Select
l t appropriate
i t software
ft and
d hardware
h d tto satisfy
ti f
existing and future requirements

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 What Does Your Customer Require?
ƒ Office applications
word processing, spreadsheets, or
presentation
t ti software
ft
ƒ Graphics applications
Photoshop or Illustrator
ƒ Animation applications
Flash
ƒ Business applications
accounting, contact management,
sales tracking or database

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 Identify Minimum Hardware Requirements
ƒ Customer may need to upgrade or purchase additional
hardware to support the required applications and OS.
ƒ A cost analysis will indicate if purchasing new
equipment is a better idea than upgrading.
ƒ Common
C h
hardware
d upgrades:
d
RAM capacity
H dd
Hard drive
i size
i
Processor speed
Vid card
Video d memory and
d speed
d

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 Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)
ƒ Most operating systems have an HCL.
ƒ HCLs can be found on the manufacturer's website.
ƒ HCL includes list of hardware that is known to work with
the operating system.

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 Installing the Operating System
Reasons to perform a clean installation of an OS:
ƒ When a computer is passed from one employee to another
ƒ When the operating system is corrupted
ƒ When a new replacement hard drive is installed in a
computer
Before performing a clean installation:
ƒ Back up all data first
ƒ Explain
p to the customer that existing
g data will be erased
ƒ Confirm that all needed data has been successfully
transferred

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 Hard Drive Setup Procedures
Operating system setup methods:
ƒ Install an OS over a network from a server
ƒ Install from a copy of the OS files stored on the hard
drive
ƒ Install from OS files stored on CDs or DVDs
Partitioning
g and Formatting
g
ƒ Hard drive must be logically divided (partitioned)
ƒ File system must be created on the hard drive
ƒ During the installation phase, most operating systems
will automatically partition and format the hard drive

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 Hard Drive Setup Procedures
A technician should understand the process related to
hard drive setup.

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 Prepare the Hard Drive
ƒ The first portion of the installation process deals with
formatting and partitioning the hard drive.
ƒ The second portion prepares the disk to accept the file
system.
ƒ The file system provides the directory structure that
organizes the user's operating system, application,
configuration and data files
configuration, files.
ƒ Examples of file systems:
Th FAT32 file
The fil system
t
The New Technology File System (NTFS)

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 Install the Operating System
During the Windows XP installation the user must provide:
ƒ Define currency and numerals
ƒ Text input language
ƒ Name of user
ƒ Name of company
ƒ Product key
ƒ Computer name
ƒ Administrator password
p
ƒ Date and time settings
ƒ Network settings
ƒ Domain or workgroup information
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 Create Administrator Account
ƒ Setup creates the administrator account with the user
name “administrator”
Change this name to keep the administrator account secure
Only use the administrator account occasionally for critical
system changes

ƒ Create a fictitious user account to use as a template

ƒ Use secure passwords
These should be a minimum of 7 characters, containing at least
one of each (letter
(letter, number
number, and symbol)

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 Complete the Installation
ƒ When Windows XP installation
completes:
Computer will reboot
Log in for the first time
Register Windows XP and verify that you are
using a legal copy of the OS
ƒ Verification enables you to download
patches and service packs
ƒ Use Microsoft Update Manager to
scan for new software and to:
Install all service p
packs
Install all patches
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 Check Device Manager for Conflicts

ƒ Look for warning icons (yellow exclamation points)

ƒ Double-click to learn about the problem
ƒ Click the p
plus ((+)) sign
g to expand
p the category
g y
ƒ May be able to ignore an error
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 Custom Installation Options
With Mi
Microsoft
ft S
System
t P
Preparation
ti
ƒ Follow these steps for disk cloning:
Create a master installation on one computer
Run Sysprep
Create a disk image of the configured computer using third-
party disk-cloning software
Copy the disk image onto a server
ƒ When the destination computer is booted,
A shortened version of the Windows setup program runs
Setup configures only user-specific and computer-specific
settings
An answer file provides data normally required during set up
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 The Boot Sequence for Windows XP
ƒ Power On Self Test (POST)
ƒ POST for each adapter card that has a BIOS
ƒ BIOS reads the Master Boot Record (MBR)
ƒ MBR takes over control of the boot process and starts NT Loader
(NTLDR)
ƒ NTLDR reads the BOOT.INI file to know which OS to load and where
to find the OS on the boot partition
ƒ NTLDR uses NTDETECT.COM to detect any installed hardware
ƒ NTLDR loads the NTOSKRNL.EXE
NTOSKRNL EXE file and HAL
HAL.DLL
DLL
ƒ NTLDR reads the registry files and loads device drivers
ƒ NTOSKRNL
NTOSKRNL.EXE
EXE starts
t t th
the WINLOGON
WINLOGON.EXE
EXE program and
d displays
di l
the Windows login screen
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 NTLDR and the Windows Boot Menu
ƒ If more than one OS is present on the
disk, BOOT.INI gives the user a
chance to select which to use
use.
ƒ Otherwise:
NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM to get
information about installed hardware
NTLDR then uses the path specified in the
BOOT.INI to find the boot partition
NTLDR loads two files that make up the
core of XP: NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL
NTLDR reads the Registry files, chooses a
hardware profile,
profile and loads device drivers
drivers.

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 The Windows Registry
ƒ Recognized by distinctive names, beginning with
HKEY_
ƒ Every setting in Windows is stored in the registry
ƒ Changes to the Control Panel settings, File
Associations, System Policies, or installed software are
stored in the registry
ƒ Each user has their own section of the registry
ƒ The Windows logon process uses the registry to set the
system
t to
t the
th state
t t that
th t it was in
i the
th last
l t time
ti the
th user
logged in

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 The Windows Registry Files

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 The NT Kernel and Security Authority
ƒ Next, the NT kernel, NTOSKRNL.EXE, takes over
It starts the login file, WINLOGON.EXE
That program starts the Local Security Administration file,
LSASS.EXE (Local Security Administration)
LSASS.EXE
LSASS EXE is
i the
th program that
th t displays
di l the
th XP welcome
l
screen
ƒ There are few differences between the Windows XP
and the Windows 2000 boot process

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 Manipulating Operating System Files
ƒ After you have installed Windows XP, you can use
MSCONFIG for post-installation modifications:
This boot configuration utility allows you to set programs that
will run at startup, and to edit configuration files

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 Manipulating Operating System Files
ƒ The registry is a database that contains information and
settings for all of the hardware, software, users and
preferences REGEDIT allows users to edit the registry
preferences. registry.

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 Manipulating Operating System Files
Pressing the F8 key during the boot process opens the
Windows Advanced Startup Options menu, which allows
you to select how to boot Windows.
ƒ Safe Mode – Starts Windows but only loads drivers for basic
components, such as the keyboard and display.
ƒ Safe Mode with Networking Support – Starts Windows
identically to Safe Mode and also loads the drivers for network
components.
components
ƒ Safe Mode with Command Prompt – Starts Windows and loads
the command prompt instead of the GUI interface.
ƒ Last Known Good Configuration – Enables a user to load the
configurations settings of Windows that was used the last time that
Windows successfully started
started. It does this by accessing a copy of
the registry that is created for this purpose.
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 Describing Directory Structures
ƒ Windows file system naming conventions:
Maximum of 255 characters may be used
Characters such as a period (.) or a slash (\ /) are not allowed
An extension of three or four letters is added to the filename to
identify the file type
Filenames are not case sensitive
ƒ Windows filename extension examples:
.doc - Microsoft Word
.txt
txt - ASCII text only
.jpg - graphics format
.ppt
ppt - Microsoft PowerPoint
.zip - compression format
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 Describing Directory Structures
ƒ Each file has a set of attributes that control how the file
may be viewed or altered.
ƒ The following are the most common file attributes:
R - The file is read-only
A - The file will be archived the next backup
S - The file is marked as a system file and a warning is given if
an attempt
tt t iis made
d tto d
delete
l t or modify
dif the
th fil
file
H - The file is hidden in the directory display

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 The ATTRIB Command

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 NTFS and FAT32
ƒ FAT32 is used where files need to be accessed by
multiple versions of Windows. FAT32 is not as secure
as NTFS
ƒ NTFS can support more and larger files than FAT32,
and provides more flexible security features for folders
folders,
files, and sizes
ƒ Partitions can be converted from FAT32 to NTFS using
the CONVERT.EXE utility, but not in the reverse
direction

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 Navigating a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
ƒ A GUI provides graphical representations of all the files,
folders, and programs on a computer.

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 Customizing the Desktop
To customize any of these, simply right-click the item and
then select Properties.
ƒ Taskbar
ƒ Recycle Bin
ƒ Desktop background
ƒ Window appearance
pp

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 The Start Menu
ƒ Customized to two styles, XP and
Classic
ƒ Accessed by clicking the Start button
ƒ The Start menu includes:
A nested list of all installed applications
A list of recently opened documents
A list of other elements, including; a
search feature, a help center, and system
settings

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 My Computer
ƒ When you right-click My Computer and
select Properties,
p , there are several
settings that can be customized:
Computer name
Hardware settings
Virtual memory
Automatic updates
Remote access
ƒ Files can also be moved and copied using
My Computer

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 Launching Applications
Applications can be launched in several ways:
ƒ Click the application on the Start menu
ƒ Double-click the application shortcut icon on the desktop
ƒ Double-click the application executable file in My Computer
ƒ Launch the application from the Run window or command line

To view and configure network connections, right-click the

My Network Places icon.
ƒ Connect to or disconnect from a network drive
ƒ Right-click Properties to configure existing network
connections, such as a wired or wireless LAN connection
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 Control Panel Applets

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 Display Settings
ƒ Change the resolution
and color quality
q y
ƒ Change wallpaper,
screen saver, power
settings, and other
options, by clicking the
Advanced button

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 Device Manager
ƒ Used to view settings for
devices in the computer
ƒ An exclamation mark
indicates a problem with a
device

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 Task Manager
ƒ View all applications that
are currently running
ƒ Close any applications that
have stopped responding
ƒ Monitor the performance of
the CPU and virtual
memory
ƒ View all processes that are
currently
tl running
i
ƒ View information about the
network connections
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 Event Viewer and Remote Desktop
Event Viewer
ƒ Logs
g a historyy of events regarding
g g applications,
pp ,
security, and the system.
ƒ These log files are a valuable troubleshooting tool.
Remote Desktop
ƒ All
Allows one computer
t tto remotely
t l take
t k control
t l off
another computer.
ƒ This troubleshooting feature is only available with
Windows XP Professional.

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 Performance Settings
Settings for advanced visuals and for virtual memory

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 Add or Remove an Application
ƒ Utility to install or uninstall applications
ƒ Tracks installation files for future thorough uninstall, if
desired

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 Preventive Maintenance Planning
Components of a preventive maintenance plan:
ƒ Updates to the operating system and applications
ƒ Updates to anti-virus and other protective software
ƒ Hard drive error checking
ƒ Hard drive backup
ƒ Hard drive defragmentation

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 Schedule Tasks
ƒ The DOS AT command launches tasks at a specified time using
the command line interface
Information about the AT command is available at this path: Start >
Run > cmd Then type AT /? at the command line.
ƒ The Windows Task Scheduler launches tasks at a specified time
using
i a graphical
hi l iinterface
t f
Access the Windows Task Scheduler by following this path: Start > All
Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Scheduled Tasks
ƒ Examples of scheduled tasks to run
ScanDisk (Windows 2000) and CHKDSK (Windows XP) check the
i t it off files
integrity fil and
d ffolders
ld and
d scan th
the h
hard
d di
disk
k surface
f ffor physical
h i l
errors.
Defrag: Gathers the noncontiguous data into one place, making files
run faster

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 Automatic Updates
ƒ An automatic update service scans the system for
needed updates, and recommends what should be
downloaded and installed
installed.
ƒ Automatic update services can setup to download and
install updates as soon as they are available or as
required, and install them when the computer is next
rebooted.

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 Restore Point
An image of the current computer settings. If the computer
crashes, the OS can roll back to a restore point.
ƒ The restore point utility only operates on OS and
application files.
ƒ Anti-virus software
f should be run to remove malware
before creating a restore point.
Wh to
When t create
t a restore
t point:
i t
ƒ Before updating or replacing the OS
ƒ When an application or driver is installed
ƒ Manually at any time

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 Backup the Hard Drive
ƒ Backup tools allow for recovery of data.
ƒ Use the Microsoft Backup Tool to perform backups.
ƒ Establish a backup strategy that will allow for the
recovery of data.
ƒ Decide how often the data must be backed up and the
type of backup to perform.
ƒ Windows XP uses Volume Shadow Copying, which
allows users to continue to work even as a backup is
taking place
place.
ƒ It is only necessary to make copies of the files that
have changed since the last backup
backup.
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 Types of Backups
Clear
Description
marker
Normal Selected files and folders Yes

Copy Selected files and folders No

Selected files and folders that

Differential
ff changed since the last backup
No

Selected files and folders that

Incremental changed since the last backup
Yes

Selected files and folders that

Daily changed during the day
No
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 Chapter 5 Summary
ƒ Consider the customer's needs when selecting an OS.
ƒ The main steps in setting up a customer's computer include
preparing
i th
the h
hard
dddrive,
i iinstalling
t lli an operating
ti system,
t
creating user accounts, and configuring installation options.
ƒ A GUI shows icons of all files
files, folders
folders, and applications on the
computer.
ƒ Establish a backup
p strategy
gy that allows for the recovery
y of
data.
ƒ Preventive maintenance helps to ensure optimal operation of
the OS.
ƒ Tools for troubleshooting an OS problem include Windows
Advanced Options menu
menu, event logs
logs, device manager
manager, and
system files.
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